无线局域网DCF性能分析与仿真

主要分析了在无线局域网中应用比较广泛的MAC协议DCF(分布式协调功能)协议的性能.从DCF的基本接入模式和RTS/CTS模式出发,分析了不同的节点数下分别在低速、中速、高速下两种接入模式吞吐量和延时方面的比较.通过仿真验证了低速状态下RTS/CTS在大多数情况下比基本接入模式无论在吞吐量和延时方面都更加有效,而且节点数越多的时候,情况越明显.而在高速状态下,基本接入模式要比RTS/CTS方式有效.     

配电网故障定位中通信系统协议设置

采用无线自组织网络实现配电网故障检测。通过在配电网上安装无线节点,架构无线网络实现对配电网实时在线监测。文中主要利用NS2软件对无线自组织网络的协议进行了仿真分析,目的是选择适用于该系统的协议,以提高系统的性能。对DSDV、DSR、AODV的3种协议在节点数和停留时间不同情况下的端到端延时、分组投递率进行了比较,并且对基本接入机制和RTS/CTS机制下的吞吐量进行了比较,最终选择AODV协议并设置帧长门限值。     

一种基于RBAR的高效速率自适应算法

在动态变化的无线信道环境下传输数据时,选择适当的传输速率可以提高数据传输系统的性能,目前已经有多种速率自适应算法被提出。针对RBAR速率自适应算法需多次发送RTS/CTS控制帧浪费网络带宽这一缺点,提出一种改进速率自适应算法。改进后算法兼容IEEE802.11标准,通过监测系统吞吐量的变化,判断是否发送RTS/CTS帧更新传输速率,减少RTS/CTS控制帧的发送次数,提高系统整体性能。对系统吞吐量进行理论推导,通过仿真实验验证改进算法,可以通过减少RTS/CTS控制帧的发送次数提高系统吞吐量。     

一种并行传输的水声Ad hoc网络多址接入(PTMA)协议

由于存在"隐藏终端"和"暴露终端"的问题,无线Ad hoc网络的应用受到极大的限制.进一步,由于水声信道的特点,例如有用的频率带宽很窄,强时变、多途和长传播时延,使得设计水声Ad hoc网络具有自身特点和难度.本文中,我们为此提出了一种新的多址接入控制(MAC)协议,即并行传输多址接入(PTMA)协议.该协议基于如下思想:为消除冲突而进行多信道预约,这样能在多个信道上并行地传输数据;为缩短等待clear_-to_-send(CTS)的时间,当request_-to_-send(RTS)刚发送完就立即发送分组数据,而不必收到CTS后再发.通过使用OPNET Modeler/Radio仿真器得到的仿真结果显示:PTMA协议能取得较之于适合无线Ad hoc网络的多址接入协议更高的吞吐性能和较低的端到端传播时延.     

车用自组织网络SR-ALOHA协议分析

车用自组织网络(VANET)的一个重要特点是车辆终端具有高速移动性.传统的无线局域网MAC协议适用于节点固定的网络,对移动性的支持不够.基于时隙ALOHA和预约ALOHA提出一种在高速车辆运动环境下,适合节点移动的SR-ALOHA协议,采用动态切换协议的方法适应速率变化带来的通信链路时断时续.仿真结果表明,在速率变化的环境下协议具有较高的吞吐表现、较低的端到端传输延时.     

双忙音多址接入-Ad Hoc网络中的多址接入控制机制的研究

在Ad Hoc网络中,隐藏终端和暴露终端的存在,严重影响了网络的通信能力。但是通常只采用RTS／CTS对话的MAC层机制不能完全解决隐藏终端和暴露终端的影响,正如单纯的分组侦听的MAC机制在全连通的网络中并不安全一样。为了解决这些问题,介绍一种新的MAC层协议——双忙音多址接入(DBTMA)机制。他的运行借助2个窄带带外忙音。通过使用RTS分组和接收端的接收忙音完全解决了隐藏终端的影响,接收端的CTS分组和接收忙音解决了暴露终端的影响。发送端建立的忙音保护了RTS分组,提高了接收RTS成功的概率,因此也就提高了吞吐量。     

无线Mesh网中实时数据业务仿真与分析

无线Mesh网络是一种架构式多跳无线网络,具有结构灵活、快速部署、自组织和自愈合等优点,具有广泛的应用前景。通过采用ns-2仿真软件对基于IEEE 802.11 MAC协议和AODV路由协议的无线Mesh网中实时数据业务的数据传输进行建模与仿真,分析了Mesh网络中数据流经过的传输跳数与吞吐率的关系,以及MAC层RTS/CTS、重传次数以及MAC层和路由层相互作用对无线Mesh网中实时数据业务性能的影响,指出了提高无线Mesh网中实时数据业务性能的所需要的改进方向。     

