Mark R. Rosenzweig (1922–2009).

Mark R. Rosenzweig, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, died on July 20, 2009, shortly before his 87th birthday. Born in Rochester, New York, on September 12, 1922, the son of a lawyer and a homemaker mother, Rosenzweig entered the University of Rochester in 1940, where he first encountered his lifelong professional theme: physiological psychology. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in psychology in 1943 and a master’s degree in psychology in 1944. His master’s thesis led him to a first discovery: that, contrary to notions at the time, large-scale removal of auditory cortex would not impair a cat’s responsiveness to the full auditory frequency range. While serving in China with the Navy, he became close with the foreign culture—a second theme that would shape his life. His wife's French origin and her background in cultural anthropology further reinforced Mark Rosenzweig’s internationality, both professionally and in his private life. In his 1949 doctoral thesis, on electrophysiological potential interaction in the auditory cortex under varying conditions of dichotic stimulation, he employed a form of signal averaging similar to that used in later evoked potential work. He then began researching the neuropsychology of learning and memory and it would become his core field of research. Initial work with Krech and the biochemist Edward L. Bennett revealed differences in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity not only between rat strains and various regions of the cortex but also between rats trained in different testing apparatuses. This led to the innovative conclusion that cortical AChE level not only is a significant independent variable but can change in response to an animal’s prior experience. On the personal side, respect for and protection of human rights were close to Mark Rosenzweig’s mind and heart. This and the international widening of personal horizons he experienced early in life may have played a role in his becoming an early advocate and a devoted promoter of international cooperation and exchange in psychology. Those who had the opportunity, like the present authors, to work closely with Rosenzweig share a lasting gratitude for this collaboration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Public service mental health practice and psychology: Historically at the cutting edge.

Public service psychologists have led in the systematic use of new approaches to assessment, diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and organizational management of mental and physical disorders. Outstanding examples include the MMPI and its successor developed at the University of Minnesota; elaboration of its 2-point code types and additional clinical scales at VA Medical Centers; David Wechsler’s work on intelligence and memory measurement at Bellevue Hospital, New York; early adoption of group therapy, early development of family therapy, token economies, and adult mental hygiene clinics; and finally the impetus for the development of accreditation in professional psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nanotechnology: Scientific challenges and societal benefits and risks

The field of nanotechnology is developing rapidly, as are its practical application in society. In this article, we give examples that demonstrate the enormous potential that exists for this new class of materials, and for devices with critical dimensions of less than 100 nm. We also identify some of the challenges that need to be faced in order to fully realize the practical benefits of nanotechnology, and discuss possible risks that may come with this new technology. In all cases, the unique advantage of nanotechnology can be traced back to nanoscale physical and chemical properties that are quite different from those encountered in more traditional microscopic (micro) or macroscopic (macro) materials and devices. Unique nanoscale properties and behaviors are already being used to increase energy efficiency, improve healthcare, and strengthen national security. However, while progress is rapid, many challenges remain. These include manufacturing at the nanoscale, integration of nanoscale materials and devices with more conventional technology, and predictive modeling that will allow nanotechnology to be engineered reliably into useful applications and products. Nanotechnology can be expected to have an increasing impact on human lives and society at large. As we strive to use nanotechnology to improve human life through better healthcare, cleaner environment, and improved national security, we must also work to detect and assess the negative impacts that nanotechnology (or any new technology) might bring. We suggest that the conduct of science should be allowed to proceed unimpeded, so that we can fully understand and appreciate the rules of nature at the nanometer scale. That said, scientific pursuits that involve self-replication in synthetic systems, encryption, defense technology, or the enhancement of human intelligence should be reviewed. The development of new technology from fundamental science and the process of deciding what new technology is to be created for what purpose are topics for reasoned debate among the general public as well as in the forums of scientific peer review and political decision making. Dr. Alton D. Romig, Jr., is currently Vice President, Nonproliferation and Assessments, at Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM). His responsibilities include the leadership and management of the development and engineering activities that provide systems, science, technology, and expertise in support of national objectives to reduce the threat to the United States from proliferation of and use of weapons of mass destruction. Program areas include remote sensing, proliferation assessment, technology assessment, international security, physical security, and nuclear/chemical/biological nonproliferation and counterintelligence. Dr. Romig is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is active on a number of National Academy of Engineering/National Research Council Committees and Boards. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and member of Science, Engineering and Public Policy Committee and TMS (Fellow Class of 2005) (The Metals, Minerals and Materials Society). Dr. Romig is also Fellow and former President of ASM INTERNATIONAL (formerly American Society for Metals). He also serves on the Boards of Atomic Weapons Establishment Management Limited, a Lockheed Martin joint venture company in the United Kingdom, and Technology Ventures Corporation, a Lockheed Martin subsidiary dedicated to technology commercialization. For his pioneering work in analytical electron microscopy and solid-state diffusion, Dr. Romig has received several awards, including the Burton Medal (1988), awarded by the Electron Microscopy Society of America to an Outstanding Young Scientist; the K.F.J. Heinrich Award (1991), given by the Microbeam Analysis Society to an Outstanding Young Scientist; the ASM Silver Medal for Outstanding Materials Research (1992); and the Acta Metallurgica International Lectureship (1993–1994). Dr. Romig has also been named the 2003 ASM-TMS Distinguished Lecturer in Materials and Society. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in materials science and engineering from Lehigh University in 1975, 1977, and 1979, respectively. In 1979, he joined Sandia National Laboratories as a member of the technical staff, Physical Metallurgy Division. After a variety of management assignments, he was named Director, Materials and Process Sciences, in 1992. From 1995 to 1999, he was Director of Microsystems Science, Technology, and Components. In 1999, he was named Chief Technology Officer and Vice President for Science, Technology, and Partnerships. In that role, he was Chief Scientific Officer for the Nuclear Weapons program, accountable for Sandia’s interactions with industry and the Laboratories’ Campus Executive program. In addition, he was responsible for the Laboratory Directed Research & Development program. He served in this capacity until attaining his present position in 2003. With Terry A. Michalske and R.J. Floran     

