悬浮泥沙反射光谱特性和泥沙量估算试验研究

通过实验室含沙水体的配比试验，对不同浓度含沙水体进行了光学特性测量，建立了不同悬沙含量遥感反演模型，结果表明：1）确立的水体光谱反射率和悬沙浓度之间的数值关系，为用卫星遥感技术探测表层悬沙浓度做了基础性的研究，取得了令人满意的效果；2）悬沙水样的敏感波段位于700nm～720nm，730～750nm和800～850nm；3）利用主成分分析方法结合多元线性回归可较为精确地估算悬沙含量，其模型反演能力明显优于敏感波段线性模型。对于浓度范围为0．1905g／L～3．6991g/L的悬沙水体，主成分回归模型反演精度更高，反演值和实测值的平均相对误差仅为5％左右；4）用实验室含沙水体配比方法进行的悬沙浓度与光谱关系的研究，其数据采集的同步性好，精度可靠。     

伶仃洋洪季悬沙分布特征及变化过程分析

根据珠江三角洲伶仃洋河口2003年洪季(7月)潮流、泥沙和盐度现场观测资料,通过对悬沙分布特征及变化过程进行深入分析,结果表明:伶仃洋河口洪季的悬沙浓度在径流、潮流作用下具有明显的潮周期变化,泥沙再悬浮多发生在落急、涨急后1～2小时;在0303站附近形成最大混浊带,在最大混浊带上游段,呈现涨潮优势沙,泥沙净向陆输移,而下游段,呈现落潮优势沙,泥沙净向海输移;泥沙纵向输移机制分析表明,拉格朗日输沙、潮汐捕集输沙和垂向净环流输沙是伶仃洋泥沙运动的主要形式.     

静止轨道卫星观测杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度的动态变化及动力分析

利用静止轨道水色遥感卫星GOCI的一天多景数据,采用基于半经验辐射传输模型(SERT),反演获得杭州湾海区悬浮泥沙浓度的时空分布;结合三维无结构三角形网格的有限体积海洋数值模型(FVCOM),模拟卫星成像时刻杭州湾水位、潮流分布状况.综合分析结果表明:潮流变化是该海区在涨落潮、大小潮悬沙分布变化的主要影响因素;风浪作用导致杭州湾海域悬沙浓度枯季明显大于洪季.     

人类活动驱动下伶仃洋洪季大潮水沙异变

针对大规模人类活动对伶仃洋水动力的干预,基于1978年、2003年、2011年洪季大潮实测资料,对比分析伶仃洋东西两槽及东四口门在不同阶段人类活动作用下的潮流及悬沙特征变化。结果表明:由于受伶仃水道浚深影响,与1978年相比,2003年和2011年伶仃水道及东四口门洪季大潮的涨潮动力增强,落潮动力减弱;受伶仃水道浚深产生的"吸流"作用及东滩围垦影响,矾石水道潮流动力减弱;东四口门及矾石水道洪季大潮的悬沙含量降低,伶仃水道悬沙垂向分层加强,且伶仃水道中南段净输沙由1978年的向海方向于2003年后逆转变为向陆方向,平均流输沙贡献剧减,斯托克斯漂流输沙、潮汐捕集输沙和垂向净环流输沙贡献增加。     

北江下游推移质输沙研究

采用数值模拟与实测资料相结合的方法研究了北江下游推移质输沙率公式的适用性、洪枯季推移质输沙率及空间分布。结果表明以切应力为主要参量的推移质输沙率公式较适用于北江下游河道,洪季Bijker公式、枯季Van Rijn公式计算误差较小。石角断面洪季推移质输沙率为9.06万t/月,枯季为2.43万t/月,年推移质输沙量为49.54万t。推移质输沙主要集中在大塘以上河段,洪枯季均在山塘上游、廻岐洲、界牌洲等处出现输沙率峰值,大塘下游推移质输沙较弱。水面比降是推移质输沙率沿程变化的主导因素。     

