Magnetic field sensor based on peanut-shape structure and multimode fiber

An all fiber magnetic field sensor with peanut-shape structure based on multimode fiber (MMF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing structure and magnetic fluid (MF) are both encapsulated in capillary, and the effective refractive index of MF is affected by surrounding magnetic field strength. The measurement of magnetic field is realized by observing the wavelength drift of interference peak. The transmission spectrum generated by Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) includes core-core mode interference and core-cladding mode interference. Experimental results demonstrate that the core-cladding mode interference is sensitive to magnetic field, and the magnetic field sensitivity is 0.047 8 nm/mT. In addition, two kinds of interference dips are sensitive to temperature, and the sensitivities are 0.060 0 nm/°C and 0.052 6 nm/°C, respectively. So the simultaneous measurement of magnetic field strength and temperature can be achieved based on sensitivity matrix. This work has been supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No.2013AA014200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11444001), and the Municipal Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No.14JCYBJC16500). E-mail:13821538563@163.com      

Optical fiber magnetic field sensors with peanut-shape structure cascaded with LPFG

An optical fiber magnetic field sensor for the dual-parameter simultaneous measurement is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor head is constructed by a peanut-shape structure and long period fiber grating (LPFG) coated by magnetic fluid (MF). The external magnetic field intensity can be measured by the variation of characteristic wavelength (Dip1 and Dip2) in interference spectrum since the effective refractive index of MF changes with external magnetic field intensity. When the external magnetic field intensity changes from 0 mT to 20 mT, the magnetic field sensitivities of Dip1 and Dip2 are ?0.064 nm/mT and ?0.041 nm/mT, respectively. Experimental results show that the temperature sensitivities of the Dip1 and Dip2 are 0.233 nm/°C and 0.186 nm/°C, respectively. Therefore, the simultaneous measurement of the magnetic field intensity and temperature is demonstrated based on the sensitive matrix. It has some potential applications in aerospace, environmental monitoring and medical sensing fields.     

An optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on fiber spherical structure interferometer coated by magnetic fluid

A novel magnetic field sensor based on optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated by magnetic fluid (MF) is proposed. The MZI consists of two spherical structures formed on standard single mode fiber (SMF). The interference wavelength and the power of the sensing structure are sensitive to the external refractive index (RI). Since RI of the MF is sensitive to the magnetic field, the magnetic field measurement can be realized by detecting the variation of the interference spectrum. Experimental results show that the wavelength and the power of interference dip both increase with the increase of magnetic field intensity.     

基于拉锥单模-多模-单模光纤结构的高灵敏折射率传感器

文章介绍基于拉锥单模-多模-单模(SMS)光纤结构的模间干涉仪,当拉伸长度为35mm时形成自由光谱区(FSR)为1.3nm的干涉透射谱,消光比达到10dB。此时拉锥多模光纤的腰椎平坦区直径约为3.85μm,具有较强的倏逝场,可用作高灵敏折射率传感器。实验证明,此拉锥SMS结构在折射率范围1.35-1.36内的灵敏度高达771nm/RIU,能精密监测溶液溶质扩散现象。     

在光纤拼接处刻写长周期光纤光栅及其传感应用

在"单模光纤-细芯光纤"拼接处刻写了Type II型长周期光纤光栅,构成一种高温光纤传感器。该传感器实际由2段不同的长周期光纤光栅级联构成,在第二个光栅形成了Mach-Zehnder干涉,因此,传感器透射谱由长周期光纤光栅与Mach-Zehnder干涉仪共同作用形成。利用传感器的透射谱与环境温度的线性变化关系,进行环境温度测量。实验中选取传感器透射谱的2个谐振峰波谷dip 1和dip 2来测量外部温度变化。实验结果表明:在300℃~800℃高温测量范围中,波谷dip 1处温度灵敏度为103.4 pm/℃,波谷dip 2处温度灵敏度为121.8 pm/℃,测量最高温度可达到800℃。该传感器制作简单易重复、灵敏度高、线性度好、成本低,在高温传感领域有一定的应用价值。     

