2000—2014年塔里木河下游地下水补给量及合理需求量

以塔里木河下游为研究区,以区域内9个固定监测断面为基础,依据断面内各个地下水监测井,收集了输水前和第15次输水后的地下水位数据,结合土壤饱和差计算方法,分析了第15次输水后的地下水补给量,并联系植被生长所需的合理水位探讨了地下水到达合理水位所需的水量,以期评价生态输水的阶段性效果,为调整生态输水方案提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)生态输水前地下水埋深在6~13 m之间,第15次生态输水后,地下水最大升高幅度达到8.26 m;(2)第15次生态输水后,塔里木河下游地下水补给量约为20.44亿m3;(3)为使地下水达到植被生长所需适宜水位,塔里木河下游地下水的合理需求量约为24.08亿m3。     

Water Resources Assessment and Regional Virtual Water Potential in the Turpan Basin,China

Located in the centre of the Eurasian Continent, the Turpan Basin, as the second deepest lowland in the world, is extremely short of water resources. Aimed at this key scientific issue, this paper based on years of meteorological and hydrological observation data, carried out a scientific calculation and evaluation of surface and groundwater resources in the Turpan Basin, and then, with the help of modified Penman formula, calculated the virtual water potential in the basin in 2004. The results show that the average total usable surface water resources per year in the last decade were about 6.673×10⁸ m³, while adduction volume of surface water in 2003 was about 4.94×10⁸ m³, which means that most of the region has reached or approached the limit of water resources and, as a result serious crises and constraints on the development of the basin were thus caused. The exploitation content of groundwater in the Turpan Basin in 2003 was about 6.12×10⁸ m³, which has basically reached its upper limit, and the ground water level has fallen about 10~40 m in the Turpan Basin in recent years. The daily reference crop water requirement in the Turpan Basin in 2004 was about 1,053.39 mm, and the total virtual water potential contained in six main crops was about 5.25 ×10⁸ m³ in 2004. All these showed that research works on scientific assessment of water resources and regional virtual water strategy have great significance for the best social, ecological, economic benefits and regional sustainable development of the Turpan Basin.     

阜阳市农灌区浅层地下水安全开采量评价

针对阜阳市农灌区水文地质条件和浅层地下水运动特点,建立区域浅层地下水多年调节计算模型,通过调节地下水开采量使调节计算末期地下水位埋深能够恢复到起调埋深,达到多年水均衡,得到阜阳市浅层地下水安全开采系数与安全开采量。1956—2010年长系列的计算结果表明,阜阳市多年平均浅层地下水总补给量为17.856亿m3,安全开采系数为0.469,安全开采量为8.374亿m3;结合以农灌区为主的阜阳市用水过程特点,采用等比例法对浅层地下水安全开采量进行年内分配,确定了阜阳市浅层地下水的年内逐月安全开采过程。     

宁东能源化工基地水资源优化配置研究

宁东能源化工基地水资源极为贫乏,合理配置基地内的水资源对能源基地的发展极其重要。论文采用线性规划模型对宁东能源化工基地的联合供水方案进行了优化研究,提出了地表水和地下水联合供水方案,确定了供水方案中地下水的实际配额和供水路线,得到下述结论:陶乐傍河水源地可向平罗精细化工基地供水0.065×10~8m~3/a;骆驼井应急水源地向横城和鸳鸯湖工矿区供水0.019×10~8m~3/a;吴忠平原2号和3号备选水源地向灵武工矿区供水0.089×10~8m~3/a和0.067×10~8m~3/a;大泉地区的1号水源地向南部的马家滩和积家井工矿区供水0.054×10~8m~3/a。按地下水总供水量0.294×10~8m~3/a和最佳供水路线联合配置地下水,地表水配额只需供水3.136×10~8m~3/a,既能满足宁东能源化工基地2020年规划对水资源需求,又可实现社会经济和环境效益的最大化。     

基于生态补水的缺水河流生态修复研究

为研究河流生态修复所需的补水量和补水关键期,以永定河官厅山峡段为例,采用环境需水量和生态需水量两种方法,计算不同阶段河流生态修复所需的生态水量。结果表明:水文变异后,永定河生态严重退化,实施生态补水迫在眉睫;现状1. 7×10~8m~3补水水量具有一定的积极作用,但不能满足河流正常需水;未来3个典型年(75%、90%和95%)最低的生态补水量为4. 88×10~8、6. 11×10~8和6. 37×10~8m~3,同时推荐3-6月份为生态补水关键期。通过对生态补水量和补水时机的研究,为永定河生态修复提供一定的理论依据。     

Using 223Ra and 224Ra to estimate discharges of groundwater and associated nutrients into southeast of Qinghai Lake,in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

