A Fuzzy Logical MPPT Control Strategy for PMSG Wind Generation Systems

Making full use of wind power is one of the main purposes of the wind turbine generator control. Conventional hill climbing search (HCS) method can realize the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). However, the step size of HCS method is constant so that it cannot consider both steady-state response and dynamic response. A fuzzy logical control (FLC) algorithm is proposed to solve this problem in this paper, which can track the maximum power point (MPP) quickly and smoothly. To evaluate MPPT algorithms, four performance indices are also proposed in this paper. They are the energy captured by wind turbine, the maximum power-point tracking time when wind speed changes slowly, the fluctuation magnitude of real power during steady state, and the energy captured by wind turbine when wind speed changes fast. Three cases are designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink respectively. The comparison of the three MPPT strategies concludes that the proposed fuzzy logical control algorithm is more superior to the conventional HCS algorithms.     

Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).     

基于DSP的改进PSO光伏阵列MPPT控制应用

为了解决光伏（PV）系统在局部阴影条件下（PSC）的最大功率点跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进粒子群算法（PSO）的快速最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）方法。与传统基于PSO的MPPT系统不同的是,采用了基于转换器电流动态行为的变量抽样时间策略（VSTS）,并且为了更快速的实现最大功率点跟踪,引入三个重要因数,即：粒子数、收敛速度以及抽样时间。采用DSP平台对提出系统进行了具体实现和性能评估,实验结果显示相比其他类似系统,在不同条件（包括PSC）下,提出算法均能够实现速度跟踪且精确度较高。     

扰动观测法控制MPPT系统运动特性分析

扰动观测法是光伏系统MPPT算法中最常用的追踪算法.为了准确实现扰动观测法的追踪效果,该文基于扰动观测法等同于分段恒压控制的思想,推导了扰动观测法控制的调整时间公式,分析了扰动观测法控制MPPT系统工作点在光强突变时的运动特性,提出了"错误保持"、"正确保持"、"判断错误"和"判断正确"四个概念,总结了扰动观测法控制MPPT系统工作点的十二种运动情形及其动态效果,仿真结果和实验结果验证了四种典型运动情形.以此十二种运动情形为依据提出了一种对等评价不同扰动观测法控制性能优劣的评判方法,并应用该方法研究固定步长和变步长的暂态性能,结果表明,当判断错误时,变步长控制的动态性能比定步长的更差.该文研究结果有助于改善干扰控制法的动态性能.     

粒子群算法与电导增量法的双级最大功率点跟踪控制

通过对光伏发电最大功率点跟踪系统的研究,提出了PSO与电导增量法的双级最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制算法。该算法能很好地解决传统电导增量法在采用较大跟踪步长时跟踪精度差,采用较小跟踪步长时跟踪速度慢,动态跟踪过程中功率震荡大的问题。所提出的算法包含最优占空比预测和最大功率点跟踪两个阶段。最优占空比预测阶段采用改进的PSO算法搜索最大功率点附近的工作电流和工作电压,然后根据搜索到的电压和电流计算最大功率点附近的最优占空比,该阶段能解决传统的电导增量法在采用较小步长时存在的跟踪速度慢、功率震荡大等问题;在最大功率点跟踪阶段接收上一阶段所搜索到的最优占空比,当电导增量法所产生的占空比接近最优占空比时,采用电导增量法进行控制,否则采用上一环节的最优占空比进行控制。仿真实验结果表明,PSO与电导增量法的双级MPPT控制算法跟踪速度快,跟踪精度高,功率震荡小,能很好地实现最大功率点跟踪。     

基于变步长电导增量法MPPT的研究

光伏电池的输出功率与太阳辐射和环境温度变化,若不加以控制,将不会以最大功率输出。本文提出了一种变步长电导增量法,在光伏发电系统实现最大功率点跟踪。应用MATLAB建立光伏电池板的最大功率点跟踪变步长电导增量法的仿真模型并仿真。仿真结果表明,变步长电导增量法跟踪最大功率点效果良好,相比传统电导增量法,减弱了最大功率点附近振荡的情况,适合干快速变化的环境条件,具有良好的动态和稳态特性。     