基于磁流体和无芯光纤的磁场传感器

用无芯光纤(NCF)作为单模-多模-单模(SMS)结构中的多模光波导,并将其浸没在密封于毛细管内的磁流体(MF)中,形成了一种新型的全光纤化磁场传感器。传感器可利用磁场变化时其透射谱中谷值波长的移动或峰值波长处的透射率变化对相应的磁场变化进行测量。完成了传感器的制作并进行了实验研究,在传感器长约9cm时,实验得到的磁场灵敏度分别达到了78pm/Oe和0.129dB/Oe。除了作为磁场传感器,本文装置还可以用来作为磁控可调光衰减器或光调制器。     

基于长周期光纤光栅和Sagnac环的温度与折射率的区分测量

利用长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)和保偏光纤(PMF)Sagnac环透射光谱的调制特性,设计了温度和折射率同时区分测量系统。通过监测LPFG嵌入Sagnac环的透射谱中谐振峰波长和强度的变化,测定了波长和强度对温度和折射率的灵敏度系数,构建了传感系数矩阵。实验发现,谐振峰波长随温度变化,谐振峰强度随折射率变化,实现了温度与折射率的区分测量。实验测得该系统的温度灵敏度0.1 286nm/℃,折射率灵敏度为49.38dB/RIU。实验结果验证了方案的正确性,且实验系统搭建简便,体积小,成本低,具有一定的应用前景。     

全光纤粗锥MZ级联PCF-FP结构双参数特性研究

为了在测量NaCl溶液浓度的同时实现对温度的监测,提出了一种基于马赫-曾德干涉仪（Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,MZI）级联法布里-珀罗干涉仪（Fabry-Perot Interferometer,FPI）的干涉型传感器。在单模光纤上通过熔融放电制作出一对腰锥直径155 m、间隔1.5 cm的MZI,其对比度为10 dB、周期29.85 nm;在MZI尾纤的一端与光子晶体光纤（Photonic Crystal Fiber,PCF）相对熔接并在距熔接点176 m处将PCF切平,形成对比度为8 dB、周期为5.71 nm的FPI。实验选取1 535~1 555 nm波段MZI和FPI的干涉波谷特征波长,在0~150℃的温度和0%~24%的NaCl溶液浓度变化范围内测得MZI的温度和折射率灵敏度分别为50 pm/℃和9.97 nm/RIU,线性度均大于0.97;而FPI的波谷特征波长对折射率不敏感,温度灵敏度约为8.3 pm/℃,线性度为0.98。最后,通过构建温度-浓度函数关系矩阵得出了对温度和NaCl溶液浓度的灵敏度矩阵。该干涉型传感器对温度和NaCl溶液浓度表现出良好的灵敏度和线性度,可实现上述双参数的同时测量。     

Fiber in-line magnetic field sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer integrated with magnetic fluid

In this paper, magnetic fluid (MF), a new type of optical functional nanomaterial with interesting optical characteristics under the external magnetic field, is adopted to form a novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor. The proposed sensor is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and has a multimode-singlemode-multimode (MSM) fiber structure. The MSM structure was fabricated by splicing a section of uncoated single mode fiber (SMF) between two short sections of multimode fibers (MMFs) using a fiber fusion splicer. The magnetic field sensing probe was made by inserting the fiber-optic structure in an MF-filled capillary tube. Variations in an external magnetic field is seen to cause changes in the refractive index of MF. This tunable change in the refractive index with magnetic field strengths between 0.6 mT to 21.4 mT produces a shift in the peak position of the wavelength. The shift of the valley wavelength with magnetic field intensity has a good linearity of up to 99.6%. The achieved sensitivity of the proposed magnetic field sensor is 0.123 nm/mT,which is improved by several folds compared with those of most of the other reported MF-based magnetic field sensors. Furthermore, we build the corresponding circuit-based measurement system, and the experimental results show that the voltage change indirectly reflects the change of the external magnetic field strength. Therefore, this provides the potential to fiber-based magnetic field sensing applications.     

