花岗岩破裂及突水红外时空演化实验研究

通过对无水、无压水、承压水作用下花岗岩加载破裂失稳实验进行红外监测,研究花岗岩破裂及突水过程中红外辐射时空演化特征,以此实现对巷道掌子面破裂及突水灾害的监测和预报。实验结果表明:掌子面前方不含水体时,时序特征表现为前期线性升温,破裂前升温加速;空间上表现为破裂前高温区包围低温区。含无压水体时,时序上表现为温度曲线呈锯齿状;空间上表现为高、中、低温度区域划分,高温场破裂。含承压水体时,时序上表现为红外曲线呈升、降温交替变化,空间上表现为温度大幅度降低,呈现破裂低温场。利用红外监测技术,从时空特征角度综合分析,提取花岗岩巷道破裂及突水的前兆信息,可以降低实际工程中巷道突水事故的发生。     

软岩巷道掘进突水过程红外时空演化特征研究

为了获取软岩巷道掘进工作面突水过程的红外时空演化特征,为实际工程巷道开挖过程中突水事故以及隧道渗漏水的时空预测与遥感监测提供理论基础,研究了粉砂岩双轴加载突水过程的红外辐射特征,从时、空要素综合预测识别突水信息。试验结果表明:1根据突水量的大小,将粉砂岩突水演化过程划分为"渗水→滴水→淋水→涌水"4个阶段;2粉砂岩突水不同阶段红外辐射温度曲线特征各不相同,其中升温速率加快可作为突水量增大的前兆,最低辐射温度出现骤升骤降预示突水的发生;3加载过程中,高温异常区即为渗水的发生位置,也是最终突水位置。渗水前10 s左右,对应渗水部位会出现高温异常,渗水发生后,高温异常转低温异常,且随着水量增大,降温幅度越大。利用红外热像仪,从时空综合预测角度研究突水的识别和监测预报,在一定程度上可以减少实际工程中突水事故带来的损失。     

岩巷岩体失稳破坏的红外和声发射联合监测预警技术研究

对岩巷工程灾害的预警预报和应急响应是减少人员伤亡和经济损失的重要途径,通过红外辐射和声发射联合监测含孔岩石在受力过程中的物理变化可以有效地模拟岩巷工程灾害演化与爆发。为此,开展了 含孔洞岩石加载过程的红外辐射和声发射联合监测试验,对含孔洞岩石加载的红外辐射和声发射特征以及二者之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：①极差曲线随应变的变化具有明显的阶段性特征,特别在最后阶段, 极差曲线加速上升并出现突跳点,反映了温度场的分异现象和前兆特征,前兆时间平均为95.71%峰值应力;②声发射能率和声发射率曲线具有阶段性变化特征,在后期阶段普遍存在岩石破坏的前兆特征,前兆时间平 均为82.68%峰值应力;③岩石加载后期,红外与声发射前兆具有递进性,即声发射前兆早于红外前兆,两者的时间分界线在92%~95%峰值应力;④红外和声发射变化特征的关系与岩石的损伤破裂演化以及两种监测技术 的特点有密切关系。根据试验结果,提出了岩巷岩体失稳破坏的红外和声发射联合监测预警技术,讨论了两种技术的互补性,并给出了联合监测预警的技术流程,供相关研究和现场监测参考。     

基于AE传播规律监测急倾煤层掘进期动力现象

为了考察急倾斜煤层巷道掘进过程中动力现象的声发射监测效果,对声发射在煤岩体内的传播规律进行了理论分析,使用AEF-2型便携式声发射仪对东林煤矿井下煤层内的声发射传播规律进行了现场试验,得出了声发射信号的振幅随传播距离的增大呈指数衰减关系,且衰减系数约为0.314 1.据声发射传播规律巷道掘进过程中的动力现象进行了跟踪监测,监测结果表明:当实际监测的振幅衰减系数与回归分析得出的衰减系数差距较大时,AE监测到的振幅衰减曲线上会出现异常点;当监测曲线出现异常点时,即为发生动力现象的位置大多集中在掘进面再向前掘进4～6m.利用声发射传播规律对动力现象进行监测,可实现动力灾害的超前预测.     

