Mobility management for all-IP mobile networks: mobile IPv6 vs. proxy mobile IPv6 [architectures and protocols for mobility management in all-IP mobile networks]

Recently, a network-based mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is being actively standardized by the IETF NETLMM working group, and is starting to attract considerable attention among the telecommunication and Internet communities. Unlike the various existing protocols for IP mobility management such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), which are host-based approaches, a network-based approach such as PMIPv6 has salient features and is expected to expedite the real deployment of IP mobility management. In this article, starting by showing the validity of a network-based approach, we present qualitative and quantitative analyses of the representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches (i.e., MIPv6 and PMIPv6), which highlight the main desirable features and key strengths of PMIPv6. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison among the various existing well-known mobility support protocols is investigated. Although the development of PMIPv6 is at an early stage yet, it is strongly expected that PMIPv6 will be a promising candidate solution for realizing the next-generation all-IP mobile networks.     

Fast and reliable handoff for vehicular networks

A layer-3 mobility management scheme for an all-IP Wireless Access Network (WAN), and in particular for vehicular networks, is developed in this paper. The proposed method enables fast and reliable handoff. This feature is extremely important for high speed vehicular networks. Since vehicles are characterized by likely-predictable path, as well as very high speed, handoff events can and should be predicted in order to achieve fast and reliable handoff. As it is shown in this study, the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the packet loss ratio caused by frequent handoff events experienced by high speed vehicles. This scheme is topology-independent in the sense that it does not assume any network topology. The key idea is to use a topology-learning algorithm that enables to perform localized mobility management, by efficiently re-selecting a Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) node. The goal of the proposed scheme is to maintain a continues connection subject to user-dependent delay constraints, while minimizing the signaling cost and packet loss ratio associated with handoff events. This scheme is consistent with the existing mobility management schemes currently used in Mobile IP (MIP) and cellular networks, and it fits into the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) scheme defined in Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) for integrating mobile terminals with the Internet wired backbone.     

DMAP: integrated mobility and service management in mobile IPv6 systems

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a work in progress IETF standard for enabling mobility in IPv6 networks and is expected to have wide deployment. We investigate an integrated mobility and service management scheme based on MIPv6 with the goal to minimize the overall network signaling cost in MIPv6 systems for serving mobility and service management related operations. Our design extends IETF work-in-progress Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) with the notion of dynamic mobility anchor points (DMAPs) for each mobile node (MN) instead of static ones for all MNs. These DMAPs are access routers chosen by individual MNs to act as a regional router to reduce the signaling overhead for intra-regional movements. The DMAP domain size, i.e., the number of subnets covered by a DMAP, is based on the MN’s mobility and service characteristics. Under our DMAP protocol, a MN interacts with its home agent and application servers as in the MIPv6 protocol, but optimally determines when and where to launch a DMAP to minimize the network cost in serving the user’s mobility and service management operations. We demonstrate that our DMAP protocol for integrated mobility and service management yields significantly improved performance over basic MIPv6 and HMIPv6.     

A Robust Seamless Handover Scheme for the Support of Multimedia Services in Heterogeneous Emerging Wireless Networks

With the rapid development of wireless technologies and numerous types of mobile devices, the need to support seamless multimedia services in Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing (MUC) is growing. To support the seamless handover, several mobility protocols such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) (Johnson et al., Mobility Support in IPv6, IETF, RFC 3775, 2004) and fast handover for the MIPv6 (FMIPv6) (Koodli et al. Past handovers for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), IETF, RFC 4068, 2005) were developed. However, MIPv6 depreciates the Quality-of-Service (QoS) especially in multimedia service applications because of the long handover latency and packet loss problem. To solve these problems in the MIPv6, FMIPv6 is proposed in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). However, FMIPv6 is not robust for the multimedia services in heterogeneous emerging wireless networks when the MN may move to another visited network in contrast with its anticipation. In MUC, the possibility of service failure is more increased because mobile users can frequently change the access networks according to their mobility in heterogeneous wireless access networks such as 3Generation (3G), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) and Bluetooth co-existed. In this paper, we propose a robust seamless handover scheme for the multimedia services in heterogeneous emerging wireless networks. The proposed scheme reduces the handover latency and handover initiation time when handover may fail through the management of tentative Care-of Addresses (CoAs) that does not require Duplicate Address Detection (DAD). Through performance evaluation, we show that our scheme provides more robust handover mechanism than other scheme such as FMIPv6 for the multimedia services in heterogeneous emerging wireless networks.     

移动IPv6分层管理费用的分析与自适应优化

为综合优化分层域内外以网络传输花费和带宽占用为代表的通信管理费用,论文对实施分层移动IPv6前后的费用变化进行了理论分析,得出了判决是否适宜使用分层移动管理的准则,并在此基础上提出一种允许移动节点动态地根据切换频度和流量强度等参数选择适宜的移动管理机制的自适应优化方案.仿真结果表明该方案能获得比静止使用某种移动管理机制更好的资源使用效率,可望具有较好的实际应用价值.     

