Harmonic mean and end-to-end performance of transmission systems with relays

Closed-form expressions for the statistics of the harmonic mean of two independent and identically distributed gamma variates are presented. The probability density function of the harmonic mean of two F variates is also derived. These statistical results are then applied to study the performance of wireless communication systems with nonregenerative relays over flat Nakagami fading channels. More specifically, outage probability formulas for noise-limited systems as well as systems affected by interference are obtained. Furthermore, general expressions for average bit-error rates are also derived. Finally, comparisons between regenerative and nonregenerative systems are presented. Numerical results show that the former systems clearly outperform the latter ones for low average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). They also show that the two systems have similar performance at high average SNRs.     

Outage probability of multihop transmission over Nakagami fading channels

We present a general analytical framework for the evaluation of the end-to-end outage probability of multihop wireless communication systems with nonregenerative relays over Nakagami fading channels. It is shown that the presented results can either be exact or tight lower bounds on the performance of these systems depending on the choice of the relay gain. More specifically, we obtain a closed-form expression for the moment generating function of the reciprocal of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and we then use this expression to calculate the outage probability via numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. Numerical examples show that regeneration is more crucial at low average SNR and for multihop systems with a large number of hops.     

Outage probability of multi-hop MIMO relaying with transmit antenna selection and ideal relay gain over rayleigh fading channels

We present a study on the outage probability of multi-hop wireless communication systems with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) link based on the transmit antenna selection and the maximal-ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. A nonregenerative system (NS) is investigated with an ideal amplifying gain. MIMO channels are assumed in uncorrelated Rayleigh fading.We derive a moment generating function (MGF) of the reciprocal of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and obtain a closed-form approximation on the outage probability through the numerical inversion of a Laplace transform. Numerical results show that the presented outage is exactly matched with the outage probability when assuming the ideal relay gain. For more practical gains, the result is shown to be a lowerbound that gets tight at high average SNR as well as for a small number of hops and/or of antennas. We also compare the outage probabilities of nonregenerative MIMO relaying with a regenerative counterpart for multiple hops.     

A performance study of dual-hop transmissions with fixed gain relays

This letter presents a study on the end-to-end performance of dual-hop wireless communication systems equipped with nonregenerative fixed gain relays and operating over flat Rayleigh-fading channels. More specifically, it first derives generic closed-form expressions for the outage probability and the average probability of error when the relays have arbitrary fixed gains. It then proposes a specific fixed gain relay that benefits from the knowledge of the first hop's average fading power and compares its performance with previously proposed relay gains that in contrast require knowledge of the instantaneous channel state information of the first hop. Finally, the letter investigates the effect of the relay saturation on the performance of the systems under consideration. Numerical results show that nonregenerative systems with fixed gain relays have a comparable performance to nonregenerative systems with variable gain, more complex, relays. These results also show that relay saturation of these systems results in a minimal loss in performance.     

Probability of SNR Gain by Dual-Hop Relaying over Single-Hop Transmission in SISO Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this letter, we address the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain achievable by dual-hop relaying over the single-hop transmission in single-input single-output (SISO) flat Rayleigh fading channels. We deal with both nonregenerative and regenerative relaying schemes. To quantify the SNR gain, a closed-form expression of the probability of SNR gain is developed. The probability of SNR gain results in an explicit function of an average power ratio of the per-hop channel in dual-hop relaying to the channel in the single-hop transmission. We investigate impacts of the average power ratio as well as the relaying location on the SNR gain.     

Performance analysis of wireless multihop diversity systems

We study the performance of multihop diversity systems with non‐regenerative relays over independent and non‐identical Rayleigh fading channels. The analysis is based on the evaluation of the instantaneous end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), depending on the type of the relay and the diversity scheme used. A closed‐form expression is derived for the average end‐to‐end SNR, when fixed‐gain relays and a maximal ratio combiner are used; also, an analytical expression formula for the average symbol‐error rate (ASER) for the above case is presented. The results show that, as expected, multihop diversity systems outperform conventional telecommunication systems in terms of ASER when the same amount of energy is assumed to be consumed in both cases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

End-to-end BER analysis for dual-hop OSTBC transmissions over Rayleigh fading channels

In this letter, a BER study is presented for the end- to-end performance of dual-hop wireless communication systems employing transmit diversity with orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs), where a nonregenerative or regenerative relay is equipped with a single antenna operating over flat Rayleigh fading channels. More specifically, we provide probability density functions (PDFs) and moment generating functions (MGFs) for the end-to-end SNR of the dual-hop OSTBC transmissions and then present its BER performance over M-ary QAM and PSK modulations, respectively. Numerical investigation shows that the analytic BER provided in the letter makes an exact match with the simulation result in various multiple-antenna transmission scenarios. The result also shows how the number of antennas equipped at the source and destination affects the end-to-end performance.     