一种基于IEEE 802.11的改进退避机制

首先介绍了IEEE802.11协议介质访问控制层(MAC)的基础退避机制;然后介绍了基于基础退避机制的渐近最优退避(AOB)机制;最后参照AOB机制,考虑到无线局域网中的"隐藏站点"现象,在基础机制中引入了请求发送/允许发送(RTS/CTS)可选项,推导分析出相应的改进AOB机制。在现实环境中,改进AOB机制相比较于AOB机制,更具有普适性。     

一种用于水声通信网的多址接入协议

由于传输介质的不同，使得水声通信具有一些有别于电磁波通信的特点。本文针对水声信号传播时延长带来的效率低的问题，为水下环境中的通信网提出了一种新型的冲突避免多址接入协议，该协议通过减少不必要RTS／CTS握手次数，降低了这种预约形式所造成的资源浪费，提高了网络效率。仿真结果显示，该协议在水声环境下，能获得较好的网络性能。     

基于双忙音的多址接入协议的研究

在Ad Hoc网络中．隐藏终端和暴露终端的存在严重影响了网络的通信能力。双忙音多址接入（DBTMA）协议是采用RTS／CTS对话机制来预约信道，通过引入两个窄带带外忙音信号来避免分组间冲突，解决了隐藏终端和暴露终端问题。本文在两个方面进一步对DBTMA进行改进：第一，使用一个控制分组RTS来预约信道，通过目的节点所发接收忙音来响应RTS分组；第二，采用时隙ALOHA协议对RTS分组进行传输，通过改进，提高了控制分组成功传输的概率，经仿真研究分析表明，提高了网络的吞吐量，增强了网络性能。     

A novel hidden station detection mechanism in IEEE 802.11 WLAN

The popular IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) is based on a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), where a station listens to the medium before transmission in order to avoid collision. If there exist stations which can not hear each other, i.e., hidden stations, the potential collision probability increases, thus dramatically degrading the network throughput. The RTS/CTS (request-to-send/clear-to-send) frame exchange is a solution for the hidden station problem, but the RTS/CTS exchange itself consumes the network resources by transmitting the control frames. In order to maximize the network throughput, we need to use the RTS/CTS exchange adaptively only when hidden stations exist in the network. In this letter, a simple but very effective hidden station detection mechanism is proposed. Once a station detects the hidden stations via the proposed detection mechanism, it can trigger the usage of the RTS/CTS exchange. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can provide the maximum system throughput performance.     

IEEE802.11 DCF发送过程的能耗分析

该文通过数学模型分析网络处于饱和状态时,终端采用DCF的基本方式和RTS/CTS方式发送一个固定长度的数据包所需要消耗的能量。进而,得到数据包载荷长度在给定的区间上服从一定的分布条件下,RTS门限和终端发送一个数据包所需消耗能量的平均值之间的关系。研究发现,存在一个使终端发送的平均能耗最小的最佳RTS门限,给出了最佳RTS门限的求解方法。计算机仿真结果很好地验证了理论分析的正确性。     

A weighted fairness guarantee scheme based on node cooperation for multimedia WLAN mesh networks

In this paper, we focus on weighted fairness in multimedia WLAN mesh networks. Based on the analysis of the fairness problem of IEEE 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) scheme in WLAN mesh networks, we propose a weighted fairness guarantee scheme (WFGS), which provides weighted fairness for multimedia flows with different QoS requirements through node cooperation. WFGS piggybacks extra field in RTS/CTS frames to declare the channel occupation ratio of each flow. Accordingly, the transmitters can get the neighboring flows’ channel occupation ratio via overhearing the RTS/CTS frames from its neighbors, and cooperatively adjust the contention window size to achieve weighted fairness among the flows. Also, to reliably reserve transmissions, an adaptive power control based RTS/CTS handshake mechanism is introduced. Simulation results show that compared with EDCA scheme, WFGS can effectively resolve the collisions induced by the carrier interference and thereby guarantee both the short-term and long-term weighted fairness among multimedia flows.     

Improving protocol capacity for UDP/TCP traffic with model-based frame scheduling in IEEE 802.11-operated WLANs