With its important geographical location and status as the largest saltwater body in China, Qinghai Lake plays a vital role in the ecological environment of the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Due to climate change and the subsequent adjustment of Qinghai Lake’s tourism policy, it is necessary to understand groundwater discharges in southeast of Qinghai lake both for ecological protection and risk prevention. This study used radium isotopes ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra to trace groundwater discharges and nutrients carried into the lake. The spatial characteristics of Ra isotopes with greater activity in the upper and bottom layers in the lake indicated that they were influenced by inputs of shallow groundwater and diffusion from sediments. The average ²²⁴Ra diffusion flux of the sediments in the Lake was 33.54 dpm m^?2 d^?1. Based on the ²²⁴Ra mass balance model, the discharge flux of shallow groundwater in this region was estimated to be 3.49 × 10⁶ ～ 3.68 × 10⁶ m³ d^?1. The PO₄^3? and SiO₂ fluxes carried into the southeastern of the lake by groundwater were 1.78 × 10¹¹ ～ 1.88 × 10¹¹ mg/y and 2.22 × 10¹² ～ 2.34 × 10¹² mg/y, respectively. It is thus essential to monitor shallow groundwater discharge into Qinghai Lake for the protection of the water environment and prevention of potential ecological risks.     

石川河地下水库建库条件分析及地下水位动态预测

通过分析富平县石川河河谷阶地区的自然地理、气象、水文、地质等条件以及地下水资源开发利用情况,建立了水文地质结构三维模型,论证了建立石川河地下水库的可行性,初步计算了地下水库库容约为4.95亿m~3。利用Visual MODFLOW软件建立了地下水库库区的地下水数值模型,预测了不同降水和开采条件下,进行人工回灌0.52亿m~3/a、10年后地下水库库区的地下水位变化情况。结果表明,库区内的地下水位将大范围的抬升,大部分地区与1959年的水位相近,可基本满足当地的用水需求。     

An Evaluation of Demand for and Supply of Potable Water in an Urban Centre of Abeokuta and Environs, Southwestern Nigeria

The current and future demand for potable water supply to Abeokuta city and environs in southwestern Nigeria were estimated in this study. The estimated water demands, up to the year 2030, were based on population growth and per capita water consumption. The study also investigated whether the present source of public water supply to the city and environs could meet the estimated demand. The consumption standards of 120 and 60 l per capita per day for urban and semi-urban water supplies respectively, recommended in the Nigerian Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, were used for domestic demand estimates. The institutional, industrial, fire service, horticulture and animal husbandry water requirements were based on reasonable percentages of the total domestic demand. The flow of Ogun River, which is the source of raw water for the Abeokuta Water Supply scheme serving Abeokuta city and environs, was assessed and found sufficient to meet the estimated future potable water requirements of the study area. The study indicated that the estimated current annual potable water demand of Abeokuta city and environs (in 2011) is 5.52 × 10⁷ m³ (1.51 × 10⁵ m³/day) and the projected annual potable water demand for the year 2030 is 7.67 × 10⁷ m³ (2.10 × 10⁵ m³/day). At a design capacity of 1.62 × 10⁵ m³/day, the total water supply from the Abeokuta Water Supply Scheme at full capacity will just be about the total required in 2014. By 2015, the scheme will no longer be adequate to meet the total water required, even if it is run at full capacity. It is therefore imperative that the current scheme is expanded within the next 4 years in order to meet the potable water demand of the intended population.     

基于生态安全的阿瓦提灌区生态需水量研究

阿瓦提灌区地处塔里木盆地西北边缘,气候极端干旱,降水稀少,蒸发强烈。近年来,由于大批开荒、水资源不合理利用、土壤盐渍化等导致灌区生态环境越发脆弱,阻碍其经济的可持续发展。在灌区实地考察、分析整理多年新疆统计资料的基础上,考虑灌区生态用水安全,针对不同植被生态需水特点,分别采用彭曼公式法、定额法和比值法等相适宜的生态需水研究方法,计算其生态需水量。结果表明:阿瓦提灌区生态需水总量为13. 37×10~8m~3,其中,河道外生态需水量为6. 8×10~8m~3,河道内生态需水量为6. 57×10~8m~3。通过生态需水量研究,提出适宜的用水建议,为阿瓦提灌区生态系统的健康与稳定提供一定的理论依据。     

间歇性输水条件下塔里木河下游地下水时空变化模拟

为确定适宜的输水策略以实现塔里木河下游地下水位的快速抬升,提高生态系统的恢复力,运用GMS软件构建了塔里木河下游地下水动态模拟模型,设计单阶段、双阶段和多阶段输水情景模拟预测了地下水对不同输水情景的时空响应特征。结果表明：制定输水策略时应保证年输水量大于有效水量,当输水总量一定时,延长输水时间、扩大输水间隔有助于地下水位的快速抬升;最佳输水策略是以1月和3—11月为输水期分两个阶段输水4 500万m³;地下水埋深和水位变化量沿河道对称分布,地下水埋深与距河道两侧距离成正比,地下水位变化量和抬升量与时间成反比。     