一种新的基于移动IPv6的快速切换方案

基本的移动IPv6（MIPv6）切换延迟非常大，不能满足实时业务的要求。本文基于对MIPv6的切换时延的分析，提出了一种IEEE802．11无线局域网环境下MIPv6的低时延切换方法，该方法通过结合使用连接触发器和快速路由器公告，并通过IP地址与MAC地址的映射机制来优化切换过程。仿真结果表明，该方法能够有效降低节点切换过程的时延，同时其性能优于以往相关的工作。     

A Low Latency Handoff Algorithm for Voice over IP Traffics in the Next Generation Packet-Based Cellular Networks: Cellular Mobile IPv6

In the mobile communication environments, Mobile IP is defined to provide users roaming everywhere and transmit information freely. It integrates communication and network systems into Internet. The Mobile IPv6 concepts are similar to Mobile IP, and some new functions of IPv6 bring new features and schemes for mobility support. Two major problems in mobile environments are packet loss and handoff. To solve those problems, a mobile management scheme – the cellular mobile IPv6 (CMIv6) is proposed. Our approach isbased on the Internet Protocol version 6 and is compatible with the Mobile IPv6 standard. Besides, it also combines with the cellular technologies which is an inevitable architecture for the future Personal Communication Service system (PCS). In this paper, {Cellular Mobile IPv6 (CMIv6)}, a new solutionmigrated from Mobile IPv6, is proposed for mobile nodes moving among small wireless cells at high speed. This is important for future mobile communication trends. CMIv6 can solve the problems of communication break off within smaller cellular coverage during high-speed movement when packet-switched data or the real-time voice messages are transmitted. Voice over IP (VoIP) packets were chosen to verify this system. The G.723.1 Codec scheme was selected because it has better jitter resistance than GSM and G729 in a packet-based cellular network. Simulation results using OPNET show smooth and non-breaking handoffs during high-speed movement.     

Multilayer Hierarchical Model for Mobility Management in IPv6: A Mathematical Exploration

The mobility solution provided by Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) imposes too much signaling load to the network and enforces large handoff latency to end user. Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) on the other hand, is designed by organizing MIPv6 in layered architecture and performs better than MIPv6 in terms of handoff latency and signaling load. Observation shows that, there is still possibility to shrink the handoff latency and the signaling load by further extending HMIPv6 into multiple layers. To explore this possibility of enhanced performance through layered architecture, this paper aimed at mathematical exploration of an N-layered MIPv6 network architecture in order to figure out the optimal levels of hierarchy for mobility management. A widespread analysis is carried out on various parameters such as location update frequency and cost, handoff latency and packet delivery cost. Influence of queuing delay on handoff latency is examined by modeling M/M/1/K queue in the architecture and user mobility is modeled using Markov chain. Analytical investigation reveals that three levels of hierarchy in MIPv6 architecture provide an optimal solution for mobility management.     

RSVP Extensions for Real-Time Services in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

The Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) provides many great features, such as sufficient addressing space, mobility, and security; MIPv6 is one of the most important protocols for next generation mobile Internet. Simultaneously, with the rapid improvement of wireless technologies, the real-time multi-media IP services such as video on demand, videoconference, interactive games, IP telephony and video IP phone will be delivered in the near future. Thus, to furnish accurate QoS for real-time services is one of the most important thing in the next generation mobile Internet. Although RSVP, which is a resource reservation protocol, processes signaling messages to establish QoS paths between senders and receivers, RSVP was originally designed for stationary networks and not aware of the mobility of MNs. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel RSVP extension to support real-time services in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) environments. For intra-site mobility, the concept of QoS Agent (QA) is proposed to handle the RSVP QoS update messages and provide the advanced reservation models for real-time services. For inter-site mobility, IP multicast can help to invite inter-site QAs to make pre-reservation and minimize the service disruption caused by re-routing the data path during handover. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme over HMIPv6 is more suitable for real-time services than the famous RSVP tunnel-based solution.     