Nanotechnology: Scientific challenges and societal benefits and risks

The field of nanotechnology is developing rapidly, as are its practical application in society. In this article, we give examples that demonstrate the enormous potential that exists for this new class of materials, and for devices with critical dimensions of less than 100 nm. We also identify some of the challenges that need to be faced in order to fully realize the practical benefits of nanotechnology, and discuss possible risks that may come with this new technology. In all cases, the unique advantage of nanotechnology can be traced back to nanoscale physical and chemical properties that are quite different from those encountered in more traditional microscopic (micro) or macroscopic (macro) materials and devices. Unique nanoscale properties and behaviors are already being used to increase energy efficiency, improve healthcare, and strengthen national security. However, while progress is rapid, many challenges remain. These include manufacturing at the nanoscale, integration of nanoscale materials and devices with more conventional technology, and predictive modeling that will allow nanotechnology to be engineered reliably into useful applications and products. Nanotechnology can be expected to have an increasing impact on human lives and society at large. As we strive to use nanotechnology to improve human life through better healthcare, cleaner environment, and improved national security, we must also work to detect and assess the negative impacts that nanotechnology science (or any new technology) might bring. We suggest that the conduct of should be allowed to proceed unimpeded, so that we can fully understand and appreciate the rules of nature at the nanometer scale. That said, scientific pursuits that involve self-replication in synthetic systems, encryption, defense technology, or the enhancement of human intelligence should be reviewed. The development of new technology from fundamental science and the process of deciding what new technology is to be created for what purpose are topics for reasoned debate among the general public as well as in the forums of scientific peer review and political decision making. Dr. Alton D. Romig, Jr., is currently Vice President, Nonproliferation and Assessments, at Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM). His responsibilities include the leadership and management of the development and engineering activities that provide systems, science, technology, and expertise in support of national objectives to reduce the threat to the United States from proliferation of and use of weapons of mass destruction. Program areas include remote sensing, proliferation assessment, technology assessment, international security, physical security, and nuclear/chemical/biological nonproliferation and counterintelligence. Dr. Romig is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is active on a number of National Academy of Engineering/National Research Council Committees and Boards. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and member of Science, Engineering and Public Policy Committee and TMS (Fellow Class of 2005) (The Metals, Minerals and Materials Society). Dr. Romig is also Fellow and former President of ASM INTERNATIONAL (formerly American Society for Metals). He also serves on the Boards of Atomic Weapons Establishment Management Limited, a Lockheed Martin joint venture company in the United Kingdom, and Technology Ventures Corporation, a Lockheed Martin subsidiary dedicated to technology commercialization. For his pioneering work in analytical electron microscopy and solidstate diffusion, Dr. Roming has received several awards, including the Burton Medal (1988), awarded by the Electron Microscopy Society of America to an Outstanding Young Scientist; the K.F.J. Heinrich Award (1991), given by the Microbeam Analysis Society to an Outstanding Young Scientist; the ASM Silver Medal for Outstanding Materials Research (1992); and the Acta Metallurgica International Lectureship (1993–1994). Dr Roming has also been named the 2003 ASM-TMS Distinguished Lecturer in Materials and Society. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in materials science and engineering from Lehigh University in 1975, 1977, and 1979, respectively. In 1979, he joined Sandia National Laboratories as a member of the technical staff, Physical Metallurgy Division. After a variety of management assignments, he was named Director, Materials and Process Sciences, in 1992. From 1995 to 1999, he was Director of Microsystems Science, Technology, and Components. In 1999, he was named Chief Technology Officer and Vice President for Science, Technology, and Partnerships. In that role, he was Chief Scientific Officer for the Nuclear Weapons program, accountable for Sandia’s interactions with industry and the Laboratories’ Campus Executive program. In addition, he was responsible for the Laboratory Directed Research & Development program. He served in this capacity until attaining his present position in 2003. With Terry A. Michalske and R.J. Floran     