Performance analysis of generalized-faded coherent PSK channels with equal-gain combining and carrier phase error

A new method is developed to analyze the performance of partially coherent PSK systems in wireless channels with equal-gain combining diversity receiver. Two performance criteria are considered: the average bit error probability and the probability distribution of the combiner SNR (SNR reliability). Tikhonov-distributed phase error processes are assumed and generalized fading channels including Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m are investigated. We evaluate the detection loss suffered by the carrier recovery for different SNR reliability levels when BPSK and QPSK systems are used in wireless channels. The analysis is based on a convergent infinite series for the distribution of the sum of random variables. The convergence rate of the proposed series is investigated and the analytical results are presented along with providing results obtained by simulation.     

非理想信噪比估计对BICM-ID系统性能的影响

该文给出一种直观的信噪比估计非理想时的先验信息建模,使用外信息转移图较为全面地分析了非理想信噪比估计对带迭代译码的比特交织编码调制系统性能的影响,分析结果表明非理想信噪比估计对典型的星座类型和标号在高斯和瑞利信道下的影响相似;通过对不同帧长的系统性能比较可知,长帧下信噪比估计偏小在-3dB以下时性能会大大下降,而估计偏大则没有影响;而对于中短帧而言,在相同的偏差下,偏小的影响要大于偏大的影响;此外,还给出由拟合得到的8PSK高斯信道和16QAM高斯与瑞利信道下的信噪比估计算法,最后通过系统仿真验证了该算法的有效性。     

混合发射天线选择的等增益传输系统优化设计

文中研究了混合发射天线选择的等增益传输(TAS-EGT)系统优化设计问题.根据信道衰落系数的排序统计特性,给出了TAS-EGT系统的平均接收信噪比,提出了最小发射天线数的计算方法.由于TAS-EGT系统的性能并非完全正比于射频链路数,因此文中提出了最优射频链路数的计算方法.仿真结果显示增加少量的发射天线可以节省大量的射频链路.因此,文中提出的算法可以降低系统的成本和复杂度,优化系统的性能以减少不必要的开销.     

OFDM系统中最大似然调制分类算法研究

在衰落信道下分别基于OFDM系统子载波和子载波组研究了最大似然调制分类算法,通过仿真对两种算法性能进行了比较,结果表明,两种算法在较大的信噪比范围内均具有较好的分类识别性能,在观测样本为400,正确识别率达到0.9时,基于子载波组的分类算法相对于基于子载波的分类算法具有2.39dB的信噪比增益。     

分布式发射天线V-BLAST信号的排序干扰抵消检测

针对V-BLAST信号通过分布的发射天线进入信道,该文提出了一种由于发射天线地域上的分布性引起的各发射天线发射信号不同时到达接收天线的V-BLAST排序干扰抵消(Order Interference Cancellation, OIC)检测算法。计算机仿真显示,该算法适用于任意个数的接收天线,在较高信噪比(20dB)的条件下,性能优于直接迫零算法3dB以上。在相同信噪比条件下,分布发射天线V-BLAST的排序干扰抵消检测算法比集中发射天线V-BLAST的排序干扰抵消检测算法有着更好的性能。     

基于整体经验模态分解的信噪比估计方法

为了提高未知样式信号的信噪比估计性能,提出一种基于噪声辅助的信噪比估计新算法,通过固有模态函数（IMF）分量平均周期的变化判断信号与噪声界限,给出了基于噪声辅助估计法的工作原理和流程图,分析了基于噪声辅助估计法的性能。仿真结果表明,基于噪声辅助估计法能够实现盲信号信噪比估计,在0 dB信噪比下均方误差不超过0.2 dB。     

Gain Adaptation Policies for Dual-Hop Nonregenerative Relayed Systems

We examine the performance of a dual-hop nonregenerative system with adjustable relay gain, subject to power constraints. An optimization problem is formulated and solved algorithmically for the binary phase-shift keying bit-error rate utility. The model allows for arbitrary channel statistics. Emphasis is placed on the relation between the optimal solutions obtained when observing the channels of either the first or both hops, as well as the comparison with easily implementable heuristic policies. Numerical results indicate that simple heuristics perform well for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), except for certain high-SNR cases. Finally, the effect of independent channel assumption on system performance is evaluated.     

Transmitter-based processing for down-link DS/CDMA systems with multiple transmit antennas

In cellular wireless communication systems, there have been various receiver-based techniques for performance improvement. However, it may be desirable to use transmitter- based techniques to improve the down-link capacity, since the implementation complexity is less critical at a base station (BS) than at a mobile station (MS). This paper presents a transmitter- based processing for the down-link direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) systems with multiple transmit antennas. We propose a combined pre-rake/pre-decorrelating approach. This approach combines the advantage of pre-rake scheme, to achieve diversity gain and average received signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) gain, with that of pre-decorrelating scheme, to suppress multiple access interference (MAI) and multipath interference (MPI). Furthermore, to make the total transmit power the same as that without pre-rake/pre-decorrelating processing, two power normalization methods are presented. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes significantly outperform the conventional transmitter-based techniques. The effects of the number of users and the block size on the bit error rate (BER) performance are also investigated.     