基于干旱河道生态修复的岳城水库生态调度

根据干旱风沙河道生态修复目标,结合水库的防洪、兴利、生态调度,建立了多目标水库生态调度模型,研究漳河岳城水库的生态调度。结果表明:枯水年岳城水库向下游河道生态供水0.277×10~8m~3,平水年岳城水库向下游河道生态供水0.327×10~8m~3,丰水年可以满足下游生态需水量2.66×10~8m~3。     

新安江上游生态系统产水服务及价值

为模拟新安江上游下垫面水分存储因素对其实际供水能力的影响,采用降雨和潜在蒸散发及下垫面特征参数,结合耗水量模拟2010年新安江上游实际供水量及水资源的能值价值。结果表明:流域为下游贡献汇流量71.1×108m3,总价值达到29.9亿元。率水、街源河子流域供水能力较强。中部河谷平原区由于人为耗水过程,原本产水高值区成为实际供水的低值区。模拟产水量精度达97.0%,适用性较好,但下垫面参数仍需结合实测进一步优化。     

基于数值模拟及可开采系数法的广花盆地地下水可开采量研究

使用数值模拟法(GMS模拟软件)及开采系数法计算广花盆地的可开采量,以合理地评价广花盆地地下水资源及可开采潜力,防止地下水过度开采及由此引发的地质灾害。结果表明:构建的地下水水流三维数值模型可为研究区提供合理的地下水水流模拟结果,在整个模拟期共730 d中,第60、180、540和730 d的标准化残差均方根分别为4. 996%、4. 043%、6. 517%、6. 787%。以可开采水位最大降深5 m作为岩溶含水层抽取水量的约束条件,数值模型计算得到的地下水可开采量为12 997. 78×104m3。采用可开采系数法计算得到的地下水可开采量为14 015. 10×104m3。两种方法的计算结果相对误差为7. 3%,两种方法相互验证,结果较为可靠,最后提出广花盆地应急备用水源地地下水管理目标及措施。     

不同回灌补源模式下石川河富平地下水库数值模拟

石川河富平地区地下水长期处于采补失衡状态,大范围含水层被疏干,形成区域性降落漏斗,针对拟建的石川河富平地下水库,设置5种开采回灌方案,建立地下水流数值模型模拟不同方案下地下水库水位和蓄水库容变化情况。结果表明：各回灌方案在消除降落漏斗的同时,均能较好地恢复地下水水位,且不超过地下水库的调蓄上限水位;回灌量相同、回灌方式不同时,逐日回灌方式的水位恢复效果优于灌期+非灌期回灌方式,较2018年地下水水位平均抬升13.55 m,蓄水库容增加2.99×10⁸ m³;回灌量不同时,较大回灌量对地下水水位的影响大于回灌方式,即泾惠渠水源回灌时,水位抬升程度最大,为19.77 m,蓄水库容相应增加4.36×10⁸ m³。模拟结果可为地下水库的调蓄与运行提供参考。     

Groundwater investigations in Pakistan: An emphasis on desert areas

The desert regions of Pakistan are located in all the four provinces and occupy a large area. The climate in deserts is very hot and dry. The annual rainfall is scanty (100–150 mm) and uncertain. The water‐table varies from over 10 m in Cholistan to more than 100 m in Tharparkar. A programme for groundwater exploration in the desert areas of Pakistan was initiated in 1986. The exploration was carried out in selected parts of Cholistan (Punjab), Tharparkar and Nara (Sindh) and Winder in Balochistan Province. In the Cholistan desert (Punjab) a fresh groundwater body containing less than 1000 ppm of total dissolved solids in an area of about 1500 km² has been discovered. The values of the coefficient of transmissivity and storage range from 120 to 1200 m²/day and 3.0 × 10^‐4 to 2.1 × 10^?3respectively. In the Tharparkar desert (Sindh), an acceptable quality of groundwater containing up to 2500 ppm of total dissolved solids has been discovered in sandstone formation.     

Agricultural Multi-Water Source Allocation Model Based on Interval Two-Stage Stochastic Robust Programming under Uncertainty

Numerous uncertainties and complexities exist in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system, that must be considered in the optimization of water resources allocation. In this paper, an agricultural multi-water source allocation model, consisting of stochastic robust programming and two-stage random programming and introducing interval numbers and random variables to represent the uncertainties, was proposed for the optimization of irrigation water allocation in Jiamusi City of Heilongjiang Province, China. The model could optimize the water allocaton to different crops of groundwater and surface water. Then, the optimal target value and the optimal water allocation of different water sources distributed to different crops could be obtained. The model optimized the economic benefits and stability of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system via the introduction of a the penalty cost variable measurement to the objective function. The results revealed that the total water shortage changed from [18.6, 32.3]?×?10⁸ m³ to [15.7, 26.2]?×?10⁸ m³ at a risk level ω from zero to five, indicating that the water shortage decreased and the reliability improved in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system. Additionally, the net economic benefits of irrigation changed from [287.21, 357.86]?×?10⁸ yuan to [253.23, 301.32]?×?10⁸ yuan, indicating that the economic benefit difference was reduced. Therefore, the model can be used by decision makers to develop appropriate water distribution schemes based on the rational consideration of the economic benefit, stability and risk of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system.     

