Performance comparisons of channel estimation techniques in multipath fading CDMA

The problem of pilot-symbol-aided estimation of multipath fading channels in up-link code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems is considered. The transmitted symbol streams of each user are divided into time-slots; and each time-slot contains a number of pilot-symbols followed by information data symbols. Channel estimation is based on interpolation of the channel values corresponding to the pilot symbols in adjacent time-slots. Existing channel estimation techniques, including the weighted multislot average method and the wavelet expansion method, are studied. Two new channel estimation methods, namely, the robust channel interpolator, and the polynomial channel interpolator, are developed and are compared with these techniques. It is seen that the two new channel estimation methods significantly outperform the existing methods in multipath fading CDMA systems, for a wide range of Doppler values, and under various receiver schemes (with single or multiple receive antennas), such as the RAKE receiver, the interference cancellation receiver, and a receiver which performs iterative channel estimation and interference cancellation.     

Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems

Channel estimation techniques for OFDM systems based on a pilot arrangement are investigated. Channel estimation based on a comb type pilot arrangement is studied through different algorithms for both estimating the channel at pilot frequencies and interpolating the channel. Channel estimation at pilot frequencies is based on LS and LMS methods while channel interpolation is done using linear interpolation, second order interpolation, low-pass interpolation, spline cubic interpolation, and time domain interpolation. Time-domain interpolation is obtained by passing to the time domain by means of IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform), zero padding and going back to the frequency domain by DFT (discrete Fourier transform). In addition, channel estimation based on a block type pilot arrangement is performed by sending pilots in every sub-channel and using this estimation for a specific number of following symbols. We have also implemented a decision feedback equalizer for all sub-channels followed by periodic block-type pilots. We have compared the performances of all schemes by measuring bit error rates with 16QAM, QPSK, DQPSK and BPSK as modulation schemes, and multipath Rayleigh fading and AR based fading channels as channel models.     

基于多项式内插的MIMO时间-频率双选择性信道的信道估计

数据的高速率传输以及终端的高速移动,导致无线通信信道具有时间选择性与频率选择性两个特征。该文主要研究了数据分组传输方式下,基于导频符号辅助调制(PSAM)的多输入多输出(MIMO)时间-频率双选择性信道的信道估计问题。首先,将时间-频率双选择性MIMO信道,建模为一个随时间变化的多项式内插信道模型;然后,根据信道Doppler衰落速率、多项式模型中的误差项,确定出模型的阶数以及整个数据块的长度;最后,基于该多项式内插信道模型,提出了采用PSAM的MIMO双选择性信道估计方法。实验结果表明该算法在时间-频率双选择性衰落信道下具有较好的性能。     

数字调幅广播系统中基于滑动窗口的二维信道估计

针对DRM数字广播系统,提出一种基于滑动窗口的二维信道估计方法.该方法首先对接收到的导频信号所在信道进行最小二乘估计,然后进行时间方向插值估计导频子载波上所有位置处的信道频率响应,最后通过一个滑动窗口在多径扩展域和多谱勒扩展域分别进行处理.对于快速时变信道,通过调整窗口的滑动步数,可以有效处理窗口内信道路径数和路径延迟可能变化的情况,从而显著降低了子载波间干扰和高斯白噪声的影响.理论分析和仿真表明,与现有信道估计相比,该方法具有估计精确、易于实现的优点.     

OFDM系统基于导频的联合信道估计与干扰抵消算法

对OFDM(orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)系统中由于时频双选信道产生的载波间干扰进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了一种新的OFDM导频符号结构及信道估计方法,从而实现了在一个OFDM符号内时域信道估计和干扰抵消。仿真结果表明:提出的信道估计与干扰抵消相结合的联合算法不仅可以给出精度较高的信道信息,而且可以明显提高系统的性能。     

Improved Frequency Domain Channel Estimation and Equalization for MIMO Wireless Communications

This paper introduces an improved frequency domain channel estimation method based on interpolation vectors for single carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme. The proposed algorithm is derived by employing the least squares (LS) criterion, and a specified application for the wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) Rayleigh fading channel is presented. The channel frequency domain responses estimated at two adjacent pilot blocks are used to track the time-variant channel information, which can effectively improve the accuracy of channel estimation without significantly increasing complexity. Maximum mean square error (MMSE) frequency domain equalization based on the estimated channel is employed in the receiver to recover transmitted signals. This paper also investigates a training sequence design method for multiple transmit antennas and a noise variance estimation method. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed methods can perform very well for fading channels with long multipath delay and high Doppler spread.     

Doppler Spread Estimation for Broadband Wireless OFDM Systems Over Rician Fading Channels

In this paper, we present a new Doppler spread estimation algorithm for broadband wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with fast time-varying and frequency-selective Rayleigh or Rician fading channels. The new algorithm is developed by analyzing the statistical properties of the power of the received OFDM signal in the time domain, thus it is not affected by the influence of frequency-domain inter-carrier interference (ICI) introduced by channel variation within one OFDM symbol. The operation of the algorithm doesn’t require the knowledge of fading channel coefficients, transmitted data, or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. It is robust against additive noise, and can provide accurate Doppler spread estimation with SNR as low as 0 dB. Moreover, unlike existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm takes into account the inter-tap correlation of the discrete-time channel representation, as is the case in practical systems. Simulation results demonstrate that this new algorithm can accurately estimate a wide range of Doppler spread with low estimation latency and high computational efficiency.     