An operational mobility model over IPv6: design,modeling, and evaluation

The fast Internet evolution and rapid development of wireless technologies have made it possible for users to communicate while on the move. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a candidate solution for next generation mobile Internet. Despite its popularity, MIPv6 still suffers from various limitations, for example, lack of business model and management of enormous and discrete home agents, preventing it from being deployed in large‐scale commercial environments. Recently, the ID/Locator split architecture has demonstrated its significant predominance in next generation mobile networks. With the aim of pushing the global deployment of mobility support over IPv6, this study makes an effort to design and evaluate an operational mobility model over IPv6 (OMIPv6) based on the ID/Locator split architecture to tackle the problems raised by the current form of MIPv6. In particular, a distributed cloud mobility management system is employed to be responsible for maintaining the identification and locations of mobile hosts, and providing the name resolution services to the mobile hosts. Furthermore, this paper develops an analytical model considering all possible costs required for the operation of OMIPv6, and adopts it as a cost‐effective tool to evaluate various costs and operation overheads on the performance of the OMIPv6 protocol. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mobility protocols and RSVP performance in wireless IPv6 networks: shortcomings and solutions

Resource reservation protocol (RSVP) is a network‐control protocol used to guarantee Quality‐of‐Service (QoS) requirements for real‐time applications such as Voice‐over‐IP (VoIP) or Video‐over‐IP (VIP). However, RSVP was designed for end‐systems whose IP addresses do not change. Once mobility of an end‐system is allowed, the dynamically changing mobile IP address inevitably impacts on RSVP performance. Our study aims to first quantify the significance of this impact, and then propose a modified RSVP mechanism that provides improved performance during handoffs. Our simulations reveal that the deployment of standard RSVP over Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) does not yield a satisfactory result, particularly in the case of VIP traffic. Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) was found to be providing the best performance in all tested scenarios, followed by Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) with a single exception: during low handoff rates with VoIP traffic, MIPv6 outperformed HMIPv6. We then designed a new RSVP mechanism, and tested it against standard RSVP. We found that the proposed approach provides a significant improvement of 54.1% in the Total Interruption in QoS (TI_QoS) when deployed over a MIPv6 wireless network. For HMIPv6, performance depended primarily on the number of hierarchical levels in the network, with no improvement in TI_QoS for single‐level hierarchy and up to 37% for a 5‐level hierarchy. FMIPv6 on the other hand, provided no room for improvement due to pre‐handoff signaling and the tunneling mechanism used to ensure a mobile node (MN)'s connectivity during a handoff, regardless of the RSVP mechanism used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A forward fast media independent handover control scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) over heterogeneous wireless mobile network

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a networked-based handover protocol for the IP layer, i.e., the layer 3 mobility management protocol. In this work, we integrate fast handover and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) Services with PMIPv6 to improve the handover performance over the heterogeneous wireless network environment. Since it may have multiple candidate destination networks to which a Mobile Node can select for handover, it needs to consider not only the signal strength but also the corresponding networking situation for the proper selection of the next network. To reduce the packet loss situation, the multicast mechanism is adopted to forward packets to these candidate destination networks during the handover processing period. In this work, a Forward Fast Media Independent Handover Control Scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) is proposed based on the aforementioned concerns. Through the simulations for performance analysis, it shows that the proposed FFMIH-PMIPv6 can have better handover performance in terms of handover latency, packet loss rate and throughput.     

A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating IPv6 Based Mobility Management Protocols

Seamless mobility in future generation networks, which are envisioned to be heterogeneous in nature, is an important issue. While Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) work groups have standardized various mobility management protocols, such as Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6, a comprehensive study of these protocols in terms of various performance characteristics is a challenging issue. Moreover, this study also considers the recent proposals from IETF in distributed mobility management (DMM) protocols. In this paper, a novel analytical model is developed for comparison of various mobility management protocols in terms of handover latency, as well as packet density, and packet arrival rate during the handover time by applying transport engineering principles in the field of telecommunication. The signaling cost analysis using signaling overhead incurred during protocol operations is given for each of these protocols. The number of packets that can be lost during the handover operation is also obtained using this model. Moreover, it presents a unified framework using which one can assess the performance characteristics of both host based and network based mobile IP protocols. One can also assess the performance of centralized and DMM approaches. The correctness of the proposed model is established by the fact that it leads to results similar to those obtained by applying some of the existing models. At the same time, the model allows one to obtain additional results showing the effect of packet density and packet arrival rate on the handover latency.     

A terminal-assisted route optimized NEMO management

The NEMO basic support protocol enhances mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) to enable mobile router (MR) to move together with mobile network node (MNN) as a unit. This protocol suffers from pinball routing effect which has triggered research works to enable direct routing between MNNs in the presence of network mobility. Instead of relying on MIPv6, this paper describes network mobility using a novel terminal-assisted IP mobility protocol on MNNs that work cooperatively with MRs and access routers to provide seamless connectivity. This protocol is superior as it neither suffers from pinball routing effect nor requires dedicated infrastructure support such as home agent. It also eliminates the need to dynamically increase the size of IP header in IP tunneling. Through quantitative comparisons with existing protocol, we show that this protocol performs better than existing protocols in terms of average packet delivery overhead and packet generation.     

