锂电池安全试验设备设计——挤压试验机

锂电池的安全性作为衡量电池性能的重要技术指标,为锂电池生产商及消费人群所关注,安全性能测试设备不但作为目前检验电池安全性能的工具,而且为后续的电池安全性研发提供试验手段。从现行的锂电池安全试验标准中探讨并汇总锂电池挤压试验要求,提出挤压设备的设计方案及其相应的解决途径。     

Smart dual battery management system for expanding lifespan of wireless sensor node

Wireless sensor nodes have huge energy demand for their operations; they are deployed in remote locations for various applications like weather, industrial, satellite, construction, banking, and medical. Sensor nodes require continuous or uninterrupted power supply during their life cycles. When the available renewable power sources are not sufficient to run the system, the batteries are required to deliver a continuous and uninterrupted power supply. The main focus of proposed model is to design and develop a smart dual battery management system along with a hybrid energy harvesting model that can provide reliable and efficient power support to the sensor node. The problem under consideration also focuses on reducing the state of health degradation of batteries by applying a smart battery charging methodology using an ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) controller. The proposed power management system ensures and meets the expected objectives such as switching of power sources, smart battery charging methodology (constant current and constant voltage [CC-CV]), and dual battery power support using ANFIS controller. The result was obtained through the simulation and hardware prototype of the proposed system work flawlessly to meet the desired objective with partial charging and discharging of batteries for the prevention of battery degradation and also enhance the lifespan of the batteries.     

Reliability of Primary Batteries: A Case History

Evaluation of the reliability of a primary battery took place in three stages: 1) 192 batteries went through a slow-discharge test. 2) A designed experiment was conducted on 144 batteries; there were three factors in the experiment: storage temperature (three levels), thermal shock (two levels), and date code (two levels). 3) 16 batteries experienced a cycled temperature and humidity environment. All tested batteries showed acceptable performance. Results of the designed experiment showed the factor most affecting battery performance was the date code. A long-term capacity test on a sample of primary batteries can provide information on their quality and reliability. The example shows a very tight capacity distribution. The battery employed a lithium anode. The capacity of many lithium-based battery systems is, by design, limited by the quantity of lithium in the anode. Controls on that quantity may permit the manufacturer to control, with considerable precision, the capacity of the batteries. From the designed experiment, we infer that the factor most affecting the performance of the battery is the time when it was made. Long term storage, perhaps up to 10 years, in a ``normal' environment of 20° C will not appreciably affect it, nor will thermal shock or 2-way combinations of factors. Three way interactions were not examined. Some batteries went through a temperature-and humidity-cycling. The capacity of these batteries, after test, met the requirements of the specification.     

Infrastructure and Reliability Analysis of Electric Networks for E-Textiles

Electronic textiles (e-textiles), known as computational fabrics, offer an emerging platform for constructing ambient intelligent applications. Computational nodes in e-textiles are driven by batteries. Unlike wireless sensor networks, not each computational node in e-textiles has its own battery. Instead, many computational nodes in e-textiles share a battery. Existing e-textiles use one fixed battery to drive a fixed set of computation nodes (or power consuming electronic components). The fixed battery-component connection may result in electronic components stopping functioning and/or energy waste in batteries when link connection problems occur. In this paper, we propose a new infrastructure of the power networks for e-textiles: flexible power network (FPN). Under the FPN infrastructure, a power consuming node (PCN) is not just connected to one single fixed battery. Instead, it is connected to multiple batteries and can obtain power energy from one of the available battery nodes (BNs) with the help of a battery selector. The electrical features of battery selectors and overcurrent protectors that protect the batteries from wasting the charge when short-circuit faults occur are illustrated. Moreover, by modeling the number of fault occurrence at conductive wires and nodes stochastically, an evaluation algorithm is proposed to analyze the reliability of FPN and to compare the metrics of different design schemes under the perspective of both the BNs and the PCNs. Experimental results show that our FPN is more dependable than some common e-textile electric networks published before with the occurrence of short- and/or open-circuit faults.      

