钢的热处理过程的技术改进

钢作为一种结构材料的重要合金在工业生产中有着很重要的作用。通过热处理方式改变钢的微观组织结构可以提高钢的性能。例如，奥氏体快速冷却会得到马氏体，而奥氏体慢速冷却时则会得到珠光体，因此，钢的微观结构和力学性能都是与它的热处理密切相关的。本文主要研究了在热处理过程中加电压对于钢的性能的影响。     

16MnCr5钢形变热处理相变和显微组织研究

在热模拟机上测试了16MnCr5钢经1200℃加热的未变形奥氏体、在860℃经50％压缩变形奥氏体的CCT曲线和维氏硬度,研究了其相变组织。结果表明：未变形奥氏体以0.025℃/s连续冷却时和在860℃变形的未再结晶奥氏体以0．2℃／s连续冷却时及1100℃变形的再结晶奥氏体分别以0．05℃／s连续冷却和快冷至660℃等温退火时均得到多边形铁素体＋环光体组织。     

第3代汽车钢冷却工艺对连铸坯内部裂纹影响

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机,测试第3代汽车钢(TG钢)的奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线,研究其冷却相变。使用真空感应炉冶炼TG钢的钢锭,对比了不同冷却制度下TG钢钢锭的内部质量和微观组织,分析了工业试验中不同的冷却工艺对TG钢连续的微观组织和内部裂纹的影响,为改善工业中TG钢连铸坯的内部裂纹提供了理论指导。     

15MnVB钢160 mm xl60 mm铸坯热变形奥氏体连续冷却转变行为

采用Gleble-1500热模拟机测定了15MnVB钢在0.05～20℃/s冷速下连续冷却转变的膨胀曲线,结合光学显微镜的微观组织观察,测绘了该钢热变形奥氏体连续冷却转变过程中的动态CCT曲线;研究了其连续冷却转变产物的组织形态和硬度。实验结果表明,15MnVB钢在0.05-20℃/s冷却速率下的组织主要由铁素体+珠光体、铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体、铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体+马氏体、贝氏体+马氏体组成。     

冷却速度对低碳管钢组织和性能的影响

绘制了05Mn2MoVNb钢过冷奥氏体分解的热动力曲线图，分析了冷却速度对其组织的影响。研究了奥氏体区冷却后的力学性能，用从0．1到520C／s速度冷却，能获得具有不同比例的微观组份铁素体一珠光体和贝氏体组织。证明了，形成大半是贝氏体组织的冷却制度能保证最有利的综合性能。进行规定冷却前的塑性变形补充提高了强度性能，同时提高了零度以下的冲击韧性。     

超低碳贝氏体厚壁X80宽厚板的研发

 采用热模拟试验,结合工业热轧过程,对厚度27.5mm高强度、高韧性X80管线钢板进行了研究,包括化学成分设计、板坯加热制度、控制轧制和控制冷却工艺。研究结果表明：采用超低碳设计,结合发挥显著作用的合金元素Mo和Cr等来弥补中厚板心部冷却不足,可以促进全壁厚匀质贝氏体相变组织形成;通过控制板坯加热温度,可以有效抑制原始奥氏体晶粒粗化;在控轧阶段,通过控制轧制压下量充分细化奥氏体晶粒尺寸;最终通过适当的加速冷却工艺,获得一个理想的微观组织结构。通过优化控制轧制工艺获得的微观组织保证了产品的低温韧性能力。     

12Cr2Mo1R钢相变规律研究

采用热膨胀法并结合金相组织分析及硬度变化来测定12Cr2Mo1R钢变形奥氏体的连续冷却转变温度,研究了钢的相变规律,结果表明,12Cr2Mo1R钢未变形奥氏体连续冷却转变,冷却速度<0.27 ℃/s时,组织为贝氏体+铁素体+珠光体;在0.27～8.4 ℃/s之间时,组织为贝氏体;>8.4 ℃/s时,组织为马氏体+贝氏体。变形奥氏体连续冷却转变,冷却速度<5 ℃/s时,组织为铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体;在5～20 ℃/s之间时,主要为贝氏体组织;>20 ℃/s时,得到的组织为马氏体+贝氏体。形变加速了奥氏体连续相变,使连续冷却相变温度提高。钢中Cr、Mo等合金元素,提高了过冷奥氏体的稳定性,使连续转变过程中出现了亚稳奥氏体区,提高了贝氏体的淬透性。     

