Internal comparisons in everyday life.

According to the internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model (H. W. Marsh, 1986), students not only compare their own abilities in a domain with those of other students (social comparison), they also compare their own achievements in different domains (internal comparison). The main purpose of this study was to investigate internal comparison processes in everyday life using an introspective methodology. Over 2 weeks, 67 university students (Study 1) and 65 high school students (Study 2) using a diary instrument recorded more upward than downward internal comparisons, most of them triggered by academic achievement situations. In both studies, multilevel analyses showed links between the direction of comparison and affective state: (a) upward internal comparisons were associated with negative mood states; (b) downward internal comparisons were associated with positive mood states; (c) upward internal comparisons increased positive and decreased negative mood states; (d) downward internal comparisons decreased positive and increased negative mood states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some steps towards a psychological matrix for health behavior.

Predictions related perceived internal control inversely to health problem expectancies and directly to probabilism, or uncertainty, within these expectancies. Questionnaire responses from 134 7-17 yr. old boys and girls revealed a significant relationship between probabilism and perceived internal control, but questioned the measurement and generality of internal control constructs. Perceived internal control and probabilism were directly related to age. Significant correlations suggest that (a) perceived vulnerability to health problems is a personality characteristic, and (b) the degree of probabilism within health problem expectancies exhibits the same organizational qualities shown in other perceptual-cognitive phenomena. Perceived internal control was not related to health problem expectancies. (French summary) (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ni53Mn22Ga25磁性形状记忆合金的相变内耗

研究了Ni53Mn22Ga25磁性记忆合金在190～390K温度范围的内耗行为。结果表明．当合金发生正、逆马氏体相变时出现明显的内耗峰,并伴随模量变化出现极小值。马氏体相变后继续降温。在215K附近出现新的内耗峰,模量明显增高。合金在居里温度发生顺磁及铁磁正反转变时．内耗及模量均不发生变化。对上述现象进行了分析和讨论。     

Sequential analysis of social interaction: Assessing internal versus social determinants of behavior.

Predictability and controllability of events influence attributions and affect in many research domains. In face-to-face social interaction, behavior is predictable from actor's own past behavior (internal determinants) and from partner's past behavior (social determinants). This study assessed how affect ratings are related to predictability of vocal activity from internal and social determinants. Time and frequency domain analysis of on–off vocal activity from 55 dyadic getting-acquainted conversations provided indexes of predictability from internal and social determinants. Greater predictability of vocal activity patterns from both internal and social determinants was associated with more positive affect. Future research should take internal as well as social determinants of behavior into account. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scanning of compound geometric forms in infant rhesus monkeys.

Human infants younger than 2 mo scan predominantly the external contours of compound figures; in contrast, 2-mo-olds scan internal and external features of such patterns. Whether infant rhesus monkeys (N?=?12) show a similar shift over the first weeks of life was examined in the present study. Visual activity was monitored while Ss viewed squares with internal details, a square without internal details, and the internal details alone. Results show that Ss scanned the internal details of compound figures even during the first week of life. By Weeks 3 and 7, they scanned the internal details less, increasing fixations of the external contour. Amount of looking during the first week was influenced predominantly by the number of elements in a pattern; in contrast, at Weeks 3 and 7 it was influenced foremost by the amount of perimeter and secondarily by the number of elements. The differences between visual activity in rhesus and human infants are discussed. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Malrotation causing patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty

Thirty patients with isolated patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty were compared with 20 patients with well functioning total knee replacements without patellofemoral complications. The epicondylar axis and tibial tubercle were used as references on computed tomography scans to measure quantitatively rotational alignment of the femoral and tibial components. The group with patellofemoral complications had excessive combined (tibial plus femoral) internal component rotation. This excessive combined internal rotation was directly proportional to the severity of the patellofemoral complication. Small amounts of combined internal rotation (1 degree-4 degrees) correlated with lateral tracking and patellar tilting. Moderate combined internal rotation (3 degrees-8 degrees) correlated with patellar subluxation. Large amounts of combined internal rotational (7 degrees-17 degrees) correlated with early patellar dislocation or late patellar prosthesis failure. The control group was in combined external rotation (10 degrees-0 degree). The direct correlation of combined (femoral and tibial) internal component rotation to the severity of the patellofemoral complication suggests that internal component rotation may be the predominant cause of patellofemoral complications in patients with normal axial alignment. The epicondylar axis and tibial tubercle are reproducible landmarks which are visible on computed tomography scans and can be used intraoperatively. Using this computed tomography study can determine wether rotational malalignment is present and thus, whether revision of one or both components may be indicated.     