A veterinary President. Interview by Robin Fox

On 21 July, Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior took office as President of the Royal Society of Medicine. He qualified mrcvs from Edinburgh in 1948 and held lectureships in Bristol and Cambridge before appointment as Professor of Parasitology in the University of Pennsylvania in 1964. There he stayed for fourteen years, returning to Cambridge in 1978 as Professor of Animal Pathology (now Emeritus). His work as a parasitologist has taken him to the USSR, Nigeria, India, Australia, South America, China and numerous countries of Europe. Earlier presidencies have included the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, the World Association for the Advancement of Parasitology, the Cambridge Society for Comparative Medicine, and the Comparative Medicine Section of the RSM (1993-95); he is Patron of the Fund for Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. He has been a consultant to international bodies including WHO, the UN Development Programme, FAO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Created a life peer in 1990 (now on the Opposition benches), he chaired a Select Committee on antibiotic resistance whose report appeared earlier this year. He is interviewed here by Robin Fox.     

Fluctuat nec mergitur or what happened to Reikian psychoanalysis?

Although Theodor Reik was a celebrated psychoanalyst during the 1950s and 1960s, his work has not resulted in the development of a specific psychoanalytic tradition, and his name has gradually disappeared from Western cultural memory. Following the mode of argumentation of the reductio ad absurdum, the author critically examines six possible explanations for this remarkable observation, thereby drawing on published materials and archival sources relating to the life and works of Reik. Once these explanations have been discarded, the author argues that the main reason for the absence of a Reikian tradition within psychoanalysis stems from Reik's belief in the analytic virtue of intellectual independence. This belief may have contributed to his own departure from the psychoanalytic training institution that he helped to create, yet it also implies that Reikian psychoanalysis somehow lives on in all those practitioners who do not seek to affiliate with a doctrinal school of thought. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychoanalysis and biography: aspects of a developing affinity

In examining some aspects of a growing affinity between the materials and problems confronting psychoanalysis and biography, the two disciplines most concerned with man in his historical totality, I have focused on the different methods used in these two fields of knowing about an individual's life and past. The early debt of psychoanalysis to biography, especially to its autobiographical sources, has been reviewed, and the unexplored potential of such documentary sources for our field has been suggested. The particular interest of diaries, especially in early adolescence, has been stressed. I have noted the relation of biography to clinical work, have stressed the historical and social context of a life and the relation between the actual and the psychologically transformed past. A biographical orientation leads inevitably to the question of how we learn about the past, and thus to the matter of documentation and the use of additional documentary materials in the treatment setting. I have concluded with a series of problems or questions for further consideration. These concern the use of "outside" documentation, the place of writing down dreams and experiences, and the use in treatment of information obtained by the patient or the therapist from other people, especially in preoedipal reconstruction and in our effort to understand character patterns not in evidence in the transference, which may be known primarily through their impact on other persons.     

Review of The essential Sternberg: Essays on intelligence, psychology, and education.

Reviews the book, The essential Sternberg: Essays on intelligence, psychology, and education edited by James C. Kaufman and Elena L. Grigorenko (see record 2009-00687-000). For years, Robert Sternberg has produced renowned, groundbreaking work, and now some of it is captured in one volume: The Essential Sternberg. The book gathers in one place Sternberg’s major publications. From a repertoire of more than 1,000 journal articles, book chapters, and books, the editors have chosen 20 seminal works, spanning 30 years from 1977 to 2006. Although not organized chronologically, the ordering of the chapters reflects the progression of Sternberg’s work. In reading the book, one gains a sense of how a theory (and a career) of one of psychology’s major thinkers has evolved. The book presents five arcs of Sternberg’s research and theory on intelligence and education. No book, of course, can cover all the areas of a scholar’s research, so readers wanting to learn more about, for example, Sternberg’s work on love will need to look elsewhere. However, Sternberg’s central ideas and work are certainly on display in this book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Policy issues relevant to evaluation of interactive health communication applications. The Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health