In this paper, we develop a model-based frame scheduling scheme, called MFS, to enhance the capacity of IEEE 802.11-operated wireless local area networks (WLANs) for both transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) traffic. In MFS each node estimates the current network status by keeping track of the number of collisions it encounters between its two consecutive successful frame transmissions, and computes accordingly the current network utilization. The result is then used to determine a scheduling delay to be introduced before a node attempts to transmit its pending frame. MFS does not require any change in IEEE 802.11, but instead lays a thin layer between the LL and medium access control (MAC) layers. In order to accurately calculate the current utilization in WLANs, we develop an analytical model that characterizes data transmission activities in IEEE 802.11-operated WLANs with/without the request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) mechanism, and validate the model with ns-2 simulation. All the control overhead incurred in the physical and MAC layers, as well as system parameters specified in IEEE 802.11, are figured in. We conduct a comprehensive simulation study to evaluate MFS in perspective of the number of collisions, achievable throughput, intertransmission delay, and fairness in the cases of TCP and UDP traffic. The simulation results indicate that the performance improvement with respect to the protocol capacity in a WLAN of up to 300 nodes is 1) as high as 20% with the RTS/CTS and 70% without the RTS/CTS in the case of UDP traffic and 2) as high as 10% with the RTS/CTS and 40% without the RTS/CTS in the case of TCP traffic. Moreover, the intertransmission delay in MFS is smaller and exhibits less variation than that in IEEE 802.11; the fairness among wireless nodes in MFS is better than, or equal to, that in IEEE 802.11.     

Can multiple subchannels improve the delay performance of RTS/CTS-based MAC schemes?

We analyze the delay performance of RTS/CTS-based (Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send) multi-channel MAC (Medium Access Control) schemes for wireless networks. These schemes usually employ multiple data subchannels for data transmission and one control subchannel to send the RTS/CTS dialogue for channel reservation. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, we show that, in fully-connected networks, such multi-channel MAC schemes suffer longer delays than the corresponding single channel MAC scheme, that puts the RTS/CTS dialogue on the same channel as data packet transmissions. This conclusion holds even when data packets have different priorities and higher priority traffic is sent ahead of lower priority traffic.     

Evaluation of the masked node problem in ad hoc wireless LANs

IEEE 802.11 wireless networks employ the so-called RTS/CTS mechanism in order to avoid data packet collisions. The main design assumption is that all the nodes in the vicinity of a sender and a receiver will hear the RTS or CTS packets, and defer their transmission appropriately. This assumption happens to not hold, in general, even under perfect operating conditions. Often, neighboring nodes are "masked" by other ongoing transmissions nearby and, hence, are unable to receive the RTS or CTS packets correctly. We refer to such nodes as masked nodes. In this paper, we describe the masked node problem and show scenarios leading to data packet collisions. We evaluate the impact of masked nodes through mathematical analysis and real experiments on a small IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network. The analytical and experimental data closely match and reveal that the presence of a masked node in a network can result in an order of magnitude increase in data packet loss compared to a network without masked nodes. These results are further validated by extensive simulations on a large-scale network, which show that masked nodes also significantly affect delay and throughput performance. Therefore, masked nodes severely limit the effectiveness of the RTS/CTS mechanism in preventing performance degradation in wireless LANs.     

Analysis of the Request to Send/Clear to Send Exchange in WLAN Over Fiber Networks

A study of the effect of the optical path delay on the effectiveness of the request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) exchange in high-speed IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) over fiber networks has been carried out. It is shown that although the fiber delay might violate some of the timing boundaries of the medium access control (MAC) protocol, with a careful choice of the RTS threshold parameter, which determines when the RTS/CTS is used, these networks can benefit significantly from the four-way handshake even without the need for modifying the existing protocol.      

RTS与帧分段机制在地空数据链中的应用与改进

将IEEE802．11的RTS／CTS握手机制与MSDU帧分段机制引入地空数据链,建立了基于改进Markov链的地空数据链MAC层协议模型。以最大饱和吞吐量为性能参数推导出合理的RTS阈值和分段阈值算法。分析表明该方法能够提高无线通信效率,降低了误帧率,解决了隐藏终端等问题。     

Effectiveness of RTS/CTS handshake in IEEE 802.11 based ad hoc networks

IEEE 802.11 MAC mainly relies on two techniques to combat interference: physical carrier sensing and RTS/CTS handshake (also known as “virtual carrier sensing”). Ideally, the RTS/CTS handshake can eliminate most interference. However, the effectiveness of RTS/CTS handshake is based on the assumption that hidden nodes are within transmission range of receivers. In this paper, we prove using analytic models that in ad hoc networks, such an assumption cannot hold due to the fact that power needed for interrupting a packet reception is much lower than that of delivering a packet successfully. Thus, the “virtual carrier sensing” implemented by RTS/CTS handshake cannot prevent all interference as we expect in theory. Physical carrier sensing can complement this in some degree. However, since interference happens at receivers, while physical carrier sensing is detecting transmitters (the same problem causing the hidden terminal situation), physical carrier sensing cannot help much, unless a very large carrier sensing range is adopted, which is limited by the antenna sensitivity. In this paper, we investigate how effective is the RTS/CTS handshake in terms of reducing interference. We show that in some situations, the interference range is much larger than transmission range, where RTS/CTS cannot function well. Two independent solutions are proposed in this paper. One is a simple enhancement to the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. The other is to utilize directional antennas. Simulation results verify that the proposed schemes indeed can help IEEE 802.11 resolve most interference caused by large interference range.