MB-OFDMUWB系统中导频图样的最优化设计

在MB—OFDMUWB系统中,导频图样对信道估计的影响较大,为了甄别这些影响,并寻找到较优的导频图样,根据信道的最大多径时延和最大多普勒频移以及取样率平衡原理来确定导频的时域和频域间隔,并通过性能仿真对比,得到不同的导频图样对信道估计算法和信道插值算法的影响。通过Matlab仿真实验表明,该方法较传统的导频图样设计方法更快速,具有更好的性能,可为不同信道估计方法中导频图样的选择提供依据。     

OFDM系统中基于导频的时变信道估计

该文对OFDM系统中基于导频的时变信道估计进行了研究,采用分组导频对一个OFDM符号间隔内某些时刻的信道冲击响应值进行估计,提出一种利用低通插值估计一个符号间隔内其他时刻的信道值的方法。仿真结果表明该文采用的低通插值方法所得到的估计均方误差要小于用线性插值或直接用信道模型产生的系数进行插值所得到的估计均方误差。     

高速场景下基于叠加导频的迭代EKF信道估计方法

针对正交频分复用（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM）系统在高速移动场景下时/频域选择性衰落（双选衰落）和非平稳特性给信道估计带来的技术挑战,本文采用导频与数据叠加的帧结构,提出一种基于基扩展模型（Basis Expansion Model,BEM）的迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波（iterative Extend-Kalman Filter,iEKF）信道估计方法.基于BEM信道模型且采用EKF信道估计方法可以联合估计出信道冲激响应（Channel Impulse Response,CIR）与时变的时域自相关系数,有效消除子载波间干扰（Inter Carrier Interference,ICI）.同时,为了进一步消除叠加导频位置处的数据符号干扰,我们提出将叠加位置处的数据和导频先解耦、后重构再进行迭代EKF的信道估计方法.仿真分析表明,相较传统叠加导频的信道估计方法和导频符号辅助调制（Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation,PSAM）估计方法,本文提出的信道估计方法在高速场景特别是低信噪比的条件下,具有更高的估计精度,更强的鲁棒性及更大的吞吐量.     

Performance of coherent OFDM-CDMA for broadband mobile communications

Uncoded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission technique applied in a multipath environment has a bit error rate (BER) comparable with a narrowband radio channel because the fading of each subcarrier is frequency-nonselective. To overcome this behaviour and to reduce the BER, a combination of OFDM and CDMA has been proposed recently. In an OFDM-CDMA system the energy of each information symbol is spread over several subcarriers. Therefore a diversity gain can be obtained in a broadband fading channel.In this paper we discuss the performance of OFDM-CDMA with coherent QPSK signalling over a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel. Channel estimation and demodulation are integral parts that determine the performance of the system. The method for channel estimation presented in this paper is based on a two-dimensional array of pilot symbols with second-order regression in the time domain and interpolation in the frequency domain. Quantitative comparison of four different detection algorithms in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading with noisy channel state information (CSI) will be presented in this paper: conventional correlation (equal gain correlation, EGC), orthogonality restoring correlation (ORC), ORC with a threshold in order to suppress subcarriers with low signal strength (TORC), and an iterative improvement based on a maximum likelihood approach. With TORC and iterative improvement a gain of approximately 9 dB over conventional OFDM can be obtained at a BER of 10^–3 in Rayleigh fading.     

一种适用于快衰落信道的ICI抑制方案

针对高速移动环境下多普勒频偏造成信道的快衰落和正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中子载波间干扰(ICI)的问题,提出了一种适合快衰落环境的OFDM系统子载波间干扰抑制算法。此算法用线性变化模型来近似一个OFDM符号周期内的信道冲激响应,并以此为基础采用迭代MMSE均衡方法抑制载波间干扰。分析和仿真结果表明,此方法能有效地保证载波间的正交性,从而改善了OFDM系统的误码率(BER)性能。     

地空测控链路OFDM信道估计

针对无人飞行器大动态运动特点,提出利用地空测控窄带扩频链路的信道估计,辅助OFDM传输方式的下行宽带链路进行信道估计的方法。基于OFDM信道估计基带模型,设计了奇偶OFDM符号分组交错导频插入方式,设计了基于窄带链路多普勒频偏、多径时延信道估计的宽带链路信道估计算法。在大多普勒与多径传输信道下对算法误码率性能进行了仿真,验证了下行宽带链路具有较强的抗大多普勒、抗多径衰落的性能。     

Reducing ICI effect in OFDM system using low‐complexity Kalman filter based on comb‐type pilots arrangement