James Jeffray, Regius Professor of Anatomy in the University of Glasgow (1790-1848), published his lectures on the heart as a monograph entitled Observations on the Heart and on the Peculiarities of the Foetus (Jeffray, 1835), in which he considered controversies about the adult heart, such as the arrangement of the coronary vessels and the function of the aortic and pulmonary sinuses, and about the fetal circulation. His sources were the works of Senac, Lower, Vieussens, Eustachius, Mery, Haller, Winslow, and Sabatier which were available from the Hunterian bequest. Jeffray supplemented his own material with Hunterian specimens for the illustrations. He supported the theory that blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae crossed in the right atrium, that from the superior cava being destined for the right ventricle and from the inferior passing through the foramen ovale to the left atrium. He also held that the valve of the inferior vena cava directed the bloodflow from that vessel to the foramen ovale. These views conflicted with those of John Bell (1763-1820), a successful Edinburgh anatomist and surgeon whose opinions are attacked several times in the publication. Regarding the placenta, Jeffray may have been deliberately vague about whether the fetal and maternal circulations are continuous or separate, an issue resolved by William Hunter in the previous century.     

Quality-Based Contractor Rating Model for Qualification and Bidding Purposes

A quality contractor on every construction project would make project management simpler for Department of Transportation (DOT) project engineers and strategic planning more accurate for DOT executives. A qualification model that includes the quality of a contractor’s past work would be invaluable in assuring that each project had a quality contractor. Including the quality of past work in the bidding process would further help in this goal. Implementation of such a model for both its potential uses would require business process reengineering for the DOT in two important areas: qualification of contractors and contract award procedures. The research team has produced an innovative model, called the Quality-Based Performance Rating (QBPR) system. This model receives inputs from traditional subjective sources and integrates them with totally objective data input from the results of tests of the project’s materials and workmanship, then uses these inputs to produce a score for each project that is further used by the system to generate an index for each contractor reflecting that contractor’s quality of work over a specified time frame.     

Modeling Acoustic Waves in Saturated Poroelastic Media

In this paper we present a comparison of the linear wave analysis for four models of poroelastic materials. A nonlinear thermodynamical construction of a two-component model of such materials requires a dependence on the porosity gradient. In the linear version this dependence may or may not be present. Consequently, we may work with the model without a dependence on this gradient which is identical to Biot’s model or we can use the so-called full model. In both cases we can construct simplified models without a coupling between partial stresses introduced by Biot. These simplified models have the advantage that their application to, for instance, surface wave analysis yields much simpler mathematical problems. In the present work we show that such a simplification for granular materials leads to a good qualitative agreement of all four models in ranges of porosity and Poisson’s ratio commonly appearing in geotechnical applications. Quantitative differences depend on the mode of propagation and vary between 10 and 20%. We illustrate the analysis with a numerical example corresponding to data for sands. Simultaneously we demonstrate severe limitations of the applicability of Gassmann relations which yield an instability of models in a wide range of practically important values of parameters.     

废旧锂离子电池资源现状及回收利用

废旧锂离子电池的无害化处理及回收利用已经成为各个科研院所研究的重点及热点内容。本文系统介绍了废旧锂离子电池的资源现状与目前回收利用的各种不同的工艺路线,并且详细分析了各种工艺路线的优缺点,以期为废旧锂离子电池的回收与利用找到新的思路与方法。最终认为“化学?物理联合法”为当前废旧锂离子电池无害化处置及回收利用的较为理想的方法。      

Frank Landy (1942–2010).

Frank Landy died peacefully with his family by his side on January 12, 2010. His legacy to the education, research, and practice of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology will live on in his students, his books and articles, and his ability to define and shape science and practice. Landy believed that good practice followed from good science and spent his career applying what he learned from his own research and the work of others to diverse problems related to selecting employees, managing performance, creating successful human–machine interfaces, and ensuring fair employment practices through his litigation-related work. He was the definition of a scientist–practitioner. Landy was born in Philadelphia on December 30, 1942. He began his study of psychology at Villanova University, where he received his bachelor’s degree in 1964. He earned a master’s degree (1966) and his doctorate (1969) from Bowling Green State University. Landy joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University, and during his 26 years there he helped to build one of the most successful I/O psychology programs in the country. He was a member of many professional organizations and won many awards for his outstanding contributions to the field. He began his consulting career in 1965 and helped hundreds of organizations by applying psychological research to the solution of practical problems in human resource management, employee relations, and work motivation. Landy was an avid runner, completing more than 60 marathons, and he often participated in runs at the SIOP conferences. He played and collected guitars and was a great lover of music, often playing and singing publicly. He is survived by his wife Kylie Harper, his two daughters Erin and Elizabeth, his son-in-law George, and his four grandchildren. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of families on intellectual development.