Analysis and Evaluation of Mobile IPv6 Handovers over Wireless LAN

In this paper, we analyze the IPv6 handover over wireless LANs. Mobile IPv6 is designed to manage mobile nodes movements between wireless IPv6 networks. Nevertheless, a mobile node cannot receive IP packets on its new point of attachment until the handover completes. Therefore, a number of extensions to Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost packets. We focus on Fast Mobile IPv6 which is an extension of Mobile IPv6 that allows the use of L2 triggers to anticipate the handover. We compare the handover latency in four specific cases: basic Mobile IPv6, the forwarding method of Mobile IPv6, the Anticipated method, and the Tunnel-Based Handover. The results of the handover latency are calculated with the L2 properties of IEEE 802.11b. In particular, we take into account the L2 handover for different configurations of the wireless network.     

Seamless Support for Mobile Internet Protocol Based Cellular Environments

Cellular is the inevitable architecture for the Personal Communication Service system (PCS) in the coming future. Access to the Internet via cellular networks is expected to become an essential portion of future wireless service offerings. Providing seamless support for IP based packet switched services has become an important issue.The Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF's) mobile IP protocol offers a standard solution for wide-area mobility at the IP layer. However, Mobile IP does not solve all of the problems involved in providing mobile Internet access to cellular users, especially during handoff period. Thus, IPv6 might be a good candidate to solve this problem.IPv6 is a new version of the Internet Protocol that was standardized by the IETF. It supports mobility and is presently being standardized by the IETF Mobile IP Working Group. At the same time, cellular is an inevitable architecture for the Personal Communication Service system (PCS).This paper introduces the current cellular support based on the Mobile Internet Protocol version 6. We will point out the short-falls using Mobile IP and try to emphasize protocols especially for mobile management schemes that can optimize a high speed mobile station moving among small wireless cells. A comparison between those schemes and future work will be presented.     

基于IPv6的快速切换改进方案

在移动IP网络中,当前的移动性管理方案由于其基本协议的切换时延较大、丢包率较高而不能适应实时业务和移动通信的要求,所以需要改善移动性管理策略的切换性能,尽量实现无缝切换和零丢包率。提出了一种基于移动IPv6的快速切换的改进方案,采用一种新的地址分配方式使得移动节点能够在移动至新的网络后迅速获取新的转交地址,有效地减少了切换所产生的时延和丢包率,具有较好的切换性能。     

Performance Analysis of Hierarchical Mobile IPv6: Does it Improve Mobile IPv6 in Terms of Handover Speed?

There has been a rapid growth in the need to support mobile nodes in IPv6-based networks. IETF has completed to standardize Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) for supporting IPv6 mobility. Even though existing literatures have asserted that HMIPv6 generally improves MIPv6 in terms of handover speed, they do not carefully consider the details of the whole handover procedures. In this paper, based on the current IETF standards of both MIPv6 and HMIPv6, we conduct a comprehensive study of all IP-level handover procedures: movement detection, duplicate address detection, and location registration. Based on this study, we provide a mathematical analysis on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 performance in terms of handover speed. From the analysis, we reveal that the average HMIPv6 handover latency is not always lower than the average MIPv6 handover latency. Furthermore, even the intra-domain handover latency of HMIPv6 is not reduced much compared with MIPv6 handover latency. A finding of our analysis is that optimization techniques for movement detection and duplicate address detection are essential to shortening HMIPv6 handover latency and increasing the benefit of HMIPv6.

基于移动IPv6环境中的安全威胁类型研究

移动IPv6实现了完整的IP层的移动性、扩展性,能真正实现全球范围内的移动IPv6网络,因而成为IP技术最重要的研究内容.文中介绍了移动IPV6的协议的系统组成和运行机制,分析移动IPv6所面临的安全威胁,并根据黑客发起攻击时的网络位置,归纳并分类由于移动性引入而带来的安全威胁,为分析验证机制的安全性提供参考模板.     

IP Flow Mobility in PMIPv6 Based Networks: Solution Design and Experimental Evaluation

The ability of offloading selected IP data traffic from 3G to WLAN access networks is considered a key feature in the upcoming 3GPP specifications, being the main goal to alleviate data congestion in cellular networks while delivering a positive user experience. Lately, the 3GPP has adopted solutions that enable mobility of IP-based wireless devices relocating mobility functions from the terminal to the network. To this end, the IETF has standardized Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a protocol capable to hide often complex mobility procedures from the mobile devices. This paper, in line with the mentioned offload requirement, further extends PMIPv6 to support dynamic IP flow mobility management across access wireless networks according to operator policies. Considering energy consumption as a critical aspect for hand-held devices and smart-phones, we assess the feasibility of the proposed solution and provide an experimental analysis showing the cost (in terms of energy consumption) of simultaneous packet transmission/reception using multiple network interfaces. The end-to-end system design has been implemented and validated by means of an experimental network setup.