环形腔微光纤MZI的海水温/盐度同时测量的设计与模拟

为实现海水中温度和盐度(温/盐度)同时测量,设 计了一种环形腔微光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(MZI)。首先,计算了MZI在不同温/盐度下的 输出光谱,光谱中同时存在谐 振峰和干涉峰,分别由环形腔谐振和MZ干涉引起,由于谐振峰和干涉峰对温/盐度变化的响 应不同,因而 可将其运用于海水的温/盐度同时测量;其次,为了提升MZI的测量灵敏度,计算了灵敏度 与 其结构参数的关系。结果表明,谐振峰的温/盐度灵敏度只与制成环形腔的微光纤直径有关 ,而干涉峰灵敏 度同时与MZI两个微光纤臂的直径和长度相关,当制成环形腔的微光纤臂是MZI两臂中直径 较 小且长度较大的一臂时,能得到较高的测量灵敏度。经过优化后,干涉峰的温/盐度灵 敏度比传统的 光纤光栅分别提升了75倍和约3650倍。本文 设计的MZI具有结构简单、灵敏度高的优点,可为研制新型的海洋微光纤传感器提供参考。     

Single mode fiber dislocation Mach-Zehnder interfero- meter cascaded with fiber Bragg grating for monitoring metal electrochemical corrosion

An optical fiber sensor composed of a dislocation Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) cascaded with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed, and it is used to monitor the electrochemical corrosion of metals in experiments. The dislocation interferometer is composed of two segments of single-mode fiber (SMF) and one segment of dislocation SMF. The contact surface is increased between the fiber and the environment, which helps to improve the interference sensitivity. The relationship between the dislocation amount and the refractive index sensitivity of the interferometer is discussed through simulation. In the experiment, the sensitivity of the interferometer reaches more than 10 000 nm/RIU, and the monitoring of metal electrochemical corrosion is also realized in 3.5% NaCl solution. The proposed measurement scheme has the advantages of small structure, low cost and high sensitivity. It has good prospects in chemical reaction monitoring.     

采用复合滤波器的温度可调谐多波长光纤激光器

提出了一种基于复合光纤滤波器的在室温下稳定输出多波长掺铒光纤激光器,该激光器由两个级联球状结构的马赫-增德尔干涉仪（MZI）和一个双折射光纤滤波器-Lyot滤波器组成。球状结构MZI是由光纤熔接机在一段单模光纤（SMF）放电设计而成的。Lyot双折射光纤滤波器是利用一段保偏光纤（PMF）和两个偏振控制器（PC）连接而成,该结构可以诱导非线性偏振旋转效应和双折射光纤效应来抑制模式竞争产生多波长。Lyot滤波器和球状结构的MZI作为模式限制器件,并且Lyot滤波器对级联球状结构MZI的透射谱进行调制,其透射谱周期决定了复合滤波器结构的透射谱周期。在室温下,该系统实现了边模抑制比约为40 dB的九个波长的同时激射,且波长间隔约为0.68 nm,与Lyot滤波器透射谱周期一致。为了验证输出波长的稳定性,在2 h内,每隔10 min观察输出的波长,实验证明,室温下中心波长输出功率的浮动小于0.67 dB。此外,将两个球状结构MZI放置在高温炉上,使其外界温度从30℃升至110℃时,输出波长光谱的调谐范围可达到6.69 nm。     

基于3dB光纤耦合器构成的Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪稳定控制系统

Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪（MZI）是一种利用光干涉原理制成的仪器,具有体积小、重量轻、结构紧凑、抗电磁干扰和灵敏度高等优点。但是,Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪是一种非平衡并行结构,易受环境等因素影响导致其性能不稳定。因此,高性能测量系统和通信系统对光纤干涉仪的稳定工作提出了严格的要求。提出了一种基于3 dB光纤耦合器构成的Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的稳定控制系统,其目的是通过对探测器的输出信号进行调制,并反馈到光纤干涉仪的一臂上进行偏置控制,从而实现Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪的稳定工作。该方法实现简单,克服了现有3 dB光纤耦合器构成的Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪不能稳定工作的问题。     

Tuning of an erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on heating a tapered fiber filter

An erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFRL) with wavelength tuning is reported. The laser has a Mach–Zehnder fiber interferometer (MZFI) based on tapers as an intracavity filter, which spectral interference transmission spectrum is modified by external refractive index changes induced by temperature variations in the 25–110 °C range. The MZFI is immersed in a glycerol solution, which refractive index is modified by controlled temperature changes, which allows the tuning of the laser wavelength determined by the interference fringes. Wavelength tuning of 12 nm was measured. This approach is very simple, portable and inexpensive over traditional methods to tune a fiber laser. In addition, the tuning mechanism do not require a solution replacement to operate.     