Correlation between the structure and internal friction of metallic glass Cu45Ti55

The structural change of metallic glass Cu₄₅Ti₅₅ from room temperature to 800 K is investigated by combining internal friction using the torsion penulum method with X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The internal friction curve exhibits a point of inflection at about 640 K and an internal friction peak between 640 and 780 K, which corresponds to the precipitation of CuTi₂ (tetragonal) and a metastable phase I (tetragonal) and the formation of CuTi (tetragonal), respectively. The result shows that internal friction is closely related to the phase transition during crystallization, and there is much correspondence between internal friction and DSC in describing the crystallization behavior of metallic glasses.     

Awareness and self-perception: Verbal reports on internal states.

Two self-attribution experiments with 217 undergraduates were performed that included both self-report and behavioral measures of internal state change. As predicted, behavioral evidence for state change was generally found, but Ss reported the existence of new internal states only when induced to explain the reasons for their actions. It is argued that awareness of internal states in attribution research is limited, although self-report effects will occur at the group level of analysis when Ss focus on the reasons for their behavior. Correlational evidence is presented that suggests a further limitation on awareness of internal states. Even when self-report effects are found at the group level of analysis, these reports may be the result of an inference by an explanatory system and not the result of direct access to internal states. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clients' internal representations of their therapists.

Thirteen adults in long-term individual psychotherapy were interviewed regarding their internal representations (defined as bringing to awareness the internalized "image") of their therapists. Results indicated that in the context of a good therapeutic relationship, clients' internal representations combined auditory, visual, and kinesthetic (i.e., felt presence) modalities; were triggered when clients thought about past or future sessions, or when distressed; occurred in diverse locations; and varied in frequency, duration, and intensity. Clients felt positively about their representations and used them to introspect or influence therapy within sessions, beyond sessions, or both. The frequency of, comfort with, and use of clients' internal representations increased over the course of therapy, and the representations benefited the therapy and therapeutic relationship. Therapists tended not to take a deliberate role in creating clients' internal representations, and few clients discussed their internal representations with their therapists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Regulation and tissue distribution of the human sodium iodide symporter gene

The inclusion of an appropriate internal control DNA in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid and simple method for the detection of PCR failure. Two PCR coamplification internal control DNAs (ICD I and ICD II) with the same primer-binding sequences as the target DNA for the detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis were produced using an overlap extension technique and a PCR MIMIC construction kit, respectively. The ICD II was further evaluated in a prospective clinical study in 360 patients with a clinical diagnosis of pertussis. From 360 nasopharyngeal swabs the internal control was positive in 318 (88%) samples, but was negative in 42 (12%). After phenol-chloroform extraction an additional 10 internal controls became positive. For the detection of PCR failure, the use of internal control DNA is highly recommended for PCR-based identification of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis organisms from nasopharyngeal swabs and aspirates.     

Internality, controllability, and the effectiveness of attributional interpretations in counseling.

Investigated an attributional approach to counseling in 2 studies. In Exp I, with 58 female and 24 male psychology students, the theoretical basis for the use of attributional interpretations was tested by giving Ss who had just received a negative social evaluation no information or information that stressed 1 of 4 types of causes: internal/controllable, internal/uncontrollable, external/controllable, and external/uncontrollable. Stressing internal/controllable causes produced more positive affective reactions and performance evaluations among internal locus of control respondents (Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale), whereas externals were more variable in their responses. Exp II (24 Ss) assessed the generalizability of these findings by administering causal counseling to Ss who identified themselves as interpersonally anxious. Utilizing a quasi-counseling design, Ss were exposed to 1 of 2 interpretations emphasizing internal control or coping. Results of Exp II confirm initial conclusions that the effectiveness of causal counseling may depend on the individual's locus of control. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A self-presentation approach to the fundamental attribution error: The norm of internality.

