移动床反应器同步硝化反硝化国内研究应用

同步硝化反硝化（SND）生物脱氮技术与传统生物脱氮技术相比，具有节省碳源、减少曝气量、可实现单级生物脱氮等优点．故近年来受到水处理工作者的广泛关注。移动床生物膜反应器工艺是20世纪80年代初发展起来的一种新型水处理工艺，发展十分迅速。该文介绍了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）的工艺原理及工艺特点，主要总结了国内在同步硝化反硝化技术中的研究和应用进展，指出了该项技术的发展方向和趋势。     

不同C/N DEHP对反硝化生物滤池的影响及其去除

DEHP严重危害环境安全及人类健康,本文采用两座相同的反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)进行DEHP对滤池影响及去除效果研究。结果表明:C/N依次为4:1、6:1、2:1及1:1情况下DEHP不影响滤池对NO-3-N和COD的去除,也不影响亚氮的积累。4种C/N工况下,反硝化生物滤池对DEHP的平均去除率分别为89.7%、85.9%、93.6%、96.3%。这说明反硝化生物滤池对DEHP的去除率随C/N的增加而逐渐降低,但总体看反硝化生物滤池对DEHP具有良好的去除效果。另外,在反硝化滤池内部,DEHP的去除主要集中在进水端0~0.4 m内。     

不同功能曝气生物滤池的设计要点

曝气生物滤池工艺是近年来国内外的研究热点,具有处理效果好,占用土地少,对环境影响小,造价和运行费用较低等优点,但由于其正处于探索、发展阶段,部分设计参数还没有统一的标准,在查阅国内外工程总结的基础上,阐述了滤速和负荷的作用、后置反硝化和前置反硝化工艺的特点,归纳了不同功能曝气生物滤池的设计要点。     

同步硝化反硝化脱氮研究

在控制SBR反应器保持良好的好氧状态条件下 ,考察进水COD/NH3比值对同步硝化反硝化脱氮效率的影响。同时也对同步硝化反硝化机理进行了初步的探讨。研究表明 ,进水COD/NH3比值越高 ,总氮去除率越高 ,同步硝化反硝化现象越明显。由该试验可以推断活性污泥菌胶团中异养硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的存在。     

反硝化生物滤池同化除磷性能研究

针对再生水厂实际运行中出现的反硝化生物滤池对总磷(TP)有去除的现象,通过试验研究了在实际工程运行条件下反硝化生物滤池的除磷效能、除磷原理以及进水磷浓度对脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,反硝化生物滤池对溶解性总磷(SP)的去除主要由生物膜中微生物的同化作用完成,在进水SP浓度为0.1～0.5 mg/L时,其去除量与进水浓度大...     

DO对短程同步硝化反硝化除磷工艺的影响

针对碳源偏低的城市污水,采用序批式活性污泥法研究DO对短程同步硝化反硝化除磷工艺的影响,同时对短程同步硝化反硝化和反硝化除磷的机理进行探讨.试验表明:控制DO浓度可在同一个反应器内既实现短程同步硝化反硝化反应又达到反硝化除磷的效果.综合考虑COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的出水浓度达到一级A排放标准,得出最佳的DO控制...     

好氧反硝化生物脱氮研究进展

好氧反硝化新型生物脱氮理论的诞生,克服了传统生物脱氮工艺存在的不足,简化了流程,节省了投资和运行费用,提高了脱氮效率.初步探讨了好氧反硝化机理,从不同角度做了理论分析;阐述了有关好氧反硝化脱氮的研究进展;并对好氧反硝化应用前景做了展望,提出了好氧反硝化今后的研究方向重点应放在对好氧反硝化菌的筛选和驯化上,对于好氧反硝化的发生条件、反应中间产物及其反应机理等方面需要进行深入研究.     

Biostyr~曝气生物滤池中试研究

为了确认Biostyr曝气生物滤池工艺在中国的适应性,在高碑店污水处理厂进行了中试。记录和总结了2002年1月至2003年10月间的试验结果。取高碑店污水处理厂3系列初沉池出水为试验用水,试验期间水温在9-29℃。试验经历经典硝化/反硝化和同时硝化/反硝化的运行模式。以GB18918-2002为准,Biostyr滤池出水中化学耗氧量、总悬浮固体、氨基态氮、总氮等污染物均可达到其一级B标准。     

垃圾渗滤液曝气生物处理中好氧氧反硝化现象探讨

通过试验,对垃圾渗滤液间歇曝气(曝气时D0为5.5～7 mg/L;停止时DO为1.1～5.5 mg/L),在仅有有机碳、无机氮的条件下进行好氧反硝化脱氮研究.试验结果表明:间歇曝气条件下,渗滤液中存在的好氧反硝化土著微生物茵落会成为优势菌种,在溶解氧充足的条件下,能够发生好氧反硝化反应,使得硝化和反硝化可以真正同步进行;外加碳源不仅是厌氧反硝化所必须的,同样也是好氧反硝化的必要条件;好氧反硝化的最佳曝气方式为间歇曝气.     