18Ni(200)马氏体时效钢的循环相变晶粒细化新工艺

研究了一种18Ni(200)马氏体时效钢的晶粒细化热处理新工艺。将高温固溶后具有粗大原始奥氏体晶粒的试样在不同温度短时保温,通过金相观察确定再结晶温度点。将试样加热到此点以上不同温度后冷却至室温,进行α′γ循环相变以细化晶粒,结合相变精细微观组织分析,开发出变温循环相变晶粒细化新工艺,达到了较好的细化效果。并较大幅度地提高了18Ni(200)马氏体时效钢的强度和塑性。     

塑料模具718钢变形奥氏体连续冷却转变后的显微组织

采用Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ １５００热模拟试验机研究了变形温度、冷却速度对塑料模具７１８钢显微组织和硬度和影响。试验结果表明，７１８塑料模具钢在奥氏体区变形后，从６００℃开始以不高于０．０２℃／ｓ的速度缓慢冷却，可获得贝氏体组织，硬度（ＨＲＣ）为４０￣４４；在奥氏体未再结晶区变形产生的位错缠结抑制了贝氏体铁素体的长大，并使７１８钢的硬度提高。     

高铝TRIP钢的微观组织与残余奥氏体稳定性研究

主要研究了高Al TRIP钢的显微组织与残余奥氏体的稳定性。通过光学显微镜、SEM、TEM观察了其微观组织。通过TEM观察了钢中马氏体与贝氏体的形貌。通过电子衍射斑分析,得出了残余奥氏体与马氏体的位向关系为K-S位向关系,奥氏体母相与贝氏体的位向关系为N-W位向关系。为研究残余奥氏体机械稳定性,对试验用钢进行了不同应变量的单向拉伸,用X射线测量了残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,真应变小于0.11时残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加而减少。真应变量大于0.11后,残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加变化不大。为了研究残余奥氏体热稳定性,将试验用钢冷却至不同的温度。发现高Al TRIP钢残余奥氏体热稳定性很高,深冷至-196℃条件下不发生马氏体转变。     

15CrMoR钢的显微组织与时效冲击性能

 为探索原始组织形态对15CrMoR钢时效过程低温冲击性能的影响,明确15CrMoR钢具有高时效冲击性能稳定性的原始组织形态,通过控制奥氏体化后的冷却方式获得了15CrMoR钢的3种原始组织,使用OM、SEM、EPMA和EBSD等材料结构表征方法和低温冲击测试研究了15CrMoR钢的显微组织和时效态低温冲击性能。结果表明,15CrMoR钢奥氏体化后分别以炉冷、空冷和风冷的方式冷却至室温,分别获得了粗大铁素体+片状珠光体组织、铁素体+退化珠光体组织和粒状贝氏体组织。片状珠光体组织中碳化物主要呈层片状,退化珠光体中的碳化物主要呈断续短杆状和颗粒状,粒状贝氏体中的富碳M-A岛主要沿晶界分布。3种原始组织形态的15CrMoR钢在循环时效过程中均发生了晶界碳化物析出和长大,导致低温冲击性能不断恶化。当晶界碳化物呈链状分布时,15CrMoR钢的低温冲击性能较差。粗大的铁素体+片状珠光体组织晶界面积较少,导致晶界碳化物容易呈链状分布;粒状贝氏体中主要沿晶界分布的富碳M-A岛也容易导致晶界碳化物呈链状分布。因此,原始组织为铁素体+退化珠光体的15CrMoR钢在循环时效过程中具有较好的冲击性能稳定性,经历6次循环时效后,-10 ℃平均冲击吸收功仍高达196 J;而原始组织为铁素体+片状珠光体和原始组织为粒状珠光体的15CrMoR钢,经历4次循环时效后,晶界处已形成呈链状分布的碳化物,-10 ℃平均冲击吸收功均仅为18 J。     

Effect of Cooling Rates on the Second‐Phase Precipitation and Proeutectoid Phase Transformation of a Nb–Ti Microalloyed Steel Slab