塔里木河下游生态输水量转化分析

塔里木河下游大西海子水库以下河段自1972年至2000年发生的持续断流是绿色走廊生态劣变的主要原因。从2000年5月至2011年11月,塔里木河下游共进行了10次生态输水。本文利用输水期间的地下水监测资料,运用水均衡法对大西海子以下河段历次输水过程中的水量转化进行了计算,量化了河道水量的转化项与塔里木河下游地下水的恢复程度,揭示了塔里木河下游河道径流一补给转化一蒸腾耗散的水文过程,文中结论可为今后进一步优化输水方案、合理配置区域水资源以及植被的有序恢复提供科学依据。     

Modeling Anthropogenic Impacts and Hydrological Processes on a Wetland in China

In many rapidly urbanizing countries like China, wetlands are constantly affected by anthropogenic factors such as landscaping, additional abstractions, reduction in catchment perviousness, etc. Thus, modeling of such anthropogenic factors should be explicitly considered when simulating wetlands. In this paper, the wetland module in a distributed hydrological model, SWAT, is modified to simulate the artificial water input to the designated wetlands. Local river runoff is used as the water sources to study the wetland restoration potential and to analyze the effects on local hydrological cycle and sea outflow. The QingDianWa depression, near Tianjin city, China, is used as a case study to study the restoration impact. Results showed that after restoration, the QinDianWa depression can reduce the potential impact of flooding by an average of 61 million m³ per year, increase the annual surface runoff by about 32 million m³ in non-flood seasons, and increase groundwater recharge by 9.4 million m³. This illustrated the importance of wetland restoration on flood control, river flow increase, groundwater recharge, and flood reclamation. But with local water resources is far from meeting the demands of wetland restoration, the actual restored water surface area is only 21.5 and 40.9 km² for the designated surface areas of 60 and 150 km² respectively. Compared with nature wetlands without human disturbance, the anthropogenic effect of reduction of runoff and groundwater recharge may be attributed to large amount of human consumption of local water. However, the results showed that the aims of restoring Tianjin wetlands cannot be achieved fully by relying solely on local water resources. It is necessary to consider a combination of external sources of water and using artificial recharge from reclaimed water.     

若尔盖高原径流量变化与储水量计算

若尔盖高原的降水量微弱减少与蒸发量持续上升,使若尔盖高原径流量与储水量逐年降低,直接减少了若尔盖高原的湿地面积和对黄河上游径流量的补给。基于红原、若尔盖和玛曲站的气象数据和7个水文站的径流量数据(1981-2011年),并对数据序列进行插补与计算,获得若尔盖高原的径流量变化与气候因子的响应关系,进而计算储水量变化。计算结果表明:若尔盖高原向黄河年均补水(67. 08±14. 90)×108m3,并以0. 48×108m3/a速率持续减少。降水量每减少1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 02×108和0. 05×108m3。蒸发量每增加1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 12×108和0. 27×108m3。1981-2011年若尔盖高原的年均储水量为(59. 30±18. 69)×108m3,其年均递减速率为0. 49×108m3/a。本研究有助于认识若尔盖高原对于黄河上游水资源保障的重要性。     

塔里木河生态输水的累积生态响应

以塔里木河第12～18次生态输水为例,采用经验统计模型和克里金插值法分析了输水前后塔里木河下游地下水埋深和夏季归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)的时空变化,剖析了地下水和植被对生态输水的累积生态响应规律。结果表明:累积生态输水量与最小地下水埋深呈对数曲线正相关关系,其累积效应的增长性由强到弱;地下水埋深对生态输水的累积时间响应具有滞后性,输水80 d后累积效应最显著;沿河道方向,库尔干监测断面累积空间效应最显著;垂直河道方向,地下水对累积输水的空间响应随河道距离增加而减弱;NDVI与近3 a累积输水量呈显著正相关关系,大西海子水库、台特玛湖及河道附近NDVI增长显著。推荐近期输水量为2.5亿～5.0亿m~3/次,合理输水时间为4—6月和9—11月,适宜输水间隔5～12个月,预期连续年份5次输水后累积效应可达最小地下水埋深3.5 m、平均地下水埋深4.2 m。