Comments that we know less than we think about the direct influence of environment on the causes of intellectual differences among individuals. It is valuable to examine the results of adoption studies, since some separation of hereditary and environmental influences can be achieved. Results suggest that factors such as parental education and intelligence have only a small impact on the intelligence of their children. A very large fraction of the environmental causes of individual differences remains unexplained. It is hypothesized that many of these influences are fortuitous and biological in nature. These factors can include unrecognized head injuries, viruses, and subtle inborn errors of metabolism; the latter leading to mismatches between the individual's genes and the specific environments to which he or she is exposed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Research on Bulk-metallic Glasses and High-entropy Alloys in Peter K. Liaw’s Group and with His Colleagues

Bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs) and high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted extensive attention in the field of metallic materials research for several decades due to their extraordinary properties. Many scientists and researchers have significantly contributed to developing new classes of metallic alloys, such as BMGs and HEAs, for various applications. Liaw’s group and his colleagues have focused on the fundamental understanding of unique features, structures, and properties in BMGs and HEAs as well as the development of new types of metallic materials. In this article, we summarized the research work of Liaw’s group and his colleagues by reviewing relevant papers. The goal is to provide an understanding of the current research progression in BMGs and HEAs while further encouraging young and junior researchers to be involved in the field of structural materials research pertaining to these classes of exotic alloy systems.

     

Review of What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought.

Reviews the book, What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought by Keith E. Stanovich (see record 2008-06992-000). Speed of processing seems to reign in the world of the mind. Although a person’s speed of processing may in part dictate who amongst us performs well on intelligence tests, this speed may not necessarily guarantee good decisions, personal contentment, and the meeting of goals in real life. Stanovich’s book is a scholarly, yet captivating, survey of research on rational thought and action, and what it means to be a truly industrious thinker. The book is divided into 13 chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 attempt to persuade the reader that measured intelligence is different from rationality—measured intelligence is essentially about raw speed of processing while rationality is about sophisticated problem solving. Chapter 3 elucidates the theoretical models, including the reflective, algorithmic, and autonomous minds, which help account for the distinction between measured intelligence and rationality. Chapters 4 and 5 flesh out the differences between intelligence and rationality. Chapters 6 through 9 expose the strategies the cognitive miser (a metaphor to guide and describe key ideas about human thinking) employs to cut corners in thinking. Chapters 10 and 11 focus on both the positive thinking strategies that should be taught in school and the contaminated forms of thinking that impede us from weighing and sifting through the information we encounter in the world and then evaluating it effectively. Chapters 12 and 13 provide a useful review of the forms of thinking that lead to irrational beliefs and actions, and conclude with the social benefits of better thinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An emerging role for the national laboratories in materials research

The mission of the Department of Energy National Laboratories should be expanded to include as an item of high priority collaborative research in support of high technology industry, including the materials industry. There are numerous reasons for doing this. The original missions of the laboratories, other than those of the weapons laboratories, have been deemphasized or disappeared. The laboratories have superior facilities, often unique, and high quality staffs experienced in the interdisciplinary approach to problem solving. Perhaps most important, domestic industry, especially high technology industry, should have this resource available if it is to meet the challenge of remaining competitive. In this position he has responsibility for liaison to the three Department of Energy Laboratories managed by the University: the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He assumed this position in February, 1985. Dr. Kane received the B.S. degree in 1950 from Montana State University and the Ph.D. degree in 1955 from the University of California in Berkeley. Both degrees were in chemistry. He was at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1955 to 1974; at the time he left the Laboratory he was the Head of the Department of Chemistry and Materials Science. From 1974 until 1985 Dr. Kane worked in Washington,     

American attitudes toward intelligence tests.

If one asks a representative group of Americans over 18 about the use of intelligence tests in student selection for school or college or to aid in job promotion selection "he finds that many of them are against the use of intelligence tests. High school students in the U. S. are even more strongly opposed to the use of intelligence tests." Critical attitudes toward tests involve the following issues: Inaccessibility of test data. Invasion of privacy. Rigidity in use of test scores. Types of talent selected by tests. Fairness of tests to minority groups. Among the personal and social characteristics of the critics are: Some people are distinctly hostile to any self examination. People subscribing strongly to aristocratic or equalitarian viewpoints of society may oppose testing. People who have done poorly on tests may have wounded self-esteem leading to test opposition. The punishing effects tests may have had on an individual's life chances may lead to resentment against tests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)