同步短程硝化反硝化研究

分析了现有短程硝化反硝化工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水所存在的问题,试验利用序批式反应器(SBR)的内部水力特性对其进行改造,以畜禽养殖废水为研究对象,从宏观上创造同步硝化反硝化(SND)条件,并实现了同一反应器内短程硝化反硝化的同步进行,改造后系统pH值下降速度减缓,反硝化效率提高,最终出水的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐浓度分别降低了39%和38%。     

The presence of ammonium facilitates nitrite reduction under PHB driven simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.

For economic and efficient nitrogen removal from wastewater treatment plants via simultaneous nitrification and denitrification the nitrification process should stop at the level of nitrite such that nitrite rather than nitrate becomes the substrate for denitrification. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the conditions that are necessary to improve nitrite reduction over nitrite oxidation. Laboratory sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated with synthetic wastewater containing acetate as COD and ammonium as the nitrogen source. Computer controlled operation of the reactors allowed reproducible simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The oxygen supply was kept precisely at a low level of 0.5 mgL(-1) and bacterial PHB was the only electron donor available for denitrification. During SND little nitrite or nitrate accumulated (< 20% total N), indicating that the reducing processes were almost as fast as the production of nitrite and nitrate from nitrification. Nitrite spiking tests were performed to investigate the fate of nitrite under different oxidation (0.1-1.5 mgL(-1) of dissolved oxygen) and reduction conditions. High levels of reducing power were provided by allowing the cells to build up to 2.5 mM of PHB. Nitrite added was preferentially oxidised to nitrate rather than reduced even when dissolved oxygen was low and reducing power (PHB) was excessively high. However, the presence of ammonium enabled significant reduction of nitrite under low oxygen conditions. This is consistent with previous observations in SBR where aerobic nitrite and nitrate reduction occurred only as long as ammonium was present. As soon as ammonium was depleted, the rate of denitrification decreased significantly. The significance of the observed strongly stimulating effect of ammonium on nitrite reduction under SND conditions is discussed and potential consequences for SBR operation are suggested.     

溶解氧对同步硝化反硝化脱氮影响研究

以实际生活污水为处理对象,利用生物膜内所具有的A/O环境,针对DO浓度对生物膜法同步脱氮效果影响进行试验研究.研究结果表明,在DO为2.5 mg/L时SND脱氮效果达最佳,TN去除率近70%;DO浓度过高或过低都不利于生物膜内部DO浓度梯度的形成,合理控制DO浓度,对生物膜法同步脱氮尤为重要.     

Optimisation of storage driven denitrification by using on-line specific oxygen uptake rate monitoring during SND in a SBR.

This study builds on previous experience of maximising the formation of COD as poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and now describes a feedback technique of preserving the use of PHB for denitrification resulting in enhanced nitrogen removal rather than allowing its wasteful oxidation by oxygen. The feedback technique uses on-line SOUR monitoring for detecting the end-point of nitrification and controlling the aerobic phase length accordingly. The laboratory SBR was operated such that all organic substrate (acetate) was rapidly converted to PHB, which then served as the electron donor for nitrogen removal via simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) during the aerobic phase (up to 70% SND). During SBR cycling with a fixed aeration length (240 minutes), PHB was unnecessarily oxidised after ammonium depletion, resulting in little denitrification and poor total nitrogen removal (69%). However, when the aerobic phase length was controlled via the SOUR, up to 1.8 CmM PHB (58 mg L(-1) COD) could be preserved, enabling improved total nitrogen removal (86%). The drop in the SOUR after ammonium depletion was a reproducible event that could be detected even when using raw wastewater and fresh activated sludge. The SOUR-control technique holds promise to build up PHB over a number of SBR cycles. While advanced oxygen-control is used for improved N-removal in several existing WWTPs, this study investigates the importance of oxygen control with relevance to PHB driven SND in sequencing batch reactors.     

