未来光因特网中的光交换方式及其发展趋势

Internet的业务流量正以每六个月翻一番的速度快速增长,未来网络中,数据业务超过话音业务只是时间问题,因此,基于电路交换的电信网升级到支持基于分组交换的数据业务是不可避免的,但是对因特网来说,由于光逻辑与光存储等器件不成熟,发展全光分组交换,技术上异常困难。另一方面,近来新提出的光突发交换,技术上相对简单,性能特点优异,因而成为更理想的选择,本文介绍了全光分组交换和光突发交换的研究现状,比较了两者的优缺点,最后指出改进光突发交换性能的两种方式。     

Optical-LSP Establishment and a QoS Maintenance Scheme Based on Differentiated Optical QoS Classes in OVPNs

A virtual private network (VPN) over Internet has the benefit of being cost-effective and flexible. However, it has difficulties providing sufficient QoS and adequate transmission capacity for high bandwidth services. Given the increasing demand for high bandwidth Internet and the demand for QoS assurances in a VPN over Internet, IP/generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) based on a control plane combined with a high-bandwidth, dense-wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical network is seen as a very favorable approach for realizing the future optical VPN (OVPN) over IP/GMPLS over DWDM. Within this architecture, providing QoS guaranteed multimedia services with a differentiated QoS guaranteed protocol framework with QoS recovery is one of the key issues to implement. Therefore, we suggest in this paper optical-label switched path (O-LSP) establishment and its QoS maintenance scheme based on differentiated optical QoS-service (DOQoS) classes. They are the key components for this DOQoS framework in assuring end-to-end QoS in an OVPN over IP/GMPLS over DWDM architecture.     

OBS网络数据信道调度算法性能比较与分析

光突发交换(0BS)网络中的数据信道调度算法是提高0BS网络性能的关键技术之一.首先介绍和分析了LAUC、LAUC-VF和0DBR基本原理和性能,结合国内外最新研究成果,介绍了四种支持QoS的数据信道调度算法,最后对其应用场合做出总结.     

光互联网体系结构及其关键技术

光互联网络的典型特征是高速宽带、灵活可控、资源高效利用。光突发交换（OBS）结合了光电路交换和光分组交换的优点,又克服了二者的不足,将成为下一代光互联网的一种典型的核心支撑技术。文章分析和讨论了OBS网络增强型通用多协议标记交换（GMPLS）控制面技术、多粒度光交换技术,以及光网络节点结构模型、波长资源预留与调度机制、竞争解决机制、OBS网络故障监测技术等关键技术;还分析和讨论了下一代光互联网络的光虚拟专用网（OVPN）关键技术问题。文章指出为了增强目前光网络在资源分配、服务发现、服务质量保障等方面缺乏与上层IP网络的协同支持,需要对网络控制面体系结构、流量工程和业务管理等方面加强研究。     

光突发交换网络中服务质量保证机制的研究

如何在光突发交换(OBS)网络中为承载的业务提供服务质量(QoS)保证,已经成为当前OBS领域的一个研究热点.从算法思想、QoS保证性能等方面,对当前几种主要的服务质量保证机制进行了研究:基于偏置时间的QoS机制、分段型QoS机制、比例型QoS机制、抢占式QoS机制、IP DiffServ over OBS的QoS机制以及基于数据信道分组的QoS机制.探讨了在设计一个有效的QoS保证机制时应考虑的因素以及今后的研究方向.     

光突发交换技术

介绍了一种很有发展潜力的新交换模式－－光突发交换。对其基本概念、交换原理、网络结构、节点结构进行了简明的阐述,通过与另外两种典型交换模式－波长路由与光分组交换的比较,总结了光突发交换的优势,并指出了光突发交换尚待解决的问题。     

光突发交换网络中QoS方案的研究

光突发交换是构建下一代光网络的有效交换技术,在OBS网络中如何有效地支持QoS已成为一个重要的研究课题.介绍了光突发交换网络中基于偏置时间的QoS方案和波长分组QoS方案,最后提出了一种基于波长分组技术,结合突发分片技术和Min-Sv算法的QoS的解决方案,通过建立相应的模型时其进行了仿真,仿真结果表明所提出的方案可以更好地提供区分服务,同时有效地提高了信道的利用率,降低了整体的丢失率.     