Improved-throughput opportunistic transmission protocol for cooperative communication systems with a preferable-link switching combining

In this article, we propose an opportunistic transmission protocol for cooperative communication systems with L relay nodes under the influence of fading channels. Unlike the protocols previously known in the literature, and given the fact that direct single-link communication outperforms multilink cooperative communication in terms of throughput for same channel conditions, we adopt the channel conditions of the direct link as a main criterion to use whether the direct link in the transmission or the indirect cooperative link. Different performance metrics are derived to demonstrate the performance of the proposed protocol along with a switching combining with a preferable link scheme. These metrics include the bit error rate (BER), outage probability, signal to interference noise ratio (SNR) gain, average throughput and the sum SNR–throughput product (SSTP). The latter performance metric is introduced to compare the maximum achievable throughput as well as the SNR range at a given quality of service (QoS). Our results show that the proposed opportunistic protocol improves the throughput as compared to the conventional cooperative communication systems for the whole range of average SNR. On the other hand, it improves the coverage range as compared to the direct link communication.     

Optimal power allocation for relayed transmissions over Rayleigh-fading channels

Relayed transmission is a way to attain broader coverage by splitting the communication link from the source to the destination into several shorter links/hops. One of the main advantages of this communication technique is that it distributes the use of power throughout the hops. This implies longer battery life and lower interference introduced to the rest of the network. In this context, this paper investigates the optimal allocation of power over these links/hops for a given power budget. All hops are assumed to be subject to independent Rayleigh fading. Outage probability which is the probability that the link quality from source to destination falls below a certain threshold is used as the optimization criterion. Numerical results show that optimizing the allocation of power enhances the system performance, especially if the links are highly unbalanced in terms of their average fading power or if the number of hops is large. Interestingly, they also show that nonregenerative systems with optimum power allocation can outperform regenerative systems with no power optimization.     

Performance of 2-D RAKE receiver in a correlatedfrequency-selective Nakagami-fading

The bit error rate (BER) performance and the characteristics of a two-dimensional (2-D) RAKE receiver operating in a correlated frequency-selective Nakagami-fading environment are analyzed. Correlated fading between array elements whose fading statistics are identical across the same RAKE branch, as well as an arbitrary number of RAKE-branches with arbitrary finding statistics, are assumed. We derived an approximated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) statistics for one RAKE branch with correlated multiple antennas, which is extended to that for multiple RAKE branches with arbitrary fading statistics, i.e., a 2-D RAKE receiver. The receiver's performance and characteristics are analyzed using the cumulative distribution function of the SNR at the 2-D RAKE receiver output and the BER under various conditions, Numerical results show that the improvement In performance of the 2-D RAKE receiver is brought about by the average SNR and diversity gains, which are identified by two parameters specifying the gamma distribution of SNR     

PERFORMANCE OF CLOSED LOOP TRANSMIT DIVERSITY IN A RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

In this paper, the closed loop transmit diversity technology for the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access（WCDMA） systems is investigated in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. The RAKE receiver model and the weighing vector algorithm are presented. The performance is theoretically analyzed in terms of the average maximal Signal-to-Noise Ratio（SNR） gain available over the Space-Time block coding based Transmit Diversity（STTD） technology. Theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the closed loop transmit diversity can provide a 3dB performance gain over the open loop scheme in a single path fading channel, while the performance gain decreases dramatically with the increasing inherent multipath diversity of the wireless channel.     

Performance analysis of switch‐and‐examine diversity systems with interference and Rayleigh fading channels

This paper studies the behavior of the low‐complexity switch‐and‐examine diversity combining (SEC) and switch‐and‐examine diversity combining with post‐examine selection (SECps) antenna selection schemes with interference. In this paper, we first derive the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end‐to‐end (e2e) signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio at the selection scheme combiner output. This CDF is then used to derive closed‐form expressions for the e2e outage and symbol error probabilities for the independent nonidentically distributed and independent identically distributed cases of diversity branches. In the analysis, the channels of the desired user and the interferers are assumed to follow Rayleigh distribution. Furthermore, to have more details about the system insights, the performance is evaluated at the high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) values where the diversity order and coding gain are derived and analyzed. The derived analytical and asymptotic results are validated via a comparison with Monte‐Carlo simulations. Main findings show that with interference power does not scale with average SNR; the system can still achieve performance gain when more receive antennas are used. This happens at the values of switching threshold that are close to average SNR. Also, results illustrate that the interference is noticeably affecting the gain achieved in system performance when more antennas are used. Furthermore, findings show that the SECps selection scheme outperforms the conventional SEC scheme when more antennas are added with the switching threshold is much larger than the average SNR. Finally, findings show that the SEC and SECps antenna selection schemes are efficient for systems which operate at the range of low SNR values and this makes them attractive candidates to be implemented in the emerging mobile broadband communication systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.