新疆水资源分布的空间匹配性分析——基于洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数

根据新疆维吾尔自治区2016年水资源统计数据,引入洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数,通过绘制水资源与耕地、人口及第二产业产值的洛伦兹曲线并计算其基尼系数,分析新疆水资源的空间匹配性。结果显示:新疆水资源与耕地、人口、第二产业产值的空间匹配基尼系数分别为0.453、0.4596、0.6898,匹配程度处于差或很差水平。在此基础上,提出优化水资源空间匹配度,科学规划水资源利用的对策建议。     

基尼系数在调水水资源分配中的应用研究

跨流域调水是调整水资源空间分布,提高水资源与人口、土地、生产力布局匹配程度的有效途径。借鉴经济学中洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的概念,提出采用水资源与耕地、GDP和人口3项匹配基尼系数指标来分析跨流域调水工程水源区与受水区的水资源空间匹配程度,并以南水北调中线工程为例进行实例计算和分析。计算结果说明了方法的有效性,研究成果可供跨流域调水决策参考。     

嫩江流域水资源与社会经济发展匹配度分析

利用经济学中洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的方法,对嫩江流域水资源和社会经济的匹配性进行分析,并对方法的可行性进行了讨论。以水资源四级区为子区间,将水资源量作为匹配对象,选取人口、GDP、耕地面积为社会经济代表样本,绘制洛伦兹曲线并利用回归曲线法计算基尼系数。结果表明,嫩江流域水资源和人口、GDP、耕地空间的基尼系数分别为0.63、0.67、0.68,水资源和社会经济发展水平高度不匹配,这种不匹配性将很大程度限制流域的发展。     

水资源与经济社会发展时空匹配特征量化分析

为系统分析和精准量化地级市水资源与经济社会发展匹配特征,选取水资源总量、用水量和人口、GDP、耕地面积等典型要素,提出同时运用基于基尼系数和基于数列的匹配度计算方法进行量化研究的思路,以沙颍河沿线10个地级市为例,定量分析了其2009—2018年水资源与经济社会发展的时空匹配关系。结果表明:两种方法能够同时从整体时间/空间和单个地级市/时段的角度对水资源和经济社会两系统要素的匹配问题进行全面研究;各地级市时间基尼系数存在些许差异,但不同要素匹配程度基本一致且结果均较好;除水资源总量-GDP、用水量-GDP的时间匹配度呈现低—高—低的演进态势,其他要素的匹配度随时间呈现波动变化趋势;空间基尼系数在时间尺度上变化幅度不大,但不同匹配要素之间差异显著;空间匹配度在时间上基本保持一致,部分地级市匹配结果较差,尤以郑州、南阳和驻马店的问题最为突出。     

Analysis of water resources spatial equilibrium in Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao Greater Bay AreaEI北大核心CSCD

依据2009—2019年粤港澳大湾区社会经济指标和水资源数据,通过泰尔指数、基尼系数对人口、GDP与水资源空间分布的均衡性进行研究,并构建了水资源负载指数模型,分析了区域水资源开发程度。结果表明：2019年粤港澳大湾区人口与水资源量、GDP与水资源量的匹配程度较低,基尼系数分别为0.520和0.651,属于高度不平均等级,且基尼系数呈上升趋势;通过泰尔指数得到了相同的结论,区域间差异对总体差异贡献率较大,而区域内的人口、GDP与水资源匹配差距不突出;2019年粤港澳大湾区水资源负载指数为4.0,等级为Ⅲ级,开发利用程度为中等水平,各城市水资源负载差距悬殊,且呈逐年增加趋势,表现为经济总量大、人口密集、水资源条件相对不足的地区,开发利用程度高、潜力小;粤港澳大湾区水资源空间分布与生产力布局不协调,且水资源空间不均衡性有进一步加剧的趋势。     