单轴压缩条件下砂岩的声发射特征研究

通过对砂岩进行单轴加载声发射试验,获取岩石破裂过程的应力-应变曲线和相关声发射参数,综合分析了累计事件数、事件率、能率、声发射率之间随时间的变化规律。试验表明在加载初期小裂隙密集发育,后期以大裂隙发育为主。事件率和累计事件数没有明显前兆信息,声发射率和能率有明显的异常前兆。声发射定位表明裂隙发育由端部向中部转变,且无"空白区"阶段。声发射前兆信号为该类工程岩体的稳定性评价提供重要的理论依据。     

塑性煤与脆性煤破坏过程的声发射演化特征试验研究

在单轴压缩条件下,进行了塑性煤与脆性煤试件破坏过程声发射监测试验,研究两类煤破坏过程的声发射演化特征。试验结果表明:煤体破坏失稳过程中的声发射与煤体中的裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通等活动相对应,煤体的声发射演化特征与其破坏特征密切相关。塑性煤破坏过程的声发射事件率呈现"上升—峰值—下降"的演化规律;声发射事件率出现急速增大之后的稳步下降是煤体主破裂面即将贯通、煤体破坏失稳的前兆。脆性煤破坏过程的声发射事件率呈现"上升—峰值"的演化规律,声发射"下降"段不明显。研究结果可为煤体稳定性监测的声发射参数演化的解译、灾变判识准则的建立提供理论基础。     

矿井顶板突水模型试验多场信息的归一化处理方法

为了消除量纲和取值范围的差异,基于线性函数转换的归一化算法,将矿井突水模型试验中采集的位移、渗透压力、应力和视电阻率等多物理场信息映射到0~1范围内进行处理,在同一坐标系下绘制出多物理场信息归一化曲线,并与原始数据曲线进行对比,分析突水过程中各物理量的变化趋势及其相互关系。发现渗透压力、视电阻率和应力信息是较为理想的突水预报信息源,渗透压力在突水前很长时间就出现异常波动,视电阻率和应力在突水发生前会突然增大,且视电阻率的变化早于应力的变化。     

单轴加载下充填体声发射特征研究

为探究采场充填体在单轴加载条件下,声发射信号与充填体裂纹细宏观动态信息的关联性,开展全尾砂胶结充填体的声发射力学特性试验。研究表明:充填体加载破坏过程可细分为5个阶段,各阶段声发射特性曲线的动态起伏变化与充填体裂纹的时空演化基本契合。声发射特性曲线呈"单峰"型,曲线峰值出现主导充填体全面破坏的"X"型主裂纹,结构面剪切滑移破坏,振铃计数频发,能量"井喷式"释放。破坏末段,小破坏事件偶发、间隔期延长,声发射事件保有活力。该研究结果为充填体失稳及前兆破坏研究提供了一定理论依据。     

突出煤体受载变形破坏声发射行为演化特征

采用TAW-2000三轴伺服试验机和Vallen AMSY-6声发射信号采集系统,对寺家庄煤矿15号煤的碎裂煤原煤单体试件、糜棱煤型煤单体试件和原煤-型煤组合试件进行单轴载荷作用下变形破坏全过程声发射试验。试验结果表明:原煤试件表现为弹塑性材料特性,以弱面剪切破坏为主,其失稳破坏的前兆信息表现为弹塑性阶段出现"应力跌落"和"应力回升"现象,振铃计数出现峰值,累计能量曲线出现"台阶式"上升;型煤试件表现为理想塑性材料特性,呈现渐进变形破坏特征,以剪切粉化破坏为主,其峰前变形破坏过程中声发射始终保持在相对稳定且较低的水平,累计能量增幅不大,失稳破坏的声发射前兆信息特征并不明显;原煤-型煤组合试件的应力-应变曲线兼具了原煤试件和型煤试件的特征,其峰值应力介于单体原煤和型煤试件之间,失稳破坏的声发射前兆信息与原煤单体试件类似,但受型煤影响,高幅值振铃数和事件数与原煤单体试件相比明显减少,累计能量曲线呈现"缓台阶式"上升特征。     

