Power allocation for AF relaying aided spatial modulation in the presence of imperfect channel state information

By combining Spatial modulation (SM) with cooperative communication, the diversity gain brought by cooperative relaying and high rate of SM can be obtained. In this paper, considering amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol, the performance of cooperative SM system with imperfect channel state information (CSI) over Rayleigh channel is analyzed. According to the performance analysis, the moment generating functