桑杆吸附剂的改性及其对Cd~(2+)吸附性能的研究

研究了NaOH法、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)法和磷酸活化法对桑杆生物质吸附剂的改性及改性后桑杆吸附剂对Cd~(2+)的吸附性能,优化了改性条件和吸附工艺条件,考察了改性后的桑杆吸附剂对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附效果。结果表明:1)NaOH法、SDBS法和H3PO4活化法对桑杆吸附剂进行改性均能提高桑杆吸附剂对Cd~(2+)的吸附能力;相同条件下,3种改性方法的改性效果排序为NaOH法SDBS法H3PO4法,改性后吸附剂对Cd~(2+)的吸附率分别达98.15%、96.81%和88.62%。2)NaOH法优化改性条件:NaOH质量浓度50g/L,温度25℃,时间3h;SDBS法优化改性条件:SDBS质量浓度30g/L,温度25℃,时间3h;H3PO4活化法的优化改性条件:浸渍比1∶2,H3PO4浓度1mol/L,活化温度150℃,活化时间5h。3)吸附时间、温度、吸附剂用量、溶液pH及Cd~(2+)初始浓度对改性吸附剂吸附Cd~(2+)效果有不同程度影响:NaOH法改性吸附剂对Cd~(2+)的适宜吸附条件为吸附剂用量5g/L,吸附温度35℃,吸附时间3h,溶液pH=6;SDBS法改性吸附剂对Cd~(2+)的适宜吸附条件为吸附剂用量7.5g/L,吸附温度35℃,吸附时间3h,溶液pH=6;H3PO4法改性吸附剂对Cd~(2+)的适宜吸附条件为吸附剂用量7.5g/L,吸附温度35℃,吸附时间3h,溶液pH=5。3种方法改性所得桑杆吸附剂对低浓度Cd~(2+)的吸附效果不佳,Cd~(2+)初始质量浓度大于15mg/L时吸附效果明显。     

碱金属离子在汞金属界面吸附作用的量子化学研究

应用量子化学方法对碱金属离子在汞金属界面的吸附作用进行了研究.选取汞金属界面的3个典型的位置(空穴、桥位和顶点),采用MP2方法计算得到Li+、Na+、K+3种离子在汞表面不同位置的吸附能.结果 表明:3种金属离子都是在空穴位置有较大的吸附能,然后是桥位和顶点位置;对于平衡结构,从Li+到Na+和K+,随着离子半径的增大,离子与汞金属界面的平衡距离在逐渐增大,吸附作用逐渐减弱,而且离子与汞之间的电荷转移在逐渐减小.     

乙醇胺改性活性炭及其对二氧化碳的吸附性能

研究了用浸渍法将乙醇胺(MEA)负载于活性炭孔径表面制备新型CO_2吸附剂。在改性剂乙醇胺用量130mL、改性温度60℃、改性时间6h、干燥时间6h条件下对50g活性炭进行改性,然后用改性前后的活性炭从模拟烟气中吸附CO_2,结果表明,改性前活性炭对CO_2吸附量为0.941 mmol/g,改性后为4.165mmol/g,吸附量提高了3.4倍。此方法对活性炭改性有明显效果。     

改性鸡蛋壳对废水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附性能试验研究

研究了用KMnO_4为改性剂制备改性鸡蛋壳吸附剂,通过单因素和正交试验考察其对冶金废水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附性能。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)对吸附材料进行表征。结果表明:KMnO_4改性鸡蛋壳吸附剂对Ni(Ⅱ)有较好的吸附效果;在初始Ni(Ⅱ)质量浓度20 mg/L、废水pH为5、吸附剂用量4.0 g、吸附时间350 min条件下,对50 mL模拟废水进行吸附,Ni(Ⅱ)吸附去除率达99.0%,且吸附效果相对稳定;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学方程。表征结果表明:鸡蛋壳吸附剂结晶度较好,表面主要官能团为—OH(醇类、酚类和羧酸)和C—H;改性后鸡蛋壳表面的—OH基团极性增强,孔隙发达,孔径变大,更有利于对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附。     

改性油页岩灰吸附Cu2+的研究

油页岩灰经HNO3和不同浓度NaOH溶液改性处理制备了改性油页岩灰吸附剂,比较了各种改性油页岩灰吸附剂对Cu2 的吸附性能,分别讨论了吸附时间、Cu2 浓度和溶液pH值对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,分别经50%HNO3、20%NaOH溶液处理制备的改性油页岩灰吸附剂对Cu2 具有较好的吸附性能,且以化学吸附作用方式为主.该改性油页岩灰吸附剂对Cu2 的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附方程.     

CeO_2修饰对分子筛吸附甲苯的影响

高标准排放法规要求汽车尾气净化催化剂在冷启动阶段对碳氢化合物(HC)进行吸附存储,在正常工作温度下脱附并催化净化。汽油车尾气中的HC主要成分为甲苯,因此选用了NaY、USY和ZSM-5分子筛,制备了CeO_2改性的不同分子筛材料;利用比表面分析仪(BET)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、热重分析仪(TG)、化学吸附仪和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD),表征分析了不同分子筛以及CeO_2改性后结构与酸碱性的变化对甲苯的吸附与脱附性能。结果表明,未改性前,USY分子筛对甲苯的吸附性能最佳,甲苯的饱和吸附量达到245.9mg/g,甲苯的脱附温度范围为290～360℃;CeO_2改性后分子筛的吸附量均有明显的提升,其中CeO_2/USY材料对甲苯的吸附量最佳,达到270mg/g,比未改性USY的提升了约10%。     

生物质替代焦粉铁矿石烧结过程中的碱金属迁移行为

通过挥发–冷凝实验装置进行小型烧结实验,运用X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、扫描电镜–能谱仪（SEM–EDS）及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP–OES）等分析检测手段,结合Factsage热力学模拟,对比研究了以木炭和焦粉为燃料,配加含铁粉尘的铁矿石烧结过程中,床层碱金属随烟气挥发迁移的规律、烧结前后的碱金属脱除率以及工艺措施对碱金属脱除的影响。结果表明,K相对于Na更容易被脱除,挥发至烟气中的碱金属化合物主要是KCl,其次为NaCl。增加燃料配比促进了碱金属元素的脱除;在燃料配比相同的条件下,木炭烧结的碱金属脱除效果不及焦粉烧结。烧结过程中,排入废气中的碱金属化合物被下部混合料层大量捕获、吸附,下部床层内捕集的碱金属氯化物促进了碱金属的氯化脱除。添加CaCl₂后,以木炭为燃料时K和Na的脱除率高于焦粉工况,且产物中K和Na的含量较低。配合氯化脱除工艺将生物质应用于铁矿石烧结是烧结生产发展的可行方向。      

戊二醛交联改性绿藻制备新型吸附剂吸附Cr6+的研究

[目的]研究戊二醛对绿藻进行交联改性制备新型吸附剂吸附Cr6+.[方法]分析了戊二醛质量分数、绿藻投加量、PH和温度对交联改性的影响及铬初始浓度、初始PH和改性绿藻投加量对改性藻吸附Cr6+的吸附容量的影响.[结果]当铬溶液浓度为40 mg/L 时,戊二醛质量分数5%、藻类投加量为0.4 g、PH为-0.5、温度为40 ℃时改性后的藻类对铬的吸附容量最大,其吸附动力学符合Boltzmann 方程.[结论]各因素对改性藻吸附Cr6+的影响由大到小的顺序为:铬溶液浓度>pH>改性藻投加量;最佳吸附条件为铬溶液浓度为80 mg/L,pH为5,改性藻量为:0.4 g;吸附容量可达19.19 mg/g.     

盐酸改性对天然斜发沸石孔道特征、成分、表面电位及阳离子交换性能的影响

采用不同浓度盐酸对天然斜发沸石进行改性,并系统地研究了改性沸石的孔道特征、化学成分、表面电位及阳离子交换性能的变化.盐酸改性后,沸石晶体结构破坏较小,表面变得疏松粗糙,K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+元素含量均小幅下降;表面负电荷增加,阳离子交换容量减小;比表面积和总孔体积均有所提高,最高分别从原沸石的35.97 m2·g-1和0.0761 m3·g-1提高至64.46 m2·g-1和0.1156 m3·g-1.盐酸改性对沸石微孔、介孔和大孔的分布影响明显.从迟滞回线形状判断沸石孔道类型均为不均匀狭缝型孔道,盐酸改性不会改变沸石孔道类型.      

利用多金属结核氨浸渣制备锂离子筛

分析了国内外盐湖卤水开发和锂离子筛吸附剂研究现状,提出以多金属结核还原氨浸渣为原料制备价格低廉的锂离子筛,所合成离子筛具备尖晶石结构,吸附容量12.84 mg/g。对实际卤水锂的吸附率大于95%,分配系数大小顺序为Li＋〉〉Ca2＋〉Mg2＋〉K＋〉Na＋,锂离子的分配系数达19000,而其他离子的分配系数小于5。     

Mechanism of the interaction of slimes of alumina production with carbonate solutions

In the course of laboratory investigations, it is established that slimes of desiliconization of alumina production possess selective properties with respect to alkali metals during interaction with carbonate solutions. By the magnitude of sorption by slimes, cations of alkali metals are arranged in the series Li > K > Rb > Cs. In general, selectivity of slimes is determined both by the ion-exchange properties and by the formation of binary and ternary carbonates of alkali metals and calcium.     

A compendium of potential energy maps of zeolites and molecular sieves

We present potential maps of xenon in 20 different zeolites and molecular sieves. The potential maps reveal both the accessible pore volume and localized adsorption sites and so are important in understanding adsorption and diffusion processes in nanoporous materials. We examine zeolites and molecular sieves with one-dimensional channel-like nanopores (zeolite-Theta 1, AlPO4-5, zeolite-Omega, zeolite-L, ZSM-12, AlPO4-8, and VPI-5), with two-dimensional intersecting channel-like nanopores (ZSM-5 [silicalite], ZSM-11, ferrierite, mordenite, and zeolite-Beta), and with three-dimensionally connected cagelike nanopores (zeolite-A, zeolite-Rho, zeolite-Y, sodalite, chabazite, cloverite, cation-poor zeolite-A, and cation-rich zeolite-A). We report the fraction of pore volume accessible, the maximum energy well depth at the adsorption sites, and the activation energy to move between sites. We note several examples of surprising similarities and differences between various molecular sieves. In several instances, we show that these potential profiles are relevant for other small Lennard-Jones-like molecules. By comparison with published Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the density distributions of adsorbates at low density are well predicted by the potential maps.     

硅铝协同利用制备高钙粉煤灰基ZSM-5分子筛

利用粉煤灰（CFA）生产分子筛是实现其高附加值利用的有效途径。以高钙粉煤灰为原料,结合高温焙烧、酸浸纯化和碱熔活化等预处理技术,采用变温水热晶化法制备了纯净的ZSM-5分子筛。采用XRD、XRF、FTIR、SEM、NH3-TPD、OH-FTIR及N2吸附-脱附等手段对样品的组成、结构、形貌和酸性质进行了表征。结果表明,酸浸纯化可以去除96%以上的氧化钙,碱熔活化将惰性的莫来石晶相转变为可溶性硅铝酸盐。低温-高温两步水热晶化法制备的ZSM-5分子筛结晶度高、粒径小（800 nm×300 nm×100 nm）且分散度好,具有较高的比表面积（319.22 m2/g）、外表面积（48.28 m2/g）和丰富的微孔结构（0.16 cm3/g）。与化学试剂为原料一步水热法合成的HZSM-5相比,高钙粉煤灰基HZSM-5酸强度略有下降,总酸量和Bronsted酸量降低,弱酸占比增加,在吸附和催化等领域具有很好的应用潜力。     

Formation and Characterization of Li0.24 ＋ 2x La0.59-x Mx TiO3-LaPO4 （M = K, Na） System

Ionic conductingsolid materials has received con-siderable attention in the last few years due to theirpotential utilityin high energy batteries and other elec-trochemical devices . Several systems of lithium fastion conductors ,such as γ-Li3PO4-type sol…     

Effect of Na+on catalytic performance of CoCe/ZSM-5 catalysts for oxidation of toluene

A CoCe/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted impregnation for the catalytic combustion of toluene.To study the effect of Na+on catalytic performance of CoCe/ZSM-5 catalysts,a series of different Si/Al ZSM-5 zeolites and catalysts doped with Na were synthesized.The experimental results show that 0.71 wt%Na+can inhibit active growth,generate more active small crystal grains,and promote improvement of the catalytic activity by the grain boundary segregation block mechanism,and the catalyst with 0.71 wt%of Na shows toluene conversion of 90 vol%at 250℃.Over 0.71 wt%of Na+content will neutralize the acid centre of the catalyst,lowering the specific surface area of the catalyst and resulting in a gradual decrease in the catalytic activity.     

Removal of Toluene Vapor with Dispersed Activated Carbon

This work considers the mechanisms of mass transfer in a process of dispersed sorbent injection. During experiments, an air supply was dosed with toluene vapor, at partial pressures between 4 and 15 Pa. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) was added to remove the toluene from the air, and the resulting mixture was passed through a 3-m-long, tubular, aluminum test section. Toluene concentrations were measured at seven axial locations within the test section. Comparing the measurements with mathematical models indicated the importance of adsorption kinetics. At reduced toluene inlet concentrations the PAC removed a slightly bigger fraction of toluene from the air stream. This fraction increased with PAC concentration. The effect on removal of varying the air temperature between 25 and 85°C was small. Alternative models incorporating either pore diffusion or surface diffusion were fitted to the results. The quality of the fits was fair only, but sufficient to show that the pore diffusivity that gave the best fit was far larger than would be expected from the Knudsen diffusivity in the pores. That is, surface diffusion was an important part of the intraparticle mass transfer.     

Effects of alkali cations on the nuclear magnetic resonance intensity of 23Na in rat liver homogenate

Effects of alkali cations on the nuclear magnetic resonance intensity of 23Na were studied in rat liver homogenate. The loss in the resonance intensity of 23Na in the homogenate was able to be divided into two components, one of which is abolished by the addition of Cs+ ("Cs-sensitive component"), the other being insensitive to Cs+ ("Cs-insensitive component"). Both components were sensitive to guanidinium ion. In a pH range of 7.4-4.9, the Cs-sensitive component varied remarkably, but the Cs-insensitive component remained virtually unchanged. The sequence of effectiveness of alkali cations (300 mmol/kg sample) in restoring the fractional intensity of 23Na was: Cs approximately Na greater than Li approximately Rb greater than K. It was suggested that the sequences of effectiveness of alkali cations in abolishing the two components are quite different from each other. The present results were examined within the framework of a simple model. Within this framework, the results suggest that there occur, in particulate fractions, sites whose affinity for Cs+ is sufficiently lower than that for Na+.     

Can we use erythrocytes for the study of the activity of the ubiquitous Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) in essential hypertension?