天然水体氮自净过程及硝化所需溶解氧源试验验证

通过试验验证了天然水体中确实存在氮的自然净化过程和同步硝化/反硝化途径。在氮与有机物浓度较低时,遮光阻断藻类光合作用试验表明,大气复氧足以使试验水质条件下的氮和有机物完全氧化。然而,有机物过早消耗对硝化后产生的硝酸氮再行反硝化作用不利。反硝化反应彻底进行可以通过外加碳源方式实现。COD初始浓度较高会引起异养菌对氧的大量消耗,使本来数量就处于劣势的硝化细菌的硝化反应受阻。     

塔式生物滤池处理城市污水的研究

尽管目前塔式生物滤池在城市污水处理中运用较少 ,但在有可资利用的地形时它可达到少动力或无动力运行 ,有较大的优势。研究了塔式生物滤池的工作参数及其处理特点。     

A novel wastewater treatment process: simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal.

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via the nitrite pathway and anaerobic-anoxic enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) are two processes that can significantly reduce the COD demand for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The combination of these two processes has the potential of achieving simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal with a minimal requirement for COD. A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated in alternating anaerobic-aerobic mode with a low dissolved oxygen concentration (DO, 0.5 mg/L) during the aerobic period, and was demonstrated to accomplish nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal. Under anaerobic conditions, COD was taken up and converted to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), accompanied with phosphorus release. In the subsequent aerobic stage, PHA was oxidized and phosphorus was taken up to less than 0.5 mg/L at the end of the cycle. Ammonia was also oxidised during the aerobic period, but without accumulation of nitrite or nitrate in the system, indicating the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. However, off-gas analysis found that the final denitrification product was mainly nitrous oxide (N2O) not N2. Further experimental results demonstrated that nitrogen removal was via nitrite, not nitrate. These experiments also showed that denitrifying glycogen-accumulating organisms rather than denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms were responsible for the denitrification activity.     

Multistage wastewater treatment using separated storage driven denitrification and nitrification biofilms.

The feasibility of combining a previously reported storage driven denitrification biofilm, where 80% of influent acetate can be converted to poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), with a suitable nitrification reactor, either submerged or trickling filter design, to achieve complete biological nitrogen removal was tested. The reactor system showed the potential of complete biological nitrogen removal of waste streams with a C/N ratio as low as 3.93 kg COD/kg N-NH3 at an overall nitrogen removal rate of 1.1 mmole NH3/L/h. While the efficiency and the rates of nitrogen removal were higher than what is observed in traditional or simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) systems, there were two problems that require further development: (a) the incomplete draining of the reactor caused ammonia retention and release in the effluent, limiting the overall N-removal and (b) pH drifts in the nitrification step slowed down the rate of nitrification if not corrected by appropriate pH adjustment or buffering.     

Comparing cost and process performance of activated sludge (AS) and biological aerated filters (BAF) over ten years of full sale operation.

In the early 1990s, the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Frederikshavn, Denmark, was extended to meet new requirements for nutrient removal (8 mg/L TN, 1.5 mg TP/L) as well as to increase its average daily flow to 16,500 m(3)/d (4.5 MGD). As the most economical upgrade of the existing activated sludge (AS) plant, a parallel biological aerated filter (BAF) was selected, and started up in 1995. Running two full scale processes in parallel for over ten years on the same wastewater and treatment objectives enabled a direct comparison in relation to operating performance, costs and experience. Common pretreatment consists of screening, an aerated grit and grease removal and three primary settlers with chemical addition. The effluent is then pumped to the two parallel biological treatment stages, AS with recirculation and an upflow BAF with floating media. The wastewater is a mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater, with a dominant discharge of fish processing effluent which can amount to 50% of the flow. The maximum hydraulic load on the pretreatment section as a whole is 1,530 m(3)/h. Approximately 60% of the sewer system is combined with a total of 32 overflow structures. To avoid the direct discharge of combined sewer overflows into the receiving waters, the total hydraulic wet weather capacity of the plant is increased to 4,330 m(3)/h, or 6 times average flow. During rain, some of the raw sewage can be directed through a stormwater bypass to the BAF, which can be modified in its operation to accommodate various treatment needs: either using simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in all filters with recirculation introducing bottom aeration with full nitrification in some filters for storm treatment and/or post-denitrification in one filter. After treatment, the wastewater is discharged to the Baltic Sea through a 500 m outfall. The BAF backwash sludge, approximately 1,900 m(3) per 24 h in dry weather, is redirected to the AS plant. Primary settler sludge and the combined biosolids from the AS plant are anaerobically digested, with methane gas being used for generation of heat and power. On-line measurements for the parameters NO3, NO2, NH4, temperature as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) are used for control of aeration and external carbon source (methanol). Dosing of flocculants for P-removal is carried out based on laboratory analysis and jar tests. This paper discusses the experience gained from the plant operation during the last ten years, compiling comparative performance and cost data of the two processes, as well as their optimisation.