低仰角下对流层散射斜延迟估计方法

对流层斜延迟是对流层散射双向时间比对系统的主要误差来源,目前尚未有对系统中对流层斜延迟进行精确估计的模型。为精确估计斜延迟,引入电磁波射线描迹法,并利用Hopfield天顶延迟模型中折射率计算方案改进描迹法,以克服该方法对探空数据的依赖。首先,根据北纬35 ~37范围内的3个测站2010~2012年的实测气象数据和天顶延迟数据,验证 模型精度范围小于35 mm;然后,将3个测站按相互基线距离的不同分为3组比对站,利用改进后的模型结合2012年的气象数据,计算了在0~5入射角下,一年的斜延迟,并得出最大斜延迟对应的年积日和入射角。计算结果表明,3组比对站的最大单向斜延迟为24.94~45.37 m。在双向比对抵消90%的情况下,时间延迟为3.1~5.7 ns;相互抵消95%时,时间延迟为1.5~2.9 ns。     

一种对流层散射通信斜延迟估计方法

为实现对流层散射通信的实时性,针对散射通信延迟估计问题,提出了一种不事先进行信道测量的对流层通信延迟计算方法。首先利用全球压力和温度2（GPT2）模型计算气象数据,然后采用射线描迹法对大气层分层并积分求和,最后计算出对流层散射通信延迟。采用与射线描迹法相结合的方法,摆脱了射线描迹法对探空数据的依赖。最后选取我国三个典型测量站数据进行算例分析,计算结果与我国对流层延迟实际分布特征相吻合,为研究在不事先进行信道测量的情况下计算对流层散射通信延迟量提供了一种新思路。     

单台地基卫星导航接收机测量对流层斜延迟

针对传统差分GPS技术和探空技术在监测对流层方面的局限性,如效率低、成本高、可移动性差等缺点,给出基于精密单点定位方法实现单台地基卫星导航接收机测量对流层斜延迟的方法。精密单点定位方法克服了传统方法的局限性。以单台地基GPS接收机的观测数据为例进行处理,获取对流层斜延迟,并与基于探空数据由射线描迹方法获得的对流层斜延迟进行对比。对比显示单站地基GPS接收机的测量结果与探空的结果大小相符,有很强的相关性,且相关系数都在0.99以上。结果表明:该方法是正确可行的。     

对流层散射双向时间比对中对流层斜延迟实时估计

对流层斜延迟是对流层散射双向时间比对中一个重要误差源,该文提出一种对流层散射双向时间比对中对流层斜延迟实时估计方法。通过GPT2w模型计算测站气象数据,克服对流层斜延迟估计中对实时气象数据的依赖。针对Hopfield模型中固定的对流层散射顶层高,利用几何方法计算动态对流层散射顶层高,以解决对流层散射双向比对的实际应用问题。选取日本地区3个测站,两两进行比对,在验证Hopfield模型精度后,计算3组比对站在不同入射角和不同时间的对流层斜延迟。计算结果表明,对流层散射双向时间比对中对流层斜延迟呈现出随比对距离增大而增大,随入射角增大而减小的特性,并且四季变化特性也比较明显。3个比对站的对流层散射斜延迟10~35 m之间,经比对抵消90%后的时间延迟为3.5~11.8 ns。     

基于济南地区的对流层湿延迟模型对比研究

为提高济南地区对流层路径湿延迟测量精度,改善此地区大气折射修正误差,进一步提高该地区导航、定位、测控雷达等无线电测控系统的精度和性能,文中以济南站全球电信系统（Global Telecommunications System,GTS）探空数据计算的天顶湿延迟、斜路径湿延迟为比较基准,比较分析了利用Marcor技术、Hopfield模型、Ifadis模型所得到的对流层天顶湿延迟和斜路径湿延迟.比较结果表明:利用Marcor技术所得到的天顶湿延迟和斜路径湿延迟比其他模型得到的精度高,且仰角越低,斜路径湿延迟相对精度越高.这表明Marcor技术在济南地区具有很强的适用性,是获取高精度对流层湿延迟有效手段之一,有望逐步取代气象探空技术在工程中应用.     