During the continuous casting of low‐carbon Nb–Ti microalloyed steel, control of the slab surface microstructure and the behavior of the second‐phase precipitation are significantly influenced by the cooling rate. Through confocal laser scanning microscopy, the effect of the cooling rate on the behavior of ferrite precipitation both at the grain boundary and within the austenite was observed in situ and analyzed. The relationship between the cooling rate and precipitation of the microalloying elements on the slab surface microstructure was further analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the effect of microalloying element precipitation on proeutectoid ferrite phase transformation is mainly manifested in two aspects: (i) the carbonitrides of microalloying elements act as inoculant particles to promote nucleation of the proeutectoid ferrite and (ii) the carbon near the grain boundary is depleted when the microalloying elements precipitate into carbonitrides, inducing a decrease in the local carbon concentration and promoting ferrite precipitation.     

Surface microstructure control of microalloyed steel during slab casting

Lots of work has been done to investigate slab surface microstructure evolution during continuous casting in order to improve hot ductility and avoid transverse cracks.The slab surface microstructure after continuous casting was characterized by optical microscopy, and the precipitation behavior was investigated by transmission electron microscopy.At the same time, the mechanical properties of the slabs were measured using a Gleeble 1500D thermal simulator and the transformation temperatures were examined by means of a thermal dilatometer.The experimental results show that homogeneous microstructure without film-like ferrites and chain-like precipitates at grain boundary can be obtained through surface intensive cooling and transverse cracks do not occur on the slab surface.For the ex-perimental steel, fine ferrite can form at slab surface when the water flow rate is larger than 1560 L/min at vertical section.As the distance to surface increases, microstructure turned to ferrite and pearlite. Moreover, nano-size carbonitrides precipitated in the ferrite grain and the size was larger at the junc-tion of the dislocations.The mechanical experiment results show that the hot ductility of the sample deformed at 650℃ was better than that of the sample deformed at 750℃.The reason is that film-like ferrite formed at the grain boundary in the sample deformed at 750℃.Thus, the slab must be cooled quickly below A r3 to prevent the occurrence of film-like ferrite and transverse cracks on the slab surface during casting.     

轧后冷却工艺对V-N-Cr微合金化Q550E高强钢组织性能的影响

对低碳V-N-Cr微合金化钢进行了控轧控冷实验,终冷后采用了随炉冷、保温毡缓冷、空冷3种冷却制度,并对3种不同冷却制度钢板进行了显微组织、综合力学性能和断口形貌的分析。研究表明,空冷钢板显微组织为细小多边形铁素体及针状铁素体复相组织,铁素体晶粒尺寸5～8μm,针状铁素体由交织的板条组成,宽度1～3μm。在随炉冷及保温毡缓冷时,由于冷却速率缓慢,多边形铁素体及针状铁素体发生了回火,并析出细小弥散的碳化物。3种冷却条件下,屈服强度均≥585 MPa,抗拉强度≥694 MPa,延伸率≥27%,而且1/2试样-60℃冲击功≥36 J,综合力学性能优于Q550F级国标要求。细晶强化、析出强化、组织强化为本钢种的主要强化方式,冲击断口均由韧窝组成,呈现韧性断裂模式,控轧控冷引起的晶粒细化及针状铁素体的形成有效阻碍解理裂纹的扩展,从而增强低温韧性。     

New Duplex Microstructure of Grain Boundary Allotriomorphic Ferrite/Granular Bainite

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高碳铬不锈轴承钢孪晶碳化物研究

研究了高碳铬不锈轴承钢“孪晶碳化物”（直线状和链状碳化物）的影响因素及形成原因,结果表明：加热温度达到1140℃,退火后开始出现沿晶界分布的链状碳化物;加热温度≥1160℃,退火后出现大量直线状和链状两种形态的碳化物。材料从高温直接冷却时,温度≥1080℃并且冷却速度≤80℃／h可能析出链状碳化物,并且温度越高冷却速度越慢析出的可能性就越大。直线状碳化物形成原因为：材料加热温度过高．晶粒长大的过程中晶界迁移时偶然发生堆垛错误形成了生长孪晶,在随后的退火过程中碳化物向奥氏体挛晶界面沉淀而形成,是真正意义上的孪晶碳化物。链状碳化物是由于材料过热或者局部过热,在随后冷却过程中碳化物沿奥氏体晶界析出而形成的,本质上是一种网状碳化物。     