Both Na+/Li+ countertransport and electrochemical proton gradient (delta mu(H+))-induced Na+ and H+ fluxes are increased in erythrocytes from patients with essential hypertension. It was assumed that these abnormalities are related to ubiquitous (housekeeping) forms of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1). To examine this hypothesis, we compared kinetic and regulatory properties of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport and delta mu(H+)-induced Na+ and H+ fluxes with data obtained for cloned isoforms of the Na+/H+ exchanger. In human erythrocytes, Na+/Li+ countertransport exhibited a hyperbolic dependence on [Na+]0 with a K0.5 of approximately 30 to 40 mmol/L. The activity of this carrier was increased by two-fold in the fraction of erythrocytes enriched with the old cells, was inhibited by 0.1 mmol/L phloretin, and was insensitive to both 1 mmol/L amiloride and ATP depletion. In contrast, delta mu(H+)-induced 22Na influx was exponentially increased at [Na+]0 > 60 mmol/L, was insensitive to phloretin, was partly decreased by both 1 mmol/L amiloride and ATP depletion, and was the same in total erythrocytes and in the old cells. The values of Na+/Li+ countertransport and delta mu(H+)-induced Na+ influx in erythrocytes from different species were not correlating and their ratio in human, rat, and rabbit erythrocytes was 10:1:170 and 1:5:1 for Na+/ Li+ countertransport and delta mu(H+)-induced Na+ influx, respectively. In contrast to the majority of nonepithelial cells and cells transfected with an ubiquitous isoform of Na+/H+ exchanger, both delta mu(H+)-induced Na+ influx and Na+/Li+ countertransport in human erythrocytes were completely insensitive to ethylisopropyl amiloride (20 micromol/L) and cell shrinkage. Thus, our data strongly suggest that human erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport and delta mu(H+)-induced Na+/H+ exchange are mediated by the distinct transporters. Moreover, because the properties of these erythrocyte transporters and NHE-1 are different, it complicates the use of erythrocytes for the identification of the mechanism for activating the ubiquitous form of Na+/H+ exchanger in primary hypertension.     

面向钢铁烧结烟气NOx吸附净化的吸附剂特性

吸附法是有望同时实现烟气NO_x超低排放深度净化与资源化的关键技术,高效NO_x吸附剂是其核心关键,然而目前针对满足应用需求的NO_x吸附剂仍缺乏系统认识。本文基于烟气NO_x净化效率及材料热稳定性实际需求,分析挑选了沸石、金属氧化物、硅铝胶等代表性吸附剂,研究了NO_x在各吸附剂上的吸附穿透、吸附量、程序升温脱附等关键特性,结合吸附剂孔道特性对比发现,中低硅H-ZSM-5沸石兼具较高NO_x净化深度、NO_x吸附量、较低脱附温度且可获得更易于资源化的NO_x解吸气,因而可作为优选NO_x吸附剂。进一步地,随着吸附温度升高,硅铝比(w(SiO₂)/w(Al₂O₃) )为25、38的H-ZSM-5的NO_x吸附量均降低,其中低硅H-ZSM-5的NO_x吸附量较高,但吸附传质系数较低。本文可为烟气NO_x吸附净化的效益环保技术提供指导。      

仲钨酸铵还原制备超粗球形钨粉

以钨酸铵溶液为原料,加入含Li、Na和K碱金属盐的添加剂,在湿氢条件下还原制备粗晶球形钨粉.研究了碱金属盐的种类、含量及还原时间对仲钨酸铵粉末及钨粉的影响.通过扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和检验分析筛对仲钨酸铵及粗晶钨粉的形貌、成分、物相组成及粒度分布进行表征.研究表明,采用钨酸铵溶液为原料,添加剂（NaCl、KCl和Li₂CO₃）为3 g·L-1,在1000℃湿氢条件下还原180 min,可直接制备出流动性良好、近球形、晶粒发育完整且均匀的粗晶钨粉.其平均粒径达到67μm,最大粒径可达150μm,最大松装密度为13.41 g·cm-3,最佳流动性为每50 g粗晶钨粉用时9 s.