Three studies assessed the validity of the assumption of a general norm placing greater value on internal explanations for behavior than on external explanations (determined by Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale). Study 1 with 117 undergraduates demonstrated that Ss who expressed internal causal attributions received more social approval than those who expressed external ones. Study 2, in which 18 Ss rated themselves as giving more internal explanations for events than average others do, also demonstrated the greater positive value associated with internal attributions. In Study 3, 25 Ss given the injunction to create a positive impression described themselves as having a stronger bias toward internal attributions than did 24 Ss given the injunction to create a negative impression. The implications of the norm for internality are discussed and outlined for the actor–observer effect and for social psychological theories. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Indiana University School of Dentistry archives: back to the future

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with high doses (0.1-0.2 mg per 10 kg pregnant weight) of intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxing agent for managing internal podalic version of the second twin in transverse lie with unruptured membranes. METHODS: Between August 1994 and December 1997, we managed 22 cases of internal podalic version of the second twin with the administration of high doses of IV nitroglycerin. RESULTS: Twenty internal podalic versions were completed successfully, and two cases failed. One failure was considered not related to IV nitroglycerin because the patient had a panic attack, requiring general anesthesia for sedation. The internal podalic version then succeeded. The patient with true failure of IV nitroglycerin required emergency cesarean because of acute fetal bradycardia and a nonrelaxed uterus. This was the only nontransverse lie, but with a very high face presentation. One internal podalic version was complicated by hemorrhage (2000 mL). CONCLUSION: Intravenous nitroglycerin to induce uterine atonia, with epidural analgesia, avoids general anesthesia and makes internal podalic version easier. In 22 cases (with success in 20) of internal podalic version of the second twin in transverse lie with unruptured membranes, IV nitroglycerin induced transient and prompt uterine relaxation without affecting maternal and fetal outcomes.     

Shoulder joint instability after primary arthroplasty

Inhibitors of enzymatic amplification in serum may cause false-negative results for direct detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study was undertaken to demonstrate the importance of the internal control in a PCR assay for detection of HCV-RNA to monitor false-negatives due to inhibitors. HCV-RNA was extracted using RNA extraction kit (SepaGene RV-R, Sanko Junyaku) and a prototype instrument for automated specific capture of HCV-RNA with probes and magnetic bead/fluid separation (Roche Molecular Systems). The extracted HCV-RNA and internal control were detected by an automated PCR machine (Cobas Amplicor, Roche Diagnostic Systems). Addition of hemoglobin (up to 4.5 g/l) to the sera followed by RNA extraction with SepaGene RV-R had no inhibitory effect on the detection of either HCV-RNA or the internal control. In contrast, addition of heparin to the sera showed an inhibitory effect with a dose-dependent manner on the detection of both HCV-RNA and the internal control, with a greater effect at lower copy number of HCV. When HCV-RNA was extracted by the automated system, the inhibitory effect of heparin was successfully eliminated. In the assays of 65 serum samples positive for anti-HCV antibodies, positivity for the internal control indicated efficient amplification and validated 14 negative and two equivocal results for detection of HCV-RNA. Detection of the internal control was negatively correlated with viral copy number in sera suggesting competitive inhibition of high viral copy number on amplification of the internal control. Extraction, co-amplification and detection of the internal control appears useful for estimating effects of inhibitors on amplification in each assay for the detection of HCV-RNA, and for evaluating efficacy of RNA extraction methods.     

Internal inclusions in brown eggs: relationships with fearfulness and stress

Tonic immobility reaction and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio (indices of fearfulness and stress, respectively) were studied in hens laying eggs with or without internal inclusions (blood and meat spots). Two brown egg Spanish breed of chickens were used. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of tonic immobility duration. Birds of the group with internal inclusions appeared to be less fearful when defined by the number of inductions to achieve tonic immobility (1.4+/-0.1 vs 1.1+/-0.1; P < 0.01). Tonic immobility duration was significantly shorter in the group of hens with internal inclusions, when only those laying the abnormal egg the day before measurement of tonic immobility were included in this group (264+/-33 vs 395+/-30 s; P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio between the two groups of hens (P < 0.01), mean value being significantly higher in the group with internal inclusions (0.43+/-0.02) than in the control group (0.33+/-0.02). Hens that laid eggs with internal inclusions had significant heterophilia (P < 0.01). Differences were consistent across the breeds. The incidence of internal inclusions was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in eggs with pink shells (an abnormality associated with the effect of stress). The results suggest that the laying of eggs with internal inclusions involves changes in fearfulness and stressfulness of hens.     

Examining the effects of work externalization through the lens of social identity theory.