Design of an FPGA based DPLL with fuzzy logic controllable loop filters with application customization capability

The carrier recovery loops are important in carrier tracking approaches particularly in the presence of high dynamic stress on user receivers and noisy environment applications. The precise carrier tracking techniques are proposed in systems that are sensitive to carrier mismatches, such as terrestrial or satellite tracking systems. The fading phenomenon, phase and frequency step changes and high user dynamics are currently most important challenges in the development of robust carrier tracking systems. In this work, a novel Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) is proposed using type-2 fuzzy logic controller to improve noise immunity and handling user dynamic in digital receivers with application customization capability. Due to fast and accurate decision-making by proposed fuzzy logic controller, optimal loop filter coefficients are generated for DPLL. The proposed DPLL is simulated with Xilinx System Generator Software and can be implemented on FPGA. In comparison to traditional approaches, proposed new DPLL shows better performance in response to phase step, frequency step and frequency ramp signals with acceptable settling time alongside minimum complexity in implementation and customization.     

Fast finite-time tracking control for a 3-DOF cable-driven parallel robot by adding a power integrator✰

Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) usually suffer from kinematic and dynamic uncertainties, which makes it difficult for traditional trajectory tracking control algorithms to achieve high precision, fast response time, and robustness. In this study, we present a novel fast finite-time tracking control (FFTTC) algorithm which solves this problem to a large extent. Specifically, we firstly used a function of exponential errors with fractional power combined with API technique, to deal with the key difficulty of the convergence rate degradation which exists in traditional finite-time tracking control (TFTTC) when system states are far from the equilibrium point. Simultaneously, the API technique was used to avoid the problem of the explosion of complexity. To facilitate algorithm evaluation, the finite-time stability of the close system consisting of the proposed FFTTC algorithm and the CDPRs was proved mathematically and the settling time was estimated correspondingly. The trajectory tracking experiments were performed on a 3-DOF CDPR driven by 4 cables. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed FFTTC algorithm can cope with external disturbances, variable load, and inaccurate model parameters. The comparison experiment indicates that the proposed FFTTC algorithm is superior to the model predictive control and TFTTC algorithms in precision, response speed and robustness.     

Robust learning control of a high precision planar parallel manipulator

End-point positioning accuracy and fast settling time are essential in the motion system aimed at semiconductor packaging applications. In this paper, a novel robust learning control method for a direct-drive planar parallel manipulator is presented. A frequency-domain system identification approach is used to identify the high frequency dynamic of the manipulator. A robust control design method is employed to design a stable, fast tracking response feedback controller with less sensitivity to high frequency disturbance and the control parameters are determined using genetic algorithm. A Fourier-series-based iterative learning controller is designed and used on the feedforward path of the controller to further improve the settling time by reducing the dynamic tracking error of the manipulator. Experimental results demonstrate that the planar parallel manipulator has significant improvements on motion performance in terms of positioning accuracy, settling time and stability when compared with traditional XY-stages. This shows that the proposed manipulator provides a superior alternative to XY-motion stages for high precision positioning.     

Real-Time Identification of Optimal Operating Points in Photovoltaic Power Systems

Photovoltaic power systems are usually integrated with some specific control algorithms to deliver the maximum possible power. Several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods that force the operating point to oscillate have been presented in the past few decades. In the MPPT system, the ideal operation is to determine the maximum power point (MPP) of the photovoltaic (PV) array directly rather than to track it by using the active operation of trial and error, which causes undesirable oscillation around the MPP. Since the output features of a PV cell vary with environment changes in irradiance and temperature from time to time, real-time operation is required to trace the variations of local MPPs in PV power systems. The method of real-time estimation proposed in this paper uses polynomials to demonstrate the power–voltage relationship of PV panels and implements the recursive least-squares method and Newton–Raphson method to identify the voltage of the optimal operating point. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is successfully demonstrated by computer simulations and experimental evaluations of two major types of PV panels, namely: 1) crystalline silicon and 2) copper–indium–diselenide thin film.     