Recycling batteries

Hundreds of millions of large and billions of small batteries are used up annually in the service of all manner of electronic devices. Until recently, the tons of toxic materials in these batteries would wind up in the garbage, but the systematic collection and recycling of spent batteries is growing. Effective recycling involves changes at all stages of battery life, starting with production. Manufacturers should attempt to use recycled materials themselves, label batteries clearly for easier sorting, and ensure that batteries can be effectively recycled. Consumers need to take part in recycling programs by separating batteries from other wastes-doing so after their disposal in general municipal solid wastes is quite expensive per ton of battery material recovered. Retailers and shippers are needed to collect and return post-consumer batteries to recyclers. Finally, recycling plants and processes are needed for each of the various battery types and materials. The authors discuss materials management, battery design issues, systematic collection, recycling technologies, nickel and cadmium recovery, consumer cell recycling, detoxification costs, and future prospects     

单节锂离子电池保护芯片的设计

锂离子电池的众多优点使其在手提式设备中获得了广泛的应用。但与镍铬、镍氢电池不同的是锂离子电池必须和保护芯片配合使用。本文提出了一种单节锂离子电池保护芯片的设计，此芯片能有效防止锂电池应用中发生过充电、过放电和过电流状态。     

Voltage Hysteresis in Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes for Li/Na-Ion Batteries

The pursuit of rechargeable batteries with high energy density has triggered enormous efforts in developing cathode materials for lithium/sodium (Li/Na)-ion batteries considering their extremely high specific capacity. Many materials are being researched for battery applications, and transition metal oxide materials with remarkable electrochemical performance stand out among numerous cathode candidates for next-generation battery. Notwithstanding the merits, daunting challenges persist in the quest for further battery developments targeting lower cost, longer lifespan, improved energy density and enhanced safety. This is, in part, because the voltage hysteresis between the charge and discharge cycles, is historically avoided in intercalation electrodes because of its association with structural disorder and electrochemical irreversibility. Given the great potential of these materials for next-generation batteries, a review of the recent understanding of voltage hysteresis is timely. This review presents the origin of their undesirable behaviors and materials design criteria to mitigate them by integrating various schools of thought. A large amount of progressive characterization techniques related to voltage hysteresis are summarized from the literature, along with the corresponding measurable range used in their determination. Finally, promising design trends with eliminated voltage hysteresis are tentatively proposed to revive these important cathode materials toward practical applications.     

Polyoxometalate Modified Separator for Performance Enhancement of Magnesium–Sulfur Batteries

The magnesium–sulfur (Mg-S) battery has attracted considerable attention as a candidate of post-lithium battery systems owing to its high volumetric energy density, safety, and cost effectiveness. However, the known shuttle effect of the soluble polysulfides during charge and discharge leads to a rapid capacity fade and hinders the realization of sulfur-based battery technology. Along with the approaches for cathode design and electrolyte formulation, functionalization of separators can be employed to suppress the polysulfide shuttle. In this study, a glass fiber separator coated with decavanadate-based polyoxometalate (POM) clusters/carbon composite is fabricated by electrospinning technique and its impacts on battery performance and suppression of polysulfide shuttling are investigated. Mg–S batteries with such coated separators and non-corrosive Mg[B(hfip)₄]₂ electrolyte show significantly enhanced reversible capacity and cycling stability. Functional modification of separator provides a promising approach for improving metal–sulfur batteries.     

锂电池维护仪的设计与实现

每隔半年对贮存的锂电池进行维护时,由于无专业的维护设备,耗费大量人力成本.针对这种情况,设计了具有锂电池维护、充电、放电、性能测试、电压测量等功能的锂电池维护仪,解决了锂电池维护过程中存在的不便.通过试验验证,锂电池维护仪操作简单,各项性能满足设计要求,实现了锂电池维护的自动化,提高了生产效率.     

FPGA-based design of advanced BMS implementing SoC/SoH estimators

Energy storage system, usually a battery, become essential part for all electric drive vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) in the coming decades. These energy storage systems include Li-ion batteries, Ni-MH batteries, lead-acid batteries and ultra-capacitors. An accurate Battery Management System (BMS) is highly demanded integrated system in all electric derive vehicles to ensure the optimum use of an energy storage system. The battery's state monitoring & evaluation, charge control and cell balancing are the important features of any BMS. However, due to unavailability of inaccurate battery's state-of-charge (SoC)/state-of-health (SoH) estimators and uncertainty of battery's performance, new approaches of BMS design are under development to control batteries optimally and hence, the vehicle performance. In addition, most of the existing BMSs either do not provide SoH at all or provide it as a function of capacity degradation over the battery usage. This research paper presents the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) - based Advanced BMS design using MATLAB-to-FPGA design flow. The Advanced BMS design provides the combined estimation of both SoC and SoH of a rechargeable battery. This research paper also summarizes the Neuro-Fuzzy & statistical models implemented in Advanced BMS for accurate estimation of battery's SoC & SoH respectively. Further, this research paper presents the selection of suitable FPGA and its hardware realization implementing Advanced BMS. Finally, the experimental results are confirmed by simulation and synthesis of its register transfer level (RTL) design. FPGA-based Advanced BMS would provide the best chip solution for a generalized BMS with benefits of low Non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost, low power consumption, high speed of operation, large reconfigurable logic and large data storage capacity.     