Tunable fiber laser based on a cascaded structure consisting of in-line MZI and traditional MZI

A tunable erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser with a cascaded structure consisting of in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and traditional MZI is proposed. The transmission spectrum of the in-line MZI is modulated by the traditional MZI, which determines the period of the cascaded structure, while the in-line MZI’s transmission spectrum is the outer envelope curve of the cascaded structure’s transmission spectrum. A stable single-wavelength lasing operation is obtained at 1 527.14 nm. The linewidth is less than 0.07 nm with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) over 48 dB. Fixing the in-line MZI structure on a furnace, when the temperature changes from 30 °C to 230 °C, the central wavelength can be tuned within the range of 12.4 nm.     

消除模间干涉现象的光纤光栅模式转换器

光纤通信技术占据了目前通信传输的主要地位,但基于波分复用技术的单模光纤通信系统目前则面临着严重的信道容量危机,因此基于多模/少模光纤的模分复用技术逐渐得到了人们的重视。模式转换器是模分复用技术中的重要器件之一,而长周期光纤光栅是一种很好的全光纤模式转换器。在利用长周期光纤光栅完成LP01到LP11模式转换的基础上,这种新型的模式转换器利用多模光纤消除了模式间干涉,从而使模式转换的模式纯度更高、稳定性更好,在模式转换效率达到99.5%的同时还可以保证几乎没有模式间干涉现象的产生。同时,这种模式转换器的多种传感特性也良好,其对拉力有着很好的线性灵敏性,可以达到2.83 nm/N和5.66 dB/N,因此此结构在未来的模分复用及传感领域会有重要的作用。     

Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on a long-period grating with a polarization maintaining fiber in a loop mirror

Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a long-period grating (LPG) and a polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) in a fiber loop mirror (FLM) is presented. The sensing head is formed by an LPG. The transmitted optical intensity from the FLM is linear with the variation of the strain. And the interference resonant dip has a blue shift with the increasing of the temperature. Experimental results show that the proposed sensor has the sensitivities of 0.0346 nm/°C and 1.82 × 10⁻³ dB/με within the strain range of 0–1300 με, respectively.     

二氧化钛包覆无芯光纤的硫化氢气体传感器性能研究

提出了一种基于二氧化钛薄膜包覆无芯光纤的硫化氢气体传感器。该传感器将两段不同长度的无芯光纤熔接在单模光纤两端,构建由两段单模光纤-无芯光纤-单模光纤结构组成的干涉仪。由于光从单模光纤进入无芯光纤中激发出不同阶模式,形成基于多模干涉的干涉仪,通过在无芯光纤外表面构造的二氧化钛薄膜对硫化氢气体的吸附,将气体浓度与干涉光谱的偏移联系起来,实现对硫化氢的检测。实验表明:在0~60 ppm的范围内获得了18.93 pm/ppm的灵敏度和良好的线性关系,且随着硫化氢浓度的增加,干涉谱呈现红移,响应和恢复时间分别约为80 s和110 s。该传感器具有结构简单、灵敏度高、制造方便等优点,在硫化氢气体的安全监测领域有潜在的应用价值。     

基于M-Z滤波和LPFG的液体折射率传感特性研究

利用飞秒激光逐线刻写方式在HI1060光纤中制作谐振波长为1548.5 nm,谐振强度为7 dB,栅区长度为3.2 mm的长周期光纤光栅。通过纤芯错位熔接方法在HI1060光纤中制作马赫曾德-干涉仪(MZI),对LPFG的透射光谱进行滤波优化。设计使用不同折射率的酒精溶液、氯化钠溶液和蔗糖溶液分别对基于MZI滤波的LPFG的折射率特性进行了测试和研究。实验中随着三种溶液折射率增加,LPFG的谐振波长发生红移,该LPFG在酒精溶液、氯化钠溶液和蔗糖溶液中的折射率灵敏度分别为301.78 nm/RIU、138.80 nm/RIU和132.67 nm/RIU。