Fuzzy Switching Technique Applied to PWM Boost Converter Operating in Mixed Conduction Mode for PV Systems

Due to the variation of the maximum power point (MPP) of photovoltaic (PV) generators with solar radiation and temperature, boost DC-DC converters placed between PV modules and inverters in grid-connected PV systems have to be controlled in a variable operating-point condition. In addition, inductor current dynamics changes suddenly when moving from continuous to discontinuous conduction mode. The previous difficulties make the design of reliable and fast control laws for the input voltage of boost converters complicated. The aim of this paper is to propose a control algorithm based on cascaded-loop control. The input voltage is controlled by the outer loop. The inductor current is controlled by an inner loop strategy which is able to perform in mixed conduction mode, owing to the fuzzy switching technique. Simulation and experimental results for a 10-kW boost converter show that the proposed strategy achieves an accurate and robust performance at every operating point, even if the inductor value varies in a wide range; thus, fast MPP tracking techniques can be implemented. An additional advantage is that constant switching frequency is achieved.     

Arrival rate estimation algorithm for single group slotted ALOHAsystems

In this letter, a new recursive tracking algorithm is presented that is capable of estimating the real arrival rate, λ_real , to the system. The estimated value of the arrival rate, λ _estimated, is used to dynamically adjust the control parameters of the system, hence ensuring that the operating point of the system is pushed toward the required settling point, whatever the real arrival rate to the system. This algorithm utilizes system information through the feedback channel in order to dynamically adjust the estimated value of the arrival rate and hence update the values of the control parameters     

基于双并联Boost电路的光伏系统最大功率点跟踪控制方法

光伏电池的输出功率取决于外界环境（温度和光照条件）和负载状况,需采用最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）电路,才能使光伏电池始终输出最大功率,从而充分发挥光伏器件的光电转换效能.在比较了常用光伏发电系统控制的优缺点后,依据MPPT控制算法的基本工作原理,主电路采用双并联Boost电路,具有电压提升功能,并且能够提高DC-DC环节的额定功率和减小直流母线电压的纹波.针对传统扰动观察法存在的振荡和误判问题,提出了一种新型的基于双并联Boost电路的改进扰动观察法最大功率跟踪策略.在Matlab/Simulink下进行了建模与仿真,仿真结果表明,当外界环境发生变化时,系统能快速准确跟踪此变化,避免算法误判现象的发生,通过改变当前的负载阻抗,使之与光伏电池的输出阻抗等值相匹配采满足最大功率输出的要求,使系统始终工作在最大功率点处,并且在最大功率点处具有很好的稳态性能.最后通过实验验证了该算法的有效性.     

光伏并网逆变器最大功率点跟踪算法的研究

光伏并网发电系统是光伏发电系统的发展趋势,而最大功率点跟踪技术是提高光伏发电效率的主要技术。本文在分析和研究了3种常用最大功率点跟踪方法优缺点的基础上,提出了一种集这3种常用方法优点的新方法,即综合优化法。在太阳能光伏转换系统中,通过具体实验比较了较大步长的扰动观察法,恒电压法和导纳增量法,还有本文中提出的综合优化法,通过对改进算法的仿真,以及与其他算法的比较,说明了这种改进算法的正确性,验证了这种算法的可行性及优越性。     

太阳能电池最大功率点跟踪技术研究

在太阳能LED路灯照明系统中,为了提高系统的整体效率,应实时检测太阳能电池的输出功率,保证太阳能电池始终工作在最大功率点上。文中介绍了太阳能电池的输出特性和最大功率点跟踪的原理,分析了常用的固定电压法、扰动观察法、电导增量法等跟踪方法。并针对传统算法中存在的跟踪速度慢、振荡现象等问题,提出了一种新的算法,将固定电压法和扰动观察法结合起来,利用两者各自的优势,实现快速跟踪,进一步提高太阳能电池的利用效率。     

