高氮不锈轴承钢的微观组织与性能研究

利用OM、SEM、XRD和电化学方法对X60N高氮不锈轴承钢(/%:0.63C,15.00Cr,0.61Mo,0.190N)进行组织观察、室温和高温力学性能及耐蚀性能研究。结果表明,钢中降碳加氮可显著降低粗大共晶碳化物的数量及尺寸,X60N钢加氮后的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸及碳化物明显细化。X60N钢经1050℃奥氏体化淬火后形成大量残余奥氏体,随后-73℃2 h冷处理及回火将其体积分数由31%降至约6%。由于残余奥氏体的相变强化及细小碳化物与碳氮化物析出强化,X60N钢的最终HRC硬度值由淬火的56.6提高到61.2(低温回火)和60.8(高温回火)。此外,凭借加氮后具有较高的初始硬度、均匀的组织及超细碳氮化物析出,X60N钢在高温硬度及耐蚀性能方面比440C钢(/%:1.00C,17.62Cr,0.55Mo,0.002N)更加优异。     

轴承钢的组织与强韧性

本文研究了GCr15轴承钢经碳化物固溶微细球化预处理及固溶贝氏体预处理后,淬火、回火及等温状态下,碳化物细化及马氏体混合组织对断裂韧性及强度的影响。试验结果表明,经固溶贝氏体处理及固溶微细球化预处理并淬火、回火后,可得到碳化物平均颗粒尺寸≤0.5μm的细小碳化物组织,与一般球化退火并淬火、回火组织相比,在相同的淬火温度下具有较高的强度与硬度,但其断裂韧性仍保持不变(或略有所提高);固溶微细球化处理后经一定时间保温的等温淬火,得到马氏体加贝氏体条状基体中分布着细小碳化物的微细混合组织,其断裂韧性及强度均显著提高,具有最佳配合的强韧性,且其第Ⅱ类显微内应力明显减小。扫描电镜观察分析表明,淬火、回火组织的断裂韧性试样,是以晶界断裂为主具有少量韧窝的混合型断口;经等温淬火得到马氏体与贝氏体组织,其断口为穿晶准解理断裂,且具有较高的撕裂棱。     

6Cr15Mo4VN轴承钢的显微组织和性能

结合Jmatpro软件计算和大量的试制工作,设计开发了新型耐高温不锈轴承钢6Cr15Mo4VN。用差热分析仪、光学显微镜、电子探针等手段对其显微组织和性能进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,淬-回火处理后显微组织为回火马氏体+一次碳化物+二次碳化物+少量残余奥氏体,一次碳化物呈带状沿纵向分布,尺寸较细小,二次碳化物较均匀地分布在马氏体基体上;退火处理后可获得较低硬度,淬-回火处理后可获得较高硬度,是较理想的轴承用材;在体积分数为40%的硝酸溶液中,几乎不发生腐蚀现象;在体积分数为10%的盐酸溶液中,耐腐蚀性能优于9Cr18Mo和7Cr14MoN。     

新型锯片基体用钢51CrV4的研究与开发

 51CrV4钢因具有良好的热处理性能与力学性能,广泛用作为高等级弹簧钢。为改善现有锯片钢的不足,根据51CrV4特有的化学成分,创新性地将其用于制造金刚石焊接锯片基体。通过研究动态CCT曲线,卷取温度对显微组织与第二相析出物的影响,淬火与回火工艺对碳化物尺寸、晶粒尺寸、力学性能的影响,评估了51CrV4钢用于制造金刚石焊接锯片基体的可行性。结果表明：卷取温度升高,先共析铁素体尺寸与珠光体片层间距变大,10 nm粒径以下的(V,Cr)C析出物在MC相析出物中所占的比例减少;淬火温度由800提高到900 ℃时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸先缓慢变化,随后快速长大,固溶的碳化物质量分数增多,回火后锯片硬度增强,而回火温度由450提高到550 ℃时,马氏体板条界片层状渗碳体逐步球化,强度明显下降,塑性小幅提高;设定合适的卷取温度控制热轧态中第二相碳化物的尺寸,并在850～900 ℃淬火、约450 ℃回火是生产高硬度、高韧性51CrV4金刚石焊接锯片的关键工艺。     