中国水资源与经济社会发展匹配度的动态分析

以中国六大地理分区2004～2015年间的水资源量为基础数据,以GDP、人口和耕地面积作为经济社会发展要素,构建和计算六大分区的水资源与经济社会发展要素之间的基尼系数。在此基础上,运用MannKendal检验法对六大地理分区的水资源与经济社会发展要素的基尼系数进行趋势分析。研究结果表明:(1)华北地区最强的水资源约束是水资源与GDP不匹配;(2)中南地区最强的水资源约束是水资源与耕地面积不匹配;(3)西北地区最强的水资源约束是水资源与人口不匹配。其中,中南地区水资源与经济社会发展要素不匹配程度较轻,华东地区、西北地区和西南地区的水资源与经济社会发展要素不匹配程度较重。另外,全国各分区的水资源与经济社会发展要素的基尼系数在2004～2015年间没有明显变化的趋势。     

昆明市水资源短缺空间格局综合分析

水资源短缺是影响昆明市区域经济高速、稳定发展的核心问题之一。依据2001—2012年《昆明市水资源公报》数据,采用基尼系数、人均水资源量、水资源开发利用率、水资源负载指数等方法分别对昆明市的水资源变化趋势、时空分布特征、匹配性、短缺格局进行分析。研究结果表明:昆明市人均水资源量不及云南省及全国平均水平,且内部差异明显,多年平均人均水资源量极值比高达10.78,最少的地区为主城四区(299 m³/人);水资源量与GDP、人口匹配性较差,与耕地匹配性相对较好;昆明市水资源主要呈现出“南缺北丰”格局,且缺水地区数量不断增多,多数地区缺水等级逐渐加重。雨洪利用、多方面节水、跨区域调水、产业结构调整等是缓解昆明市水资源短缺的有效措施。     

基于基尼系数的山西省水资源空间匹配度分析

根据山西省多年的水资源统计数据,采用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数法构建水资源基尼系数评价法。通过绘制水资源与耕地资源、区域GDP及人口的洛伦兹曲线并计算其基尼系数,分析山西省水资源的空间匹配度。结果表明:山西省水资源的空间匹配度整体较好,3个评价指标分别达到了高度平均、相对平均和比较合理状态,但存在个别地区间差异明显的情况。通过对差异原因进行分析,提出对山西省水资源分布不合理的地区采取适当的调水措施,并针对总体缺水状况采取有效的节水措施。     

河南省水土资源匹配特征及均衡性分析

河南省作为传统的农业大省,是我国粮食主产区之一,其水资源情势复杂,开展水土资源匹配研究对保障河南省农业粮食生产具有积极的作用。基于区域水资源与耕地资源的匹配组合,计算了2000—2014年全省及地市尺度的水土匹配系数,绘制了水土资源的洛伦茨曲线,并据此计算其基尼系数,以综合反映河南省水土资源匹配的不均衡程度。然后,使用农业用水比例、水土匹配系数和基尼系数对比分析了河南省水土资源及其匹配状况在时间与空间分布的变化规律,研究发现河南省水资源在数量上相对短缺,部分地市水土匹配均衡状况不够理想,但总体比较均衡。最后,对河南省水土资源匹配格局的进一步优化提出建议。     

基于基尼系数法的全国十大水资源一级区水资源与经济社会要素时空匹配分析

水资源是经济发展的一项具有约束性、先导性、控制性要素的基础资源。定量分析水资源与经济社会要素的匹配程度,揭示水资源对经济社会发展的约束状态,可为水资源的可持续利用提供重要的技术支撑。以全国十大水资源一级区为研究对象,以2004~2013年的各一级区水资源、土地资源、人口和区域生产总值等数据系列为基础,计算水资源与人口、土地、产值等经济社会要素的基尼系数,并分析其变化趋势。结果表明,目前水资源分布与产值分布的不匹配是我国经济社会发展最强的水资源约束,在全国范围上破解水资源短缺问题须将"以水定产"作为首要的考虑;不同一级区面临的水资源约束各有特点,应采取针对性的措施以破解水资源短缺问题;水资源一级区水资源与经济社会发展要素的基尼系数普遍小于省(市)的基尼系数,解决水问题应更加重视在流域层面对水资源的统一规划、合理配置和统筹管理。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。