Effect of Austenite Deformation on Continuous Cooling Transformation Microstructures for 22CrSH Gear Steel

 The effect of compressive deformation of austenite on continuous cooling transformation microstructures for 22CrSH gear steel has been investigated using a Gleeble 1500 thermal simulator. The experimental results show that the deformation of austenite promotes the formation of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite, and leads to the increase of critical cooling rate of proeutectoid ferrite plus pearlite microstructure. The grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite occupies the austenite grain surfaces when the prior deformation takes place or the cooling rate is decreased, which causes a transition from bainite to acicular ferrite. The deformation enhances the stability of transformation from austenite to acicular ferrite, which results in an increase of M/A constituent.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a New As-Hot-Rolled High-Strength DP Steel Subjected to Different Cooling Schedules

Controlled rolling followed by accelerated cooling was carried out in-house to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon dual-phase steel. The objective of the study described here was to explore the effect of cooling schedule, such as air cooling temperature and coiling temperature, on the final microstructure and mechanical properties of dual-phase steels. Furthermore, the precipitation behavior and yield ratio are discussed. The study demonstrates that it is possible to obtain tensile strength and elongation of 780 MPa and 22 pct, respectively, at the two cooling schedules investigated. The microstructure consists of 90 pct ferrite and 10 pct martensite when subjected to moderate air cooling and low temperature coiling, such that the yield ratio is a low 0.69. The microstructure consists of 75 pct ferrite and 25 pct granular bainite with a high yield ratio of 0.84 when the steel is directly cooled to the coiling temperature. Compared to the conventional dual-phase steels, the high yield strength is attributed to precipitation hardening induced by nanoscale TiC particles and solid solution strengthening by high Si content. The interphase precipitates form at a suitable ledge mobility, and the row spacing changes with the rate of ferrite transformation. There are different orientations of the rows in the same grain because of the different growth directions of the ferrite grain boundaries, and the interface of the two colonies is devoid of precipitates because of the competitive mechanisms of the two orientations.     

不同实验条件对冷轧双相钢高温热塑性的影响及影响机制

 采用Gleeble 2000高温力学性能模拟实验机对不同冷却速率及不同拉伸速率下600 MPa级Al Mo系冷轧双相钢高温热塑性进行了研究。结果表明,随拉伸应变速率增大,双相钢的高温热塑性明显提高;降低冷却速率,能显著提高双相钢高温区(t＞1 100 ℃)的塑性性能。为了避免铸坯在连铸过程中产生表面裂纹,矫直温度应保证在1 050~1 150 ℃范围内,同时二次冷却应采用弱冷水制度,以降低冷却速率。金相观察发现,沿奥氏体晶界呈网状分布的铁素体薄膜是造成两相区塑性低谷的主要原因,而AlN、FeO等析出相致使奥氏体单相区脆化。     

Effect of Thermo‐Mechanical Process on Phase Transformation Behaviors of V–Ti–N Microalloyed Steel

Thermo‐mechanical simulation tests were performed on V–Ti–N microalloyed steel under three hot working conditions by using Gleeble‐3800 thermo‐mechanical simulator to study the effects of hot deformation and post‐deformation holding process on the continuous cooling transformation behaviors of overcooled austenite. The continuous cooling transformation diagrams (CCT diagrams) were determined by thermal dilation method and metallographic method. The effects of the hot deformation, post‐deformation holding, and cooling rate on the microstructure evolution were analyzed. The results show that deformation promotes ferrite and pearlite transformation. In addition, deformation leads to an increase in bainite start temperature, which becomes more markedly with the increase in cooling rate. The post‐deformation holding process is much favorable to promote carbonitride precipitation of the microalloying elements, which contributes to ferrite nucleation and smaller austenite grains. As a result, an increase in ferrite quantity and a decrease in ferrite grain size can be observed. And further more, the post‐deformation holding process reduces the effect of hot deformation on the bainite start temperature.