归零码和非归零码传输系统模

对单信道40Gbit/s归零码（RZ）和非归零码（NRZ）传输系统进行了实际模拟。考虑了光纤损耗，二阶群速率色散、三阶群速度色散、偏振模色散及放大器噪声对系统影响，采用Q值判别法计算了系统可传输的最大距离，给出了系统眼图。计算结果表明，RZ的最大传输距离大于NRZ码，RZ系统传输性能优于NRZ系统。     

光纤数字通信中NRZ与RZ码序列的定时时钟提取

在光纤数字通信系统中,NRZ非归零码和RZ归零码是最常见的基带信号。由于两者频谱成分不同,其定时时钟提取方式则不同。本文通过对NRZ、RZ伪随机码序列进行频谱分析,得知当NRZ码变换成码元占空比为1/2的RZ码时,所提取出的定时时钟功率最强。     

40Gb/s光纤通信系统中不同码型传输特性的实验研究

在高速光纤通信系统中码型的选择是决定系统传输质量和光谱效率的主要因素。码型的选择和信道速率、信道波长间隔、光放大器的选择、光放大器放置间隔、光纤的类型、色散管理策略等各种因素密切相关。分析了非归零码（NRZ）、归零码（RZ）和载波抑制归零码（CSRZ）码型的产生方式及特点。采用单信道和掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）放大方式对三种码型进行了40Gb/s的100kmG.652光纤通信传输实验。比较了三种码型的系统传输持性、最佳入纤功率和不同入纤功率下的功率代价：载波抑制归零码最佳入纤功率为9dBm，功率代价小于非归零码和归零码。结果表明，在相同的色散补偿条件下，载波抑制归零码比归零码和非归零码有更优的非线性容忍度。     

基于HNLF的RZ到NRZ的全光码型转换

数值仿真分析了利用高非线性光纤(HNLF)的交叉相位调制(XPM)效应实现归零(RZ)码到非归零(NRZ)码的转换,并讨论了RZ信号占空比、光纤色散对转换后NRZ信号Q因子的影响.数值结果表明:转换后NRZ码的Q值受输入RZ信号占空比的影响;而且RZ信号与连续的探测光之间的色散差也严重影响转换后NRZ信号的Q因子值.     

基于偏振调制的新型非归零码—归零码转换器

设计了一种基于偏振调制(PolM)实现非归零码(NRZ)信号到归零码(RZ)信号转换的新型码型转换器,并采用光通信模拟软件对其进行了仿真验证。所设计的转换器,首先采用PolM,对输入的NRZ信号进行偏振调制,然后采用射频时钟信号,抑制信号的旁瓣,实现NRZ到RZ的转换。该码型转换器具有RZ信号占空比可控,经码型转换器后各信号波长相同,时间抖动小,转换效率高,成本低优点,可望在高速光通信网络中得到广泛应用。     

RZ、CSRZ码在CBG色散补偿系统中的传输

全部利用线性啁啾光纤布拉格光栅（CBG）作色散补偿模块和在线通道滤波顺，在2500km超长距离的G．652光纤上实现10Ghps归零码（RZ）、载波抑制归零码（CSRZ）光信号的无电中继传输，并在2080km和2560km处分别对2种信号的传输性能进行了测试。CSRZ在上述2处的功率代价分别为～1dBm和～3dBm（BER-10^12，PRBS=10^23-1），RZ的功率代价分别为～3dBm和～5dBm，验证了在相同系统平台下CSRZ光信号比RZ光信号有更好的性能.     

利用光电振荡器实现10Gbit/s NRZ码时钟的直接提取和码型转换

本文所研究的光电振荡器（OEO）是一种高速光电混合环路，其振荡频率可以被锁定于外界信号的数据率，本文利用OEO首次实现10Gbit/s的非归零码（NRZ）时钟提取，获得了时间抖动小于0.4ps的时钟信号，测得OEO的注入锁定频率范围可达800kHz。实验中发现OEO中调制器的偏置电压对OEO的注入锁定范围有很大影响。合理控制OEO的工作条件，在进行时钟提取的同时，还可以实现NRZ码到RZ（归零）码的码型转化。将转换后的RZ码进行了160km传输，结果证明这种码型适合传输，该实验说明OEO可以用作不同码型光网络中间的码型转化节点。     

40Gb/sWDM系统中RZ&NRZ调制格式的性能比较

利用数值计算的方法对40G WDM系统进行了仿真.在考虑了光纤群速度色散(GVD)、三阶色散(TOD)、自相位调制(SPM)、交叉相位调制(XPM)、四波混频(FWM)和偏振模色散(PMD)的前提下,通过对比眼图和Q因子,对归零码(RZ)和非归零码(NRZ)调制格式的传输性能进行了研究.     