珠江河网与河口一、二维水沙嵌套数学模型研究

利用三级联合解法和“节点含沙量控制法”,建立了珠江三角洲河网区一维非恒定流水沙数学模型,伶仃洋平面二维水沙模型采用了正交曲线坐标下DSI和ADI法。通过虎门、蕉门、洪奇门、横门4个交接面的水位、流量和输沙量等物理量的相互传递,在每一迭代步内进行河网一维与伶仃洋二维水沙模型的嵌套计算。利用2001年2月枯季和2003年7月洪季实测的水文资料进行验证。结果表明,模型计算结果无论在珠江三角洲河网区、交接断面以及伶仃洋区均与实测资料吻合较好,该模型可用来模拟珠江三角洲河网和伶仃洋的水沙运动过程。     

椒江河口悬沙浓度时空变化特征分析

2013年12月和2014年6月,在椒江河口各布设6个水文观测站,进行洪枯2季大小潮水文观测,以此实测资料为基础,分析了椒江河口悬沙浓度的时空分布变化特征。结果表明:(1)椒江河口悬沙浓度一般而言枯季高于洪季,大潮高于小潮;(2)纵向分布上,从上游椒江河道向下游椒江口门,再至台州湾海域,悬沙浓度逐渐降低;(3)垂向分布上,椒江河口最大浑浊带内发育有泥跃层是其垂向分布的最显著特点。泥跃层的发育受潮流速、悬沙浓度、盐度的共同影响,枯季较洪季发育显著,枯季小潮时最为发育。     

基于遥感信息的杭州湾表层悬沙浓度变化趋势研究

采用杭州湾1988-2014年的Landsat-TM/OLI遥感影像,结合实测水体光谱和同步悬沙取样数据,构建表层悬沙浓度遥感定量反演模式,开展表层悬沙浓度反演并讨论其时空变化特征。结果表明：构建的定量反演模式精度良好,揭示了杭州湾表层悬沙浓度的时空多变性;年际趋势显示,洪季近二三十年来杭州湾湾口北部水域表层悬沙浓度减少约40%～50%,其他水域相对较稳定;与洪季不同,枯季表层悬沙整体呈现减小态势,减小幅度为30%～40%;长江入海泥沙减少、滩涂围垦、沿岸水流以及长江口外泥沙源的共同作用是表层悬沙浓度年际变化的主要影响因素。     

珠江磨刀门河口悬沙浓度变化特征分析

根据2011年枯季和2012年洪季在大、中、小潮期间的多点同步现场观测资料,分析研究了磨刀门河口悬沙浓度变化特征。结果表明:磨刀门口悬沙浓度纵向分布呈近岸高,远岸低的趋势;横向分布具有季节性差异,洪季主槽大于滩地,枯季滩地大于主槽;垂向分布洪季主要以斜线型分布为主,枯季主要以抛物线型分布为主。潮周期平均含沙量大潮普遍大于中、小潮;洪、枯季磨刀门口外落潮含沙量普遍大于涨潮含沙量。洪季含沙量混合较为均匀,落潮时含沙量增大,涨潮时含沙量减小,枯季含沙量分层明显,。受波浪潮汐作用,一个周期内有多次明显的再悬浮过程,涨潮时增大,落潮时减小。     

珠江磨刀门河口洪季悬沙与沉积物颗粒度分布及交换过程

基于洪季磨刀门河口实测水沙观测资料和河床表层沉积物数据,通过对不同区域不同时刻悬沙浓度和粒度、沉积物粒径组成分析,运用因子分析和粒度谱等统计计算方法,重点研究近期洪季磨刀门河口及滨海水域悬沙与河床沙交换过程及其动力机制。结果表明:磨刀门河口拦门沙内河道及汊道口区域的动力以径流为主的涨落潮流流系,悬沙与河床沙交换过程较弱;拦门沙浅滩区域泥沙运动表现为"波浪掀沙,潮流输沙"特性,再悬浮泥沙平均量占实测悬沙浓度的32%;拦门沙外滨海水域悬沙组成受径流与潮汐相对强度影响显著,构成上大潮时以再悬浮泥沙为主,小潮时则以径流下泄悬沙沉积为主,而悬沙输运方向受到东南向波浪和沿岸流控制。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.