基于物联网的锂动力电池智能综合管理系统

锂动力电池是一种应用非水电解质溶液，并由锂合金或锂金属作为负极材料的电池，具有绿色环保、轻便、高能量密度、使用寿命长等特点。近年来，锂动力电池被广泛应用于电动工具、电动自行车等领域，并逐步应用到电动车辆与混合动力车领域。但是，原有的锂动力电池监控方法局限于电池组节点保护层面，无法保证将信息传输至监控平台。为提高电动汽车的电池智能综合管理系统的智能化与实时性水平，文中提出以物联网技术为基础，设计了一款基于物联网的锂动力电池智能综合管理系统，其以全面感知、获取锂动力电池的实时数据，并通过智能综合管理系统对相关数据的计算与分析，实现对锂动力电池的智能化控制。文中以构建物联网背景下的锂动力电池智能综合管理系统为目标，首先分析了锂动力电池智能综合管理系统的基本结构，然后从系统物理层、系统网络层、系统应用层等层面出发，研究了锂动力电池智能综合管理系统的相关设计。     

High-Performance Quasi-Solid-State Na-Air Battery via Gel Cathode by Confining Moisture

Rechargeable Na-air batteries are the subject of great interest because of their high theoretical specific energy density, lower cost, and lower charge potential compared with Li-air batteries. However, high purity O₂ as a working environment is required to achieve high-performance Na-air batteries, which obstructs their application as a high-energy-density battery. Although aqueous Na-air batteries can operate in ambient air, long cycle and high safety remain challenges for aqueous Na-air batteries because the aqueous electrolyte is volatile. Here, a quasi-solid-state Na-air battery is reported by utilizing a gel cathode, which is composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes and room-temperature ionic liquids, achieving high safety and long cycling life of 125 cycles (528 h) at a current density of 0.1 mA cm⁻², which is surprisingly better than that of quasi-solid-state Na O₂ batteries. In situ XRD characterizations reveal that water in ambient air is gradually deposited on the surface of the gel cathode to form a water layer, which facilitates the generation of soluble discharge product of NaOH thermodynamically with high conductivity. This work shall be critical to develop and promote the practical application of Na-air batteries, opening a new way to the design of solid-state metal-air batteries.     

Small Molecules,Great Powers: Chemistry of Small Organo-Chalcogenide Molecules in Rechargeable Li-Sulfur Batteries

Small organic chalcogenides molecules are receiving more attention in conjunction with the development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) especially lithium–sulfur (Li−S) batteries due to their abundant resources, reversible redox, high capacities, tunable structures, unique functional adjustability, and strong interaction with congener polysulfides. In this review, the working principles are generalized of small organo-chalcogenide molecules in three important parts of batteries: electrolyte, interface, and cathode. First, in terms of regulating kinetics in electrolyte, small organo-chalcogenide molecules can not only act as redox mediator to accelerate the redox kinetics of sulfur, but also change the inherently slow solid–solid process to form a faster redox pathway, which will bring light to the development of cryogenic Li−S batteries. Second, for interface chemistry, the introduction of small organo-chalcogenide molecules can construct more elastic and stable anodic single-SEI or cathodic/anodic dual-SEI, thus effectively improving the cycling stability of batteries. Third, small organo-chalcogenide molecules can be used as cathode materials in the form of liquid phase, solid phase, or precursor of polymers. Finally, advised optimizations are proposed about further mechanism deciphering, battery configuration design, machine learning, thereby providing direction to bridge the gap between rational modulation and practical battery implementation for small organo-chalcogenide molecules.     

Zinc-bromine battery design for electric vehicles

Design projections for zinc-bromine batteries are attractive for electric vehicle applications in terms of low manufacturing costs ($28/kWh) and good performance characteristics. Zinc-bromine battery projections (60-80 Wh/kg, 130-200 W/kg) compare favorably to both current lead acid batteries and proposed advanced battery candidates. The performance of recently developed battery components with 1200 cm²electrodes in a 120V, 10 kWh module is described. Similarly constructed smaller scale (600 cm²) components have shown lifetimes exceeding 400 cycles and the ability to follow both regenerative braking (J227aD) and random cycling regimes. Initial dynamometer evaluations of full scale 20 kWh batteries is expected in early 1984.     

一种电动汽车蓄电池智能充电器的设计

针对电动汽车铅酸蓄电池的特点,采用移相PWM控制芯片UC3875和C8051F040单片机,设计开发一种智能充电器,介绍其硬件设计原理及软件实现方法.该充电器能够实现对铅酸蓄电池自动充电,采用六阶段自动充电方法,能够有效的延长电池寿命.     