对流层电波折射误差修正经验模型研究

大气的折射效应引起电波传播延迟和路径弯曲.目前常见的电波折射经验模型只考虑了时延误差,而对于低仰角(5°以下)目标,弯曲误差的影响是不能忽略的,为进一步提高对目标的定位精度,以某沿海地区为例,利用1986～1995年的历史气象探空数据建立了适合不同仰角的电波折射修正经验模型,并拟合得到了模型中的参数.统计分析表明,经验模型与射线描迹法计算的折射误差具有很好的一致性.     

北斗系统对流层延迟改正模型精度分析

北斗系统是我国自主研制的卫星导航定位系统,为提高该系统的定位精度,必须对其误差源引起的定位误差进行修正。对流层延迟是影响北斗卫星定位精度的误差源之一,它是由对流层大气对卫星信号的折射而引起,因此需要进行对流层延迟改正,其改正精度将直接影响卫星的定位精度。针对目前导航系统常用的3种对流层延迟模型,利用公认的电波射线描迹法进行比对,得到了各个模型的特征和适用范围,从而为我国北斗导航卫星定位应用中的对流层延迟模型选择奠定基础。     

一种低仰角雷达射线的准确快速描迹方法

探讨了对流层中雷达射线的准确快速描迹技术。和国内一直沿用积分方程进行对流层射线描迹不同，该文基于射线微分方程进行射线描迹，使用了高阶Runge-Kutta数值微分解法，它可避免积分算法计算效率低、零度仰角附近难以计算等方面的局限。模拟结果和已有研究结果的比较表明，该方法可以获得较为理想的准确结果和计算速度。     

一种用于中国地区的对流层天顶延迟实时修正模型

针对目前对流层延迟修正受限于探空数据不足导致修正效率低的问题,该文结合Saastamoinen和GPT2w模型构建形成组合模型Sa+GPT2w模型,通过利用GPT2w模型提供的高精度气象数据,实现中国地区对流层天顶延迟(ZTD)的实时修正,克服对探空数据的依赖,并用实测数据对计算结果进行验证。以IGS提供的中国地区2015至2017年ZTD时间序列为评估标准时,Sa+GPT2w模型(bias: 1.661 cm, RMS: 4.711 cm)的精度较同等条件下的Sa+EGNOS, Sa+UNB3m和Hop+GPT2w模型分别提升50.5%, 41.9%和37.1%;以GGOS Atmosphere 2017年ZTD数据为标准时,Sa+GPT2w模型(bias: 1.551 cm, RMS: 4.859 cm)的精度相对同等条件下的另3种模型分别提升49.5%, 38.5%和46.8%;最后对Sa+EGNOS, Sa+UNB3m和Sa+GPT2w模型在ZTD修正中误差结果的时空分布特征进行分析。研究结果可为在中国地区的导航定位、大气折射研究中,应用不同气象参数模型进行ZTD修正的有效性和可能达到的精度提供参考。     

对流层对地球同步轨道SAR成像的影响研究

地球同步轨道SAR（GEO SAR）具有超长孔径时间和大覆盖范围的特性,使得传统低轨SAR成像中采用的对流层冻结模型假设失效。因此,需要考虑时变条件下的对流层效应对GEO SAR成像的影响。本文根据对流层中电磁波的传播规律,利用射线描迹法,分析了GEO SAR中相位误差的特点;并通过建立时变对流层影响下的GEO SAR回波信号模型,研究了对流层引起的GEO SAR图像偏移及图像散焦现象,并分析总结了相关影响的边界条件。最后,基于仿真数据,分析了对流层效应对GEOSAR成像的影响。      

Prediction of tropospheric scintillation on satellite links fromradiosonde data

On the basis of radiosonde data, a new method is proposed for predicting tropospheric scintillation effects on slant paths. It stems from a rigorous statistical development and consists of two steps. First, statistical features of tropospheric turbulence responsible for scintillation are extracted from the analysis of a large amount of radiosonde ascents. Second, long-term scintillation statistics are inferred from these turbulence characteristics, using the theory of propagation through a turbulent medium. The method is applied to a complete year of radiosonde data measured in Belgium and the predicted scintillation results are compared with measurements carried out on the same year near to the meteorological station. An agreement better than with any other usual prediction method is found. The method yields very accurate predictions of scintillation annual statistics and also adequately represents the seasonal and monthly variability of scintillation. Unlike the current prediction models, the proposed radiosonde-based method does not rest on empirical relationships derived from particular propagation experiments and could, therefore, be applied more widely     