热处理对Cr8Mo2WSiV工模具钢组织和性能的影响

试验了淬、回火温度对成分为(％)：0．95C，0．93Si，7．94Cr，1．93Mo，0．92W，0．25V的工模具钢Cr8Mo2WSiV的组织和硬度的影响。结果表明Cr8Mo2WSiV钢1050℃淬火组织为马氏体、块粒状碳化物和少量残余奥氏体，1050℃淬火，520℃回火后，钢的HRC硬度值可达63，并具有较好的韧性。     

奥氏体化温度对30Cr3SiMnNiWMo钢组织性能的影响

试验研究了860～980℃奥氏体化处理对30Cr3SiMnNiWMo钢(%:0.28C、0.74Mn、1.04Si、2.70Cr、1.15Ni、0.45Mo、1.04W、0.07V、0.05Al)组织以及260℃回火后钢的力学性能的影响。结果表明,30Cr3SiMnNiWMo钢860～920℃淬火组织中存在大量M6C碳化物,对回火钢的韧性不利;950℃淬火后,钢中M6C碳化物基本溶解,原奥氏体晶粒开始长大,回火后钢的强度降低;30Cr3SiMnNiWMo钢经920℃1h油淬+260℃2h回火可以获得具有少量残余奥氏体和未溶碳化物的板条马氏体组织,并具有优良的强韧性(Rm=1680 MPa, Rp0.2=1330 MPa,A=13%, Z=58.5%, AKU=85 J) 。     

碳化物形成元素对高速工具钢热处理硬度的影响

高速工具钢，例如JIS SKH51在高硬度下使用，在淬火操作中要求高的淬火温度。本研究的目的是要搞清楚碳化物形成元素——Cr、Mo、W和淬火温度对硬度的影响。所获得的结果如下：1、通过将Cr含量从2％增加到8％，在从1373K开始淬火和在最佳回火温度下回火时，每份Cr使硬度提高约1．6HRC。然而，从1473K开始淬火时，含2～6％Cr的钢显示出几乎相同的硬度。8％Cr钢的硬度显得比其它钢低。2、在Mo和W的情况下，从1373K开始淬火时，每个重量当量使硬度增加约0．3HRC。从1473K开始淬硬时，硬度没有差别。3、硬度随着碳化物，特别是碳化铬固溶量的增加而上升，由于碳化铬比其它碳化物固溶得快，所以当淬火温度低时，高铬钢适合于获得高硬度。     

差温热处理工艺对Cr5钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

 运用扫描电镜观察Cr5钢在不同淬火温度下的显微组织,通过洛氏硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机分析淬火温度对Cr5钢摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：Cr5钢淬火后的基体组织是马氏体,基体上会分布有未溶碳化物。随着淬火温度提升,未溶碳化物逐渐减少,淬火组织逐渐均匀化,但淬火温度达到一定值(1 050～990 ℃)时,碳化物基本溶解完全,组织较均匀,硬度值最大,为54.7HRC,磨损失重量最小,磨损表面相对较平整,耐磨性相对较好;继续升高淬火温度,马氏体组织粗大化,使得硬度有所降低,耐磨性下降。     

16Cr14Co12Mo5耐热耐蚀轴承钢强韧化机制的研究

 对16Cr14Co12Mo5耐热耐蚀轴承钢在1050℃高温淬火后,在490～540℃两次回火后的组织性能以及强韧化机制进行研究。结果表明：随着回火温度的升高,抗拉强度Rm逐渐增加,最大时超过了1900MPa,屈服强度Rp0.2在500℃回火后达到1400MPa,随后逐渐减小;断面收缩率和伸长率略有减小,而硬度略有增长。材料强韧化主要源于高位错板条马氏体以及其中残余奥氏体薄膜和沉淀析出的碳化物和金属间化合物。采取适宜淬回火工艺制度所导致弥散析出的碳化物和金属间化合物是试样的强度和韧性达到最佳配合的关键。     