In OFDM systems, time‐varying channels destroy orthogonality between subcarriers causing Inter‐Carrier Interference. To reduce this effect, a Kalman filter, as a benchmark, is used for channel estimation, based on comb‐type pilot arrangements of the OFDM system. An advantage of comb‐type pilot arrangements in channel estimation is the ability to track the variation of the channel caused by Doppler frequency. Kalman method has been proposed to estimate the channel frequency response (CFR) at the pilot locations, then CFR, at data subchannels, is obtained by means of interpolation between estimates at pilot locations. The low‐complexity Kalman method is introduced to reduce the complexity of the system while achieving the same BER/SNR. Different types of interpolations have been also compared such as Low‐pass, Spline‐cubic and Linear interpolation methods. The BER/SNR performance of BPSK modulation schemes are considered for time varying Rayleigh fading channels. Our results has shown that the low‐complexity Kalman estimation, used with the pilot arrangement and a suitable interpolation method, gives almost the same performance as that of the Kalman method specially for low SNR values and hence the effect of Doppler shift effect is controlled. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多码CDMA系统中联合并行干扰抵消与迭代信道估计方法

本文针对多码CDMA系统提出了一种联合并行干扰抵消与迭代信道估计方法。该方法首先通过导频符号对信道进行估计，然后使用RAKE接收机后的软信息对信道参数进行修正，最后通过并行干扰抵消(PIC)去除多码干扰(MCI)。仿真结果表明，经过多次迭代后，该方法可显著地降低多码CDMA系统的误比特率平台。本文同时还给出了信道估计质量、码道数和PIC次数对多码CDMA系统性能的影响。     

Iterative channel estimation and pilot design rules for high‐mobility comb‐pilot OFDM system

With wireless communications in high‐mobility environment becoming popular, this poses a big challenge for communication systems based on the comb‐pilot OFDM, such as IEEE 802.11p, since it has not the enough pilots to estimate the time‐ and frequency‐selective channel accurately. In this paper, several comb‐pilot schemes and three comb‐pilot design rules are proposed to meet the Nyquist criterion for sampling the vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) channel and the requirements of second‐order statistic of V2V channel. Based on the proposed pilot schemes, an iterative channel estimation method from the CE‐BEM model is proposed, together with three ICI cancellation methods. After thorough simulation, the effectiveness of the comb‐pilot design rules, the proposed channel estimation method, and intercarrier interference (ICI) cancellation methods is verified. Compared with other channel estimation methods, the proposed method performs better. The simulation results also reveal that the channel order L+1 has a great impact on the performance of the comb‐pilot OFDM system.     

OFDM channel estimation with dispersive fading channels

In this paper, we studied the channel estimation problem for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system when the statistics of the multi-path fading channel is not known or partial known. A channel estimation approach based on polynomial approximation of the channel response is proposed. The pilot symbols are periodically inserted the channel responses for entire OFDM data sequence for exploiting channel correlation in both time and frequency domain, which is obtained from a time-variant frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel model. Simulation shows that the method is robust to different channel statistics. Moreover, a window dimension adaptation algorithm is proposed to adapt the channel estimator to the channel statistics which further improves the robustness of the system.     

Channel estimation for OFDM transmission in multipath fadingchannels based on parametric channel modeling

We present an improved channel estimation algorithm for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing mobile communication systems using pilot subcarriers. This algorithm is based on a parametric channel model where the channel frequency response is estimated using an L-path channel model. In the algorithm, we employ the ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters by rotational invariance techniques) method to do the initial multipath time delays acquisition and propose an interpath interference cancellation delay locked loop to track the channel multipath time delays. With the multipath time delays information, a minimum mean square error estimator is derived to estimate the channel frequency response. It is demonstrated that the use of the parametric channel model can effectively reduce the signal subspace dimension of the channel correlation matrix for the sparse multipath fading channels and, consequently, improve the channel estimation performance     

Pilot symbol assisted BPSK on Rayleigh fading channels withdiversity: performance analysis and parameter optimization

The loss due to imperfect channel estimation is derived for pilot symbol assisted binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) on fading channels with diversity. The presented approach, which holds for both narrow-band and spread spectrum communication, further provides an analytical optimization of pilot symbol spacing. The loss due to channel estimation is demonstrated to be low if the maximum Doppler frequency is significantly less than the bit rate     

MIMO-OFDM快衰落信道的压缩感知估计方法

在快衰落多输入多输出(MIMO)-正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中,为了避免传统的信道估计方法中存在大量系数需要估计的问题,利用快衰落信道在角时延多普勒域可稀疏的特性,提出了基于压缩感知的MIMO-OFDM系统快衰落信道估计方法。根据压缩感知的受限等距特性(RIP),推导了一种少量导频随机结构测量矩阵,用于测量快衰落信道在角时延多普勒域稀疏系数。接收端可从这些少量的测量数据中以高概率重构出快衰落信道。理论分析与仿真结果都表明:该方法与传统的信道估计方法相比,所得到的系统数据传输效率及估计性能都有了明显提高。