Performance evaluation of a MPPT controller with model predictive control for a photovoltaic system

ABSTRACT

Efficiency has been a major factor in the growth of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Different control techniques have been explored to extract maximum power from PV systems under varying environmental conditions. This paper evaluates the performance of a new improved control technique known as model predictive control (MPC) in power extraction from PV systems. Exploiting the ability of MPC to predict future state of controlled variables, MPC has been implemented for tacking of maximum power point (MPP) of a PV system. Application of MPC for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been found to result into faster tracking of MPP under continuously varying atmospheric conditions providing an efficient system. It helps in reducing unwanted oscillations with an increase in tracking speed. A detailed step by step process of designing a model predictive controller has been discussed. Here, MPC has been applied in conjunction with conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method for controlling the dc-dc boost converter switching, harvesting maximum power from a PV array. The results of MPC controller has been compared with two widely used conventional methods of MPPT, viz. incremental conductance method and P&O method. The MPC controller scheme has been designed, implemented and tested in MATLAB/Simulink environment and has also been experimentally validated using a laboratory prototype of a PV system.     

A novel power benefit prediction approach for two‐axis sun‐tracking type photovoltaic systems based on semiconductor theory

Photovoltaic (PV) systems incorporated with sun‐tracking technology have been proposed and verified to effectively increase the power harvest. However, the actual power generated from a PV module has not been investigated and compared with that analyzed from theoretical models of the PV material. This study proposes a novel method for estimating the power benefit harvested by a two‐axis sun‐tracking type (STT) PV system. The method is based on semiconductor theory and the dynamic characteristics, including maximum power point tracking of PV modules that can be integrated with the database of annual solar incidences to predict the power harvested by any STT PV system. The increment of annual energy provided by an STT PV system installed at any arbitrary latitude, compared with that by a fixed‐type system, can be accurately estimated using the proposed method. To verify the feasibility and precision performance of this method, a fixed‐type and a two‐axis STT PV system were installed at 24.92° north latitude in northern Taiwan and tested through long‐term experiments. The experimental results show that the energy increments estimated by the theoretical model and actual measurement are 19.39% and 16.74%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of predicting the power benefit harvested by an STT PV system with high accuracy. Using our method, a PV system installer can evaluate beforehand the economic benefits of different types of PV systems while taking different construction locations into consideration, thereby obtaining a better installation strategy for PV systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于粒子群优化的光伏MPPT算法

针对光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪恒定电压法跟踪精度较低的缺点,提出了基于温度系数在线修正的改进恒定电压法与粒子群优化结合的光伏MPPT算法,即在系统偏离最大功率点时,采用改进恒定电压法快速确定一个新的工作点,再采用粒子群优化进行最大功率控制,使得MPPT确保跟踪速度的同时又提高了跟踪精度。最后通过Matlab/Simulink对该算法进行了仿真,结果表明该控制系统可快速跟踪最大功率点。     

基于改进扰动观察法的光伏阵列最大功率跟踪器的研究

光伏阵列由于输出特性具有非线性,为了提高发电效率,需要对其进行最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）。提出了一种基于改进扰动观察法的最大功率点跟踪器的设计方案,该方案在实现最大功率跟踪的基础上,解决了传统扰动观察法在响应速度与跟踪精度之间的矛盾。通过实验对比引入MPPT前后光伏阵列的输出,验证了方案的可行性与有效性。     

光伏并网发电与有源电力滤波的统一控制研究

论文分析了电能质量光伏并网系统的拓扑结构和工作原理。在此基础上对PQPV系统中谐波抑制和光伏并网最大功率跟踪之间的解耦控制进行了研究,并针对谐波治理过程中负载突变导致系统直流侧电压变化,进而对最大功率输出造成影响这一问题,在PQPV系统的直流侧电压控制环节中引入了输出电流前馈控制,解决了负载变化过程中谐波抑制环节对PQPV系统最大功率跟踪的影响。最后对所提出的前馈控制方法进行了实验研究并得出相应结论。