合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织与性能的影响

摘要：采用金相、扫描、X射线衍射和电化学等方法研究了合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织性能的影响。结果表明: 钢中加氮细化组织与碳化物,析出相尺寸随着氮含量的增加而降低。高氮不锈轴承钢1030、1050℃淬火后残余奥氏体体积分数达到20%~35%,而且碳氮含量越高,残余奥氏体越多。经冷处理及回火后残余奥氏体体积分数降至7%~103%,由于残余奥氏体的相变强化与碳氮化物析出强化,低温回火硬度约为59HRC,500℃高温回火硬度可达到58HRC~59HRC。高氮不锈轴承钢中析出相细化、基体贫铬区减少及氮 钼协同作用,使其耐蚀性能明显优于440C钢,而且钢中氮含量越高,耐蚀性能越好。因此,较高合金含量(C+N)的高氮不锈轴承钢兼具高硬度和优异的耐蚀性能。     

Comparison of microstructure and property of high chromium bearing steel with and without nitrogen addition

Microstructure and property of bearing steel with and without nitrogen addition were investigated by microstructural observation and hardness measurement after different heat treatment processing. Based on the microstructural observation of both 9Cr18 steel and X90N steel,it was found that nitrogen addition could effectively reduce the amount and size of coarse carbides and also refine the original austenite grain size. Due to addition of nitrogen,more austenite phase was found in X90N steel than in 9Cr18 steel. The retained austenite of X90N steel after quenching at 1 050 °C could be reduced from about 60% to about 7% by cold treatment at-73 °C and subsequent tempering,and thus finally increased the hardness up to 60 HRC after low temperature tempering and to 63 HRC after high temperature tempering. Furthermore,both the wear and corrosion resistance of X90N steel were found much more superior than those of 9Cr18 steel,which was attributed to the addition of nitrogen. It was proposed at last that nitrogen alloying into the high chromium bearing steel was a promising way not only to refine the size of both carbides and austenite,but also to achieve high hardness,high wear property and improved corrosion resistance of the stainless bearing steel.     

Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV

Martensitic stainless steel containing 12%-18%Cr have high hardness due to high carbon content. These steels are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel.The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment,especially as Cr and C content.Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance,a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed.This study emphatic researches the effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel.Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation;optical microscope（OM）,scanning electronic microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） have been carried out to microstructure observation;hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties.Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M₂₃,C₆ carbide,and finely distributed of M₂₃C₆ carbides can be observed on annealed microstructure of 6Cr15MoV stainless steel.6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range,the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to 60.8 -61.6 HRC when quenched at 1060 - 1100℃.Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure,and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain.With the increasing of quenching temperature,the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease.The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060-1100℃with tempered at 100-150℃,and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size.At these temperature ranges,the hardness will retain about 59.2-61.6 HRC and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 17.3-20 J.The morphology of impact fracture surface of tested steel is small dimples with a small amount of cleavage planes.The area of cleavage planes increases with the increasing of tempering temperature.     

Influence of Tempering Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI M42 High-Speed Steel

AISI M42 high-speed steel is prone to fracture as a result of its brittle martensitic microstructure together with abundant carbides located at the grain boundaries. In this study, a series of property tests including hardness, impact toughness, and wear loss were performed to study the effect of tempering conditions on the mechanical properties of AISI M42 high-speed steel over holding time ranging from 1 to 20 hours. The effects of the tempering time on the characteristics and growth of carbides were also investigated. The results indicated that carbides in the experimental steels were obviously coarsened when the tempering time exceeded 4 hours. The dimension of the carbides increased, while the volume fraction decreased with the increasing tempering time, and the grain sizes were significantly augmented due to the reducing of small carbides. Moreover, the dislocation density decreased with the increasing tempering time, which led to the reducing of the yield stress of high-speed steel. An appropriate holding time (4 hours) resulted in fine-scale secondary carbides and a smaller grain size, which efficiently improved the impact toughness and wear resistance simultaneously. Nevertheless, a prolonged tempering time (>?4 hours) promoted the coarsening and coalescence of carbides, which were detrimental to the impact toughness and wear resistance. Consequently, the formation of fine-scale secondary carbides is the major influential factor to improve both the wear resistance and impact toughness.     