Battery Management System Based on Battery Nonlinear Dynamics Modeling

This paper presents a method of determining electromotive force and battery internal resistance as time functions, which are depicted as functions of state of charge (SOC) because . The model is based on battery discharge and charge characteristics under different constant currents that are tested by a laboratory experiment. This paper further presents the method of determining the battery SOC according to a battery modeling result. The influence of temperature on battery performance is analyzed according to laboratory-tested data, and the theoretical background for calculating the SOC is obtained. The algorithm of battery SOC indication is depicted in detail. The algorithm of the battery SOC ldquoonlinerdquo indication considering the influence of temperature can be easily used in practice by a microprocessor. An NiMH battery is used in this paper to depict the modeling method. In fact, the method can also be used for different types of contemporary batteries, as well as Li-ion batteries, if the required test data are available.     

Unleashing the Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Current State and Future Directions for Sustainable Energy Storage

Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a viable alternative to lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, as their raw materials are economical, geographically abundant (unlike lithium), and less toxic. The matured LIB technology contributes significantly to digital civilization, from mobile electronic devices to zero electric-vehicle emissions. However, with the increasing reliance on renewable energy sources and the anticipated integration of high-energy-density batteries into the grid, concerns have arisen regarding the sustainability of lithium due to its limited availability and consequent price escalations. In this context, SIBs have gained attention as a potential energy storage alternative, benefiting from the abundance of sodium and sharing electrochemical characteristics similar to LIBs. Furthermore, high-entropy chemistry has emerged as a new paradigm, promising to enhance energy density and accelerate advancements in battery technology to meet the growing energy demands. This review uncovers the fundamentals, current progress, and the views on the future of SIB technologies, with a discussion focused on the design of novel materials. The crucial factors, such as morphology, crystal defects, and doping, that can tune electrochemistry, which should inspire young researchers in battery technology to identify and work on challenging research problems, are also reviewed.     

Battery remaining useful life prediction at different discharge rates

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in hybrid electric vehicles, consumer electronics, etc. As of today, given a room temperature, many battery prognostic methods working at a constant discharge rate have been proposed to predict battery remaining useful life (RUL). However, different discharge rates (DDRs) affect both usable battery capacity and battery degradation rate. Consequently, it is necessary to take DDRs into consideration when a battery prognostic method is designed. In this paper, we propose a discharge-rate-dependent battery prognostic method that is able to track usable battery capacity affected by DDRs in the process of battery degradation and to predict RUL at DDRs. An experiment was designed to collect accelerated battery life testing data at DDRs, which are used to investigate how DDRs influence usable battery capacity, to design a discharge-rate-dependent state space model and to validate the effectiveness of the proposed battery prognostic method. Results show that the proposed battery prognostic method can work at DDRs and achieve high RUL prediction accuracies at DDRs.     

Using First‐Principles Calculations for the Advancement of Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable batteries have been regarded as leading candidates for energy storage systems to satisfy soaring energy demands and ensure efficient energy use, and intensive efforts have thus been focused on enhancing their energy densities and power capabilities. First‐principles calculations based on quantum mechanics have played an important role in obtaining a fundamental understanding of battery materials, thus providing insights for material design. In this feature article, the theoretical approaches used to determine key battery properties, such as the voltage, phase stability, and ion‐diffusion kinetics, are reviewed. Moreover, the recent contribution of first‐principles calculations to the interpretation of complicated experimental characterization measurements on battery materials, such as those obtained using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, electron energy‐loss spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, are introduced. Finally, perspectives are provided on the research direction of first‐principles calculations for the development of advanced batteries, including the further development of theories that can accurately describe the dissolved species, amorphous phases, and surface reactions that are integral to the operation of future battery systems beyond Li‐ion batteries.     

A new approach to intermittent charging of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries in standby applications

For many years, intensive research has been undertaken to increase the life of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. Overcharging results in excessive temperature in the battery, which degrades the chemical composition of the electrolyte. When the battery reaches the end-of-charge state, the energy being supplied to the battery is no longer consumed in the charge reaction and this additional energy is dissipated as heat within the battery. At this point, the oxygen cycle accelerates, which leads to temperature rise inside the battery. State-of-the-art control technology is required to control the charging of the battery and prevent the battery going into thermal runaway. This paper discusses the charging strategies for VRLA batteries in standby applications. Intermittent charging decreases the continuous overcharge which arises in the case of float charging. The charging regime used in intermittent charging must ensure the full recharge of the battery. This paper describes a new efficient method of charging batteries employing an intermittent charging technique called "Interrupted Charge Control." Laboratory tests and results are presented.