This study examines whether dissimilarity among employees that is based on their work status (i.e., whether they are temporary or internal workers) influences their organization-based self-esteem, their trust in and attraction toward their peers, and their altruism. A model that is based on social identity theory posits that work-status dissimilarity negatively influences each outcome variable and that the strength of this relationship varies depending on whether employees have temporary or internal status and the composition of their work groups. Results that are based on a survey of 326 employees (189 internal and 137 temporary) from 34 work groups, belonging to 2 organizations, indicate that work-status dissimilarity has a systematic negative effect only on outcomes related to internal workers when they work in temporary-worker-dominated groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

表面质量对取向硅钢铁损的影响

取向硅钢的表面质量(包括底层质量,内氧化层以及表面氧化)对铁损会有明显的影响,但各因素对铁损的影响程度和影响机理仍不清楚。通过轻酸洗去掉外氧化层比较酸洗前后铁损变化,酸洗去掉底层比较去掉底层前后铁损的变化,抛光去掉底层及内氧化层比较抛光前后铁损的变化来研究表面质量各因素对铁损的影响。发现表面氧化对铁损没有明显影响,内氧化层对铁损影响最大。用扫描电镜分析内氧化层的形貌及成份发现内氧化层是镁橄榄石和尖晶石的离散质点。内氧化层通过其对180°畴壁移动的钉扎增加铁损,底层通过增加90°闭合畴的体积分数增加铁损。     

Levels of H+ and other monovalent cations in dormant and germinating spores of Bacillus megaterium

Previous investigators using the extent of uptake of the weak base methylamine to measure internal pH have shown that the pH in the core region of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium is 6.3 to 6.5. Elevation of the internal pH of spores by 1.6 U had no significant effect on their degree of dormancy or their heat or ultraviolet light resistance. Surprisingly, the rate of methylamine uptake into dormant spores was slow (time for half-maximal uptake, 2.5 h at 24 degrees C). Most of the methylamine taken up by dormant spores was rapidly (time for half-maximal uptake, less than 3 min) released during spore germination as the internal pH of spores rose to approximately 7.5. This rise in internal spore pH took place before dipicolinic acid release, was not abolished by inhibition of energy metabolism, and during germination at pH 8.0 was accompanied by a decrease in the pH of the germination medium. Also accompanying the rise in internal spore pH during germination was the release of greater than 80% of the spores K+ and Na+. The K+ was subsequently reabsorbed in an energy-dependent process. These data indicate (i) that between pH 6.2 and 7.8 internal spore pH has little effect on dormant spore properties, (ii) that there is a strong permeability barrier in dormant spores to movement of charged molecules and small uncharged molecules, and (iii) that extremely early in spore germination this permeability barrier is breached, allowing rapid release of internal monovalent cations (H+, Na+, and K+).     

Reactance and helplessness following exposure to unsolvable problems: The effects of attributional style.

I assessed the effects of internal–external attributional style and amount of unsolvable problems on subsequent task performance. Undergraduate subjects were divided according to their attributional style for bad events into internal, nondefined, and external attributors and were exposed to either one, four, or no unsolvable problems. Following exposure to a single unsolvable problem, internal attributors exhibited greater frustration and hostility and better performance in a subsequent cognitive task than did external attributors. Following exposure to four unsolvable problems, internal attributors exhibited stronger feelings of incompetence and a decrease in performance compared with external attributors. The results are discussed in terms of Wortman and Brehm's (1975) approach to reactance and helplessness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

hnRNP proteins and B23 are the major proteins of the internal nuclear matrix of HeLa S3 cells

The nuclear matrix is the structure that persists after removal of chromatin and loosely bound components from the nucleus. It consists of a peripheral lamina-pore complex and an intricate internal fibrogranular structure. Little is known about the molecular structure of this proteinaceous internal network. Our aim is to identify the major proteins of the internal nuclear matrix of HeLa 53 cells. To this end, a cell fraction containing the internal fibrogranular structure was compared with one from which this structure had been selectively dissociated. Protein compositions were quantitatively analyzed after high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We have identified the 21 most abundant polypeptides that are present exclusively in the internal nuclear matrix. Sixteen of these proteins are heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) proteins. B23 (numatrin) is another abundant protein of the internal nuclear matrix. Our results show that most of the quantitatively major polypeptides of the internal nuclear matrix are proteins involved in RNA metabolism, including packaging and transport of RNA.