Cr8型轧辊用钢热处理工艺参数摸索

研究了840℃、860℃、880℃三个不同的碳化物熔断温度和两个不同的冷却速度对Cr8型轧辊用钢球化组织的影响。研究了950℃～1140℃淬火和1040℃淬火＋200℃-600℃回火对Cr8型轧辊用钢淬火组织和晶粒度及硬度的影响。结果表明：Cr8钢种最佳的球化退火工艺为880℃熔断,20℃／h的速度冷到740℃保温球化。Cr8钢种最佳的淬火温度为1040℃～1060℃,最佳的回火温度为520℃-540℃。     

喷射成形与传统熔炼高速钢M2的组织与力学性能研究

通过喷射成形和传统熔炼（中频冶炼+电渣重熔）两种工艺生产了高速钢M2（W6Mo5Cr4V2）试样，利用金相显微镜和M-200磨损试验机对同规格同位置的两种试样的退火组织、非金属夹杂物、淬回火硬度、显微组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，喷射成形M2试样的碳化物分布均匀、尺寸细小，传统熔炼M2试样碳化物呈条带状分布；在相同热处理制度和位置下，喷射成形M2试样的回火硬度与传统熔炼M2试样相当；喷射成形M2试样的耐磨性要比传统M2试样提高约41%；喷射成形M2试样中尺寸大于2μm的MC类碳化物数量明显多于传统M2试样，使得在同等硬度下喷射成形M2试样的耐磨性能要优于传统M2试样。由此可知，喷射成形M2试样的组织及力学性能均优于传统熔炼M2试样，喷射成形技术具有工艺先进性。     

热处理工艺对Cr12MoV钢组织、硬度及耐磨性的影响

本试验研究了不同淬火和回火工艺热处理对Cr12MoV钢组织、硬度和磨损性能的影响。实验结果表明:当在1050~1100℃范围内淬火、520℃回火时,得隐针马氏体+少量残余奥氏体组织,材料硬度与耐磨性均较好;当在1100℃淬火,各温度二次回火硬度均较一次回火高,当在550℃回火时,试验钢实现二次硬化,且残余奥氏体大量转变,硬度和耐磨性达最大值,材料性能最优。     

新型高碳马氏体不锈钢的组织与性能

高碳马氏体不锈钢因其高硬度、优异的耐磨性以及适中的耐蚀性,被广泛应用于刀剪行业。主要通过金相,扫描电镜,硬度、冲击韧性、耐磨性能、耐蚀性能以及抗菌性能检测等方法,对新型刀具用高碳马氏体不锈钢6Cr16MoVRE进行微观组织表征与性能研究,并与5Cr15MoV和9Cr18MoV钢对比。研究发现,6Cr16MoVRE的碳化物尺寸细小且分布均匀。相比于另2种材料,6Cr16MoVRE具有高硬度与最佳冲击韧性,良好的耐磨性,优异的耐蚀性。此外,Ag的添加使6Cr16MoVRE具有极好的抗菌性。新型6Cr16MoVRE性能优异,为国内生产高档刀具提供了材料保障,有利于中国刀剪行业转型升级。     

钼钨钒合金化热作模具钢高温回火组织演变

为适应热冲压技术的发展需求,开发了一种新型高热导率高耐磨性能热冲压用模具钢材料。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等检测手段对钼钨钒合金化新型模具钢的高温回火性能与组织特征进行了研究。阐明了新型热冲压模具钢回火过程碳化物析出与演变规律。实验结果表明:实验用钼钨钒合金化模具钢材料具有良好的回火二次硬化性能,在500～600 ℃温度区间回火时,回火组织硬度上升;在600 ℃回火出现二次硬化峰值;当回火温度超过600 ℃后,组织软化程度明显,回火硬度开始下降。实验模具钢在高温回火过程中的硬度变化与其合金碳化物的偏聚、析出和聚集长大密切相关。当在560 ℃以下回火时,实验钢组织中未有合金碳化物析出;当回火温度大于560 ℃时,回火组织中开始析出M₂C型碳化物;当回火温度高于600 ℃后开始析出MC型碳化物;当在620 ℃长时间回火后M₂C型碳化物转化为M₆C型碳化物,此时实验钢硬度开始明显下降;而当回火温度高于660 ℃时,新型实验钢组织中主要为M₆C和MC型合金碳化物。