Ray-density normalization for ray-optical wave propagation modelingin arbitrarily shaped tunnels

This work is concerned with the calculation of natural electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation and the determination of the propagation channel characteristics in highway or railway tunnels in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) range and above (>300 MHz). A novel ray-tracing technique based on geometrical optics (GO) is presented. Contrary to classical ray tracing, where the one ray representing a locally plane wave front is searched, the new method requires multiple representatives of each physical EM wave at a time. The contribution of each ray to the total field at the receiver is determined by the proposed ray-density normalization (RBN). This technique has the further advantage of overcoming one of the major disadvantages of GO, the failure at caustics. In contrast to existing techniques, the new approach does not use ray tubes or adaptive reception spheres. Consequently, it does not suffer their restrictions to planar geometries. Therefore, it allows one to predict the propagation of high-frequency EM waves in confined spaces with curved boundaries, like tunnels, with an adequate precision. The approach is verified theoretically with canonical examples and by various measurements at 120 GHz in scaled tunnel models     

The microwave radiometer aboard ERS-1. II. Validation of thegeophysical products

For pt.I see ibid., vol.31, no.6, p.1186-98 (1993). The ERS-1 microwave radiometer was designed to correct the satellite altimeter data for the excess path delay due to tropospheric humidity. The brightness temperature calibration was tested using two radiative transfer models, applied to the same coincident meteorological profiles over ocean. Differences were analyzed by similarly comparing calculated brightness temperatures with SSM/I data, for the same meteorological data set, extracted from ECMWF (European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting) analyses. The calibration of the two channels of the ERS-1 microwave radiometer required correction of a few Kelvin. The final water vapor and altimeter path delay validation was performed by comparing routine radiosonde measurements with the retrieved water vapor and altimeter path corrections over a one-year period     

A three-year study of radio wave propagating delays due to tropospheric water vapor

Measurements of the radio emission from the sky at 21.0 and 31.4 GHz have been made from May 1980 to April 1983 at the Onsala Space Observatory on the west coast of Sweden. A total of 483 such observations have been used to calculate the water vapor induced propagation delay of radiowaves penetrating the troposphere. A comparison with simultaneous radiosonde launches made at Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport (37 km away from Ousala) gives a root mean square (rms) difference of 1.3 cm in the zenith direction and 1.1 cm for a certain group of stable weather data. The zenith wet path delays are also calculated with three different models based on traditional meteorological observations at the surface. The lowest rms difference obtained by using a model and compare the results with radiosonde data at the same site was 2.1 cm. A third site on the Swedish west coast was compared with the other two by using old monthly means of radiosonde data together with the three models. The offsets between the models and the radiosonde/water vapor radiometer (WVR) data are dependent on the model, on the site, and on the time of the year.     

Two- and three-dimensional ray tracing applied to the land mobilesatellite (LMS) propagation channel

This work examines the application of ray-tracing propagation models to system simulations for satellite mobile communications. A two-dimensional (2D) and a three-dimensional (3D) algorithm are outlined and compared using canonical propagation problems. Additional comparisons of both models with measurement campaigns are performed. The results show that two-dimensional models are suited for coverage and network planning. For system-design studies, however, three-dimensional ray tracing is mandatory. The novel three-dimensional ray-tracing model is able to predict time series of power delay profiles, Doppler and polarimetric information with high precision. It includes the time-variant correlation between the propagation channels of all visible satellites of an arbitrary satellite constellation. It therefore proves to be especially suited for system investigation of future LMS communication and navigation systems     

A deterministic ray tube method for microcellular wave propagationprediction model

In this paper, we present a new and very fast ray-tracing method using a ray tube tree, which is based on uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) and can solve some of the problems that other ray-tracing methods have. It is developed for quasi three-dimensional (3-D) environments and can be applied to any complex propagation environment composed of arbitrary-shaped buildings and streets. It finds all propagation paths from a transmitter to a receiver extensively with very high computation efficiency. It is fundamentally a point-to-point tracing method, so reception tests are not required and it guarantees high accuracy. To validate our ray-tracing method, signal path loss and root mean square (rms) delay spread were computed in the downtown core of Ottawa, Canada, and they were also compared with the published measurements. The results of the proposed method in this paper show good agreement with the measurements. The computation time required to obtain a path loss map in the site is revealed to be very short in comparison with other methods