Burst scheduling for differentiated services in optical burst switching WDM networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is one of the most important switching technologies for future optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks and the Internet. The model of differentiated services has been proposed to support quality of service (QoS) in the IP‐based Internet. It is also very important to have differentiated service support in OBS networks. When the burst scheduling in an OBS network is set up appropriately, network can support differentiated services. In this paper, we proposed a new burst scheduling scheme, called differentiated scheduling with identical priority offset time (DSIPO). In DSIPO, the same priority offset time is used for all the bursts destined to the same edge node regardless of their priorities. Differentiated services in terms of burst loss probability are achieved by processing the control packets of higher priority class bursts, thus reserving resources for their data bursts, more promptly upon their arrival than those of lower priority class bursts. Each intermediate (core) node can adjust the burst loss probabilities of various burst classes by choosing its own differentiated processing delay value for each priority class or its own differentiated processing delay difference value between any pair of adjacent priority classes. We model and analyse DSIPO in terms of the burst loss probability for each priority class with simulation validation. The performance of DISPO is evaluated by simulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Novel Optical Burst Assembly Technique Based on a Dynamic Threshold Mechanism to Support Scalable QoS

In IP networks, coarse packet classification is a scalable QoS solution. Similarly, it can also be utilized to an OBS network. In order to match IP QoS requirements with the data processing capacity and flexibility of OBS networks, we propose a novel optical burst assembly technique, which is based on mapping rules and a dynamic threshold mechanism called ATQ-DT. How to map the IP QoS to burst priority is resolved by the mapping rules, and how to efficiently allocate the assembly capacity among classes belonging to the same priority is answered by ATQ-DT. This mechanism determines the maximum share for each class, which is proportional to the current unused capacity. Among the three mapping rules we propose, TQ-MAP is the most reasonable one because it considers both the traffic condition and the QoS requirement. As shown by simulation results, the assembly technique ATQ-DT with TQ-MAP can most remarkably improve the packets loss probability (PLP) to support QoS.     

光突发交换网络基于优先级与突发包分割的光缓存方法

为了保证光突发交换(OBS)网络中不同优先级业务的服务质量(Qos)和有效地降低突发包的丢失率,提出了一种基于优先级与突发包分割的光缓存方法.该方法通过在输出数据信道上设置光纤延迟线组来缓存被分割的冲突突发包.当冲突发生时,基于突发包的优先级进行"竞争突发包头部分割或者原突发包尾部分割,,处理;无冲突部分进行交换或者直...     

基于标签的光突发交换网络

先进的OBS(optical burst switching)技术和MPLS的强大控制能力结合产生了一种灵活紧凑的IP/DWDM集成模型LOBS.(labeled optical burst switching).它充分发挥了电子处理的高智能和光子交换的大容量优势,是未来数据网络的理想光交换方案.文中从OBS技术的优越性开始,分析了LOBS实现的网络结构和控制协议,探讨了LOBS流量工程和网络生存性.     

Optimized Combination of Converter Pools and FDL Buffers for Contention Resolution in Optical Burst Switching

Optical burst switching (OBS) has attracted interest as a transport network architecture for the future optical Internet. As OBS relies on statistical multiplexing efficient contention resolution is a key issue in order to achieve a low burst loss probability. First, this paper discusses options and key design parameters for contention resolution in OBS. Then, it evaluates the performance of OBS nodes which employ shared wavelength converter pools and simple fiber delay line (FDL) buffers. Finally, optimized strategies for the order of probing a wavelength converter pool and an FDL buffer for contention resolution are presented and compared. It is shown that these strategies can be used to optimize performance for a given, for example, minimal cost, dimensioning of the wavelength converter pool and the FDL buffer.     

LOBS交换光网络

把先进的OBS技术与MPLS的强大控制能力给合形成IP/DWDM集成模型LOBS,充分发挥了电子处理的高智能和光子交换的大容量优势,是未来数据网络的理想光交换方案。文章介绍了OBS技术的优越性,分析实现LOBS的网络结构和控制协议,探讨LOBS流量工程和网络生存性。     