偏振模色散所致光纤链路传输损伤分析

为了研究偏振模色散所致光纤链路传输损伤,采用基于耦合非线性薛定谔方程的分步傅里叶法数值分析了1阶和2阶偏振模色散对光纤链路中非归零码、归零码及啁啾归零码脉冲信号的影响。结果表明,偏振模色散造成光纤链路性能的严重恶化,成为限制其性能的最主要因素之一。而且随着工作速度的提高,高阶偏振模色散的影响更大;采用合适的码型能在一定程度上减轻偏振模色散的影响,其中啁啾归零码略优于归零码,而归零码优于非归零码。     

基于再生锁模光纤激光器的RZ码光源研究

进行了再生锁模光纤激光器（RMLFL）在光学归零（RZ）光源应用的实验。通过外接马赫一曾德（M-Z）调制器加伪随机码调制得到良好的背背（back-to-back）测试眼罔,获得了可以满足长途传输要求的10Gbit／s波长可调谐RZ码光源,稳定输出脉宽5ps,可通过4路复用后升级为40bit／s RZ光源。同时,将这种RZ码光源与利用两级调制方式产生的RZ码光源作了比较,结果表明,前一种方案在脉宽、信噪比等方面具有明显优势。     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the dependence of a signal's degree of polarization on the optical data spectrum

We show theoretically and experimentally the relationship between a signal's degree of polarization (DOP), all-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and the optical spectrum (and hence the data modulation format and pulse width), and that these effects must be taken into account when using the DOP for differential group delay (DGD) monitoring. We explain the theory behind how all-order PMD affects a signal's DOP, and observe the pulse-width dependence for 10-, 20-, and 40-Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) systems as the duty cycle changes. We then analyze and show (via simulation and experimentation) the effects of different data modulation formats (RZ, carrier-suppressed RZ, alternate-chirped RZ, and differential phase-shift keying) on the DOP in a DGD monitor. We conclude that the measurable DGD range and DOP sensitivity in DOP-based DGD monitors are dependent on a signal's pulse width and the data modulation format. We also show the theory behind the effects of first- and second-order PMD on the maximum and minimum DOP.     

光纤色散效应对脉冲展宽的影响

为了研究光通信系统中光纤色散特性对通信系统传输性能的影响,基于单模光纤和多模光纤的色散特性,采用数值模拟计算的方法,对脉冲展宽、光纤内部的偏振模色散、色度色散、波导色散和模间色散的物理机制进行了分析,分别得到了折射率n=1.516和n=1.458的标准单模光纤经过10km传输距离后色散导致脉冲展宽的结果,比较了传输波长在850nm和1310nm时多模光纤的色散效应,通过对不同光源LD(Δλ=1nm)和LED(Δλ=70nm)的比较,分析了光谱宽度对脉冲展宽的影响。结果表明,纯石英光纤在系统传输波长为1.27μm处群速度色散等于0;折射率渐变多模光纤工作在常见的850nm以及1310nm通信窗口时,其模内色散表现为负色散;色度色散和模间色散引起的脉冲展宽随光纤的数值孔径、材料折射率和光源光谱线宽的增大而增大。     

PMD致展宽及对不同码型的影响

首先从理论上系统地分析了由光纤偏振模色散(PMD)引起的传输光脉冲的展宽,给出了脉冲展宽的计算公式;然后分析、比较了PMD对采用不同码型的传输系统性能的影响,结果表明,PMD对采用预啁啾码(CRZ)的传输系统的性能影响最小;最后采用数值仿真方法对分析结果进行了验证。     

光谱宽度对偏振度与差分群延时关系影响的研究

理论推导出准单色光波情况下、输入信号为高斯脉冲时偏振度(DOP)与差分群延时(DGD)关系的简明解析表达式.通过对偏振度公式的理论分析,得出了DOP随DGD变化的关系由分光比以及光源的光谱宽度决定的结论.用不同光谱宽度的10 Gbit/s归零(RZ)伪随机码光源实验研究了DOP与DGD的关系,实验结果表明了理论推导和分析的正确性.理论分析表明 ,除了分光比参数外,只有能够影响光谱宽度的参数才会对DOP-DGD关系式产生影响,如调制码型、调制啁啾和脉冲变换极限宽度等,而其它因素则与DOP-DGD关系式无关,如色散、线路啁啾以及脉冲实际宽度等.     