水对花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射特征影响实验研究

采用双轴伺服控制试验机对干燥和饱水花岗岩进行巷道岩爆模拟实验,同时采用声发射系统监测并采集数据,研究了水对花岗岩岩爆过程中声发射特征的影响。结果表明:岩爆过程中饱水岩样事件率呈上升趋势,峰值载荷前没有事件率平静期,而干燥花岗岩事件率呈下降趋势,峰值载荷前有明显的事件率平静期;自水平方向卸荷开始,岩样振铃计数率、能率突增,饱水岩样事件率高于干燥岩样,但振铃计数率、能率均低于干燥岩样,且有几段振铃计数率平静期,表明水的存在丰富了声发射活动,但降低了声发射信号强度,降低了微观破裂的活动性;干燥花岗岩振铃计数率峰值发生在峰值载荷附近,而饱水岩样振铃计数率峰值出现时距离峰值载荷较远;主破裂前声发射非均匀性指标Cv值的快速上升,表明岩样内部出现大破裂或裂缝贯通,声发射事件局部集中程度加强,造成其声发射事件分布的非均匀性增强,可作为岩爆发生的前兆特征。     

Market and recycling of NiMH battery

<正>Market status and future trend of NiMH battery1.Global market of small NiMH battery Global market size of small NiMH batteries declined year on year since 2011.The trend will continue to 2018,at the rate of 5%to 10%annually.Demand for small NiMH batteries will be stable gradually.Many electrical apparatuses are powered by the built-in lithium battery today,which is the main reason for the shrunk market of small NiMH batteries.But,for some products,small NiMH     

China rare earth market review

正September 1-10,2014 Affected by the National Day holiday,rare earth transaction was stagnant and the market showed a weak steady state.As there was no good news for downstream market,some products with flat demand would likely rally slightly for some time to     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent material industry

<正>Rare earth luminescent material is one of the most important application sectors of rare earths.China enjoys the exceptional advantage to develop rare earth luminescent material for its abundant rare earth resources.After several decades'endeavor,China's rare earth luminescent material industry,headed by rare earth phosphor for lamp and LED and high efficient rare earth energy-saving light source,has been gradually developed into a scale industry.China has become a major production base of rare earth phosphor for lamps and rare earth     

China rare earth market review

正June 1~10,2014Rare earth market remained weak.Quoted price of rare earth products was similar to that in May.There was no sign of recovery in downstream market.The market of NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphor was depressed.Catalyst,polishing powder and ceramic industries remained inactive.Demand from downstream industry was soft.Consumers purchased on their needs.Suppliers had strong intention to sell.Prices of rare earth products     

2014 second batch of rare earth quota released

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China rare earth market review

正November 21~30,2014Due to weak demand from downstream industries,transactions of rare earth in Chinese domestic market were inactive.It was difficult to sell any rare earth products except for dysprosium oxide and terbium oxide.Suppliers lost confidence in recent market.Demand for rare earth products was soft.Consumers continued to take a wait-and-see attitude.Rare earth export market remained slow.     

Galaxy Magnets achieved the net profit of 34.02 million yuan in the first six months of 2014

正Galaxy Magnet announced its financial results for the first half of 2014 on August 14.For the first six months ended on 30 June 2014,Galaxy Magnet achieved operation income of RMB 182.3 million,up8.40% over the same period of 2013,and the net profit attributable to the shareholders of the listed company of 34.02 million yuan,increasing 35.49% over the same period of last year.Stable performance increase was led by development of new customers and application market of magnets.     

Rare Earth Application in Steel in China

<正>China has rich rare earth resources.Output of rare earth and steel in China ranks the top first in the world.However,there is still certain distance between the steel produced in China and developed countries from the point of varieties and quality.China still has to import some types of steel.Improving the quality should be emphasiZed in future development of steel industry in China.Rare earth can be used to upgrade traditional steel     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent materialindustry(continued)

<正>Developing ecological lighting source The world is facing the big problem of energy shortage today and the contradiction between economy development and environmental protection is worsened.Therefore,people are more likely to choose an ecological light source that is more energy efficient and environmental friendly.The choice provides great opportunity for the development of rare earth optical material industry in China.The concept of green lighting positions rare earth luminescent material as a leading player in illumination market.The light source of both rare earth luminescent lamp and LED lamp is ecological and energy saving.This is why     

稀散金属产业的观察与思考

分析了近年来国内外稀散金属产业的生产、应用、资源与市场状况.铟锡氧化物靶材、砷化镓晶片、锗红外材料、铼高温合金和硒在电解锰及玻璃的应用等已成为稀散金属的主要应用领域.稀散金属的产量快速增长达到历史高位而导致了市场的失衡.以GaInP_2/GaAs/Ge,CIGS和CdTe为代表的非硅系太阳能电池是稀散金属的新兴应用领域,将给稀散金属带来日益增长的需求.