Optical burst switching: a viable solution for terabit IP backbone

Wavelength-division multiplexing has emerged as an important physical layer technology. Optical transmission provides a physical layer capable of carrying bits at the speed at the order of a gigabit per second. Optical burst switching is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional WDM deployment, such as lack of fine bandwidth granularity in wavelength routing and electronic speed bottlenecks in SONET/SDH. We describe an architecture for IP network over the OBS WDM transmission core. The use of MPLS-type technique for forwarding data bursts and the inclusion of a medium access control layer between the optical (WDM) and IP layers are the key ingredients of the proposed architecture. In particular, the architecture is based on provisioning MPLS paths, also called label switched paths, of desired quality of service through the OBS WDM transmission core. The MAC layer performs various OBS-specific functions, such as burst assembly, burst scheduling, and offset setting/traffic shaping. While burst assembly and burst scheduling are relatively straightforward, we point out that the offset setting strategy has significant impact on the performance of IP network operating over OBS WDM core. We describe a shaping scheme to set the offset, an important system parameter for OBS, between the successive data bursts of a given data stream (label switched path) and their associated control packets. This scheme results in robust operation of the network and also facilitates traffic engineering. Guidelines are provided for implementing various IP QoS mechanisms in the optical backbone using OBS.     

基于光突发交换的下一代光互联网技术

给出了基于光突发交换的下一代光互联网技术的体系结构,然后从光突发数据格式、光突发的装配、光突发交换节点与网络结构、资源预留协议,以及数据信道调度算法等方面讨论了其核心技术问题.最后,简要地指出了下一代光互联网技术的未来研究方向和主要研究内容.     

OBS考虑优先级的突发包碎片可控合并重传算法

为了降低光突发交换网络中突发包的丢失率、降低网络路径的阻塞率、减小突发包冲突的概率,提出了考虑优先级的突发包碎片可控合并重传算法。当网络中数据通信发生冲突时,该算法能根据优先级进行突发包的分片,核心节点将这一信息反馈给边缘节点,边缘节点根据突发碎片的优先级以一定的概率重传被丢弃的突发包分片;同时,针对由于多次重传导致的突发包碎片过多的问题,该算法还按照突发包碎片的优先级顺序进行碎片重组,大大降低了网络的阻塞率。结果表明,相比以往的冲突解决算法,此算法在网络业务繁忙时的数据丢比特率和网络阻塞率方面的改善作用有比较明显的优势。这一结果对光突发交换网络的网络的性能改善方面是有帮助的。     

Delay-on-Demand: A Signaling Protocol to Reduce Blocking Probability in Optical Burst-Switching Networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is emerging as one promising switching paradigm for the next generation optical networks. To support multiple services in burst-switching networks, the OBS paradigm should support some quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning. A major design issue in such networks is to reduce the blocking probability of the bursts arising due to resource contention at the intermediate core router. In this paper, we propose a signaling protocol which we call ‘Delay-on-Demand’ (OBS-DoD), to reduce blocking probability and support QoS in optical burst-switching networks. The proposed scheme guarantees that at least one of the bursts succeeds depending on its priority, propagation delay from the ingress router, and the burst-size when contention occurs at the core router. For this, we use a control packet to delay, in case of a contention, the transmission of bursts at the ingress router. We compare the performance of our proposal, by simulation, with an earlier proposed scheme, and show that the proposed OBS-DoD outperforms the earlier scheme in reducing the blocking probability. For simulation, we generated bursty traffic using an M/Pareto distribution.     

定长光突发交换节点的QoS性能分析

分析了光突发交换网络中基于附加偏移时间(EOT,extra offset time)的业务优先等级区分服务的变长突发方案的不足，提出了一种定长光突发方案。它能在较小附加延迟的情况下保证高优先级的业务完全不受低优先级业务的阻塞，即使每个优先级的附加等待时间都减小到变长突发方案的1/3，同时使最高优先级业务的阻塞率更小，而且具有现实可行性。     

基于保护资源的混合光交换网络

提出一种基于保护资源的混合光交换方案P_HyLABS。该方案利用光电路交换(OCS)网络中的保护资源(波长信道),构建光突发交换(OBS)网络层,与OCS工作光路组成的OCS网络层一起,组成OCS/OBS混合交换网络。仿真结果表明,由于将OCS传送的电路交换的优势与OBS传送的统计复用能力进行了较好的结合,与单一的OCS网络和OBS网络相比,P_HyLABS混合交换在保证数据高效传输的同时,可应对呈高突发性的数据传送,在多失效的网络环境下也能部分恢复数据传送。