Comparison between NRZ and RZ signal formats for in-line amplifiertransmission in the zero-dispersion regime

Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) signal formats are experimentally and numerically compared for single-channel long-distance transmission in an in-line amplifier system with dispersion management providing average zero dispersion and local nonzero dispersion at an interval equal to the in-line amplifier spacing. Among a 20-ps RZ signal, a 40-ps RZ signal, and an NRZ signal transmitted in 10 Gb/s straight-line experiments, the last signal achieves the longest transmission distance of 6000 km while the others are limited to 4400 km. Numerical simulations explain these results well and show that, along with linear amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) accumulation, signal waveform distortion due to the combined effect of higher order group-velocity dispersion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) dominates the performance. Nonlinear optical noise enhancement is not obvious because of the fiber dispersion arrangement. Signals with large pulse widths are less affected by the combined effect, while small-width signals yield superior initial signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as determined by optical noise. A detailed simulation indicates that a pulse width of about 60 ps is optimum for long distance transmission under the fiber dispersion arranged in this paper     

40-Gb/s RZ transmission over a transoceanic distance in a dispersion managed standard fiber using a modified inline synchronous modulation method

This paper analyzes in detail numerically a 40-Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) transmission system over a transoceanic distance in a strongly dispersion managed line composed of standard single-mode fiber (SMF) and dispersion compensation fiber (DCF). We derived a periodically steady-state pulse (a DM soliton) in a DM line. Since the pulse width of a steady-state pulse is too broad for a 40 Gb/s system, the conventional in-line synchronous modulation technique cannot greatly improve the transmission quality. However, we found that the modified inline synchronous modulation technique, which is reported as the black-box optical regenerator, can effectively extend the transmission distance even in such a strongly DM line. We discuss the mechanism of the modified synchronous modulation technique with respect to a steady-state pulse in a transmission line, and show that a 40-Gb/s RZ signal can be transmitted over 20 000 km.     

Performance optimization of RZ data format in WDM systems using tunable pulse-width management at the transmitter

Tunable pulse-width management is one of the efficient methods to enhance the robustness of return-to-zero (RZ) data formats for long-haul transmission systems. We demonstrate both single channel and 4 /spl times/ 10-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexed performance optimization using tunable pulse-width management. Pure RZ single with tunable pulse-width is generated by changing the driving voltages on a phase modulator and the dispersion values of a tunable dispersion element simultaneously according to our simulation results. Varying the pulse width from 50 to 10 ps at the transmitter can almost double the transmission distance with 4% variation in the residual link dispersion.     

A comparison between different PMD compensation techniques

We quantify the benefits of using different techniques for compensation of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in fiber-optic communication systems by means of numerical simulations. This is done both with respect to PMD-induced pulse broadening and in terms of system outage probability for different data formats [nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ)]. Attention is focused on simple and relevant single- and double-stage post-transmission compensators with a few degrees of freedom (DOF). It is generally believed that a PMD compensator with a polarization controller and a variable delay line can only compensate the PMD to the first order. We show, from analytical results, the counterintuitive fact that this scheme can also partially compensate for higher order PMD. We also investigate the benefit of using a polarizer as compensation element where the optical average power can be used as a feedback signal     

Numerical comparison between distributed and discrete amplificationin a point-to-point 40-Gb/s 40-WDM-Based transmission system with threedifferent modulation formats

We describe a detailed numerical investigation on the relative merits of gain flattened distributed Raman amplification (DRA) and discrete gain flattened amplifiers. We simulate a system with forty 40-Gb/s channels spaced at 100 GHz and compare the performance of three different modulation formats nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) and carrier-suppressed RZ (CS-RZ). Three types of amplifiers, multifrequency backward- and forward-pumped DRAs, and an idealized discrete gain flattened amplifier are examined for various signal powers and transmission distances. For the backward-pumped DRA, we also describe calculated tolerance limits imposed by incomplete dispersion slope compensation and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) level