海上电气平台动力模型试验设计

为了满足海上大型风电场的开发需求,有必要建立系统的海上电气平台设计和安全评价体系,其有效性需要通过海上电气平台整体结构动力模型试验进行验证。联合考虑弹性相似律和弗劳德数(Froude)相似得到水弹性相似律,以水弹性相似律为基础得到电气平台各参数之间的相似关系,完成海上电气平台整体结构试验模型的设计。在海上电气平台动力模型试验中引入水弹性相似律保证了结构原型与模型间的动力特性以及水环境的相似关系;并通过引入牛顿相似律对冰荷载进行了相似转换。采用海洋平台分析软件SACS分别建立海上电气平台原型和模型的有限元数值模型,开展原型和模型结构响应分析和动力特性分析,同时依据数值分析结果对水弹性相似律进行了验证。     

金川水电站导流洞进口边坡稳定性分析

金川导流洞进口边坡地质条件较为复杂,有多组断层及裂隙发育,开挖后形成高陡边坡,边坡稳定问题较为突出。首先以有限元软件ADINA为平台,对预应力锚索、锁口锚索以及锚筋桩进行敏感性计算,做出锚固措施的优化分析;然后使用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立开挖锚固完成后的三维边坡模型,计算了边坡在天然、开挖、加固等5种工况下的边坡安全稳定状况。计算结果论证了锚固方案的合理性,揭示边坡在不同工况中可能发生失稳的部位,对工程建设具有一定指导意义。     

预应力中墩三维有限元静力结构分析

文中基于ABAQUS平台,以国内某水电站锚块式预应力闸墩为工程背景,建立了预应力闸墩结构三维有限元整体模型。对该结构在自重、扬压力以及水压力等荷载作用下进行了静力分析,分析了控制工况下闸墩应力、位移分布规律,总结出重要部位产生拉应力的主要原因。     

基于强度折减法的某水利工程边坡静动力稳定性分析

使用大型有限元软件ADINA建立中国某水利工程右岸边坡的二维有限元仿真模型,基于强度折减法,使用塑性区贯通判据和关键点位移突变判据对该边坡在静力及动力工况下的稳定性进行分析。结果表明:边坡在静力工况下的安全系数为2.4,在0.2g地震动作用下的安全系数为1.88,即该边坡在静力及动力工况下均具有较大的安全裕度。     

三维有限元静力分析在小型引水式电站厂房中的应用

结合某小型引水式电站厂房,利用三维有限元分析软件ANSYS对水电站厂房水下部分结构进行三维有限元分析。通过对指定4种荷载工况下的三维有限元静力分析得出厂房在各工况下的整体应力、位移情况和指定截面的应力、位移情况,并对各种工况下的应力极值以及位移极值和指定截面的应力、位移情况进行了比较。     

海上风机多桩结构运营期整体振动特性研究

以江苏实际海上风机多桩结构为研究对象,应用场区海洋水文数据以及临近海洋结构物的检测数据,分析并确定该结构运营期内可能出现的海洋环境及荷载工况,采用有限元软件SACS分阶段开展整机运营期内的自振特性分析。计算结果表明,荷载工况引起的桩基线性化刚度和腐蚀程度是影响整机自振频率的主要因素,水位、海洋生物及基础冲刷的变化对整机自振频率影响较小;与极端工况相比,多年平均工况作用下的整机结构自振频率相对较大,运营期始为最大,应作为海上风机多桩结构整机自振频率校核的对应工况。     

预紧力水轮机顶盖与座环全三维联合受力强度分析

顶盖是水轮机中既有支撑又有过流作用的重要部件,顶盖及其联接螺栓既承受周围各部件的作用力,又承受随运行工况而改变的水压载荷,其刚强度对水轮发电机组的安全、稳定运行至关重要。本文建立了某水电站混流式水轮机顶盖、座环及其联接螺栓的全三维有限元计算模型,考虑螺栓预紧力,采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对顶盖整体结构有限元模型在升压工况下进行刚强度计算分析。结果表明:顶盖及其联接螺栓刚强度满足规范要求,能够充分保证该水轮机组的运行可靠性。     

水电站边坡稳定性的三维有限元分析

某水电站工程,采用ADINA软件对某水电站进行了三维有限元分析,建立了某水电站整体的三维有限元模型,分别对6种工况进行计算分析,得出不同工况下的位移场、应力场、塑性区分布以及边坡整体安全系数等.     

地震作用下边坡平台对边坡的动力响应及失稳破坏影响分析

利用有限元分析软件建立数值计算模型,采用基线校正的10 s水平加速度时程作为地震输入条件,对在不同平台个数、平台宽度以及平台分布等多种工况下边坡模型的动力响应及稳定性进行数值模拟分析。结合各工况地震过程中坡面质点PGD放大系数、动剪应力峰值与震后最大剪应变、塑性区范围以及稳定性评价指标,对地震作用下边坡动力响应特性和失稳破坏进行了定性的评价研究。计算结果表明:以本文40 m高的边坡为例,设单个平台时,于15 m和20 m高程处设置平台对边坡动力稳定性更有利;设2个平台时,10～20 m的平台组合相对于其它组合对边坡动力稳定性更有利;对于多级边坡,随着平台宽度的增加,边坡整体破坏趋势逐渐分解为各级边坡局部破坏趋势,可以较大幅度地减小最下方坡脚的应力集中,进而提高边坡的动力稳定性;此外,平台内侧属于上级边坡的坡脚处,易产生剪应力集中区,属于薄弱部位,应加强各级坡脚的支护。     

倾斜式多功能清污机负载限制问题的解决方法

简要介绍了广东河源东源县蓝口水电站2×70kN清污机的相关概况,及其在清污和提栅两种不同工况间的转换装置和转换方法。以该清污机为例,论述了清污机一组负载限制装置同时能在多种工况下作用的难点,通过分析荷重传感器的工作原理来说明如何运用机械和电气等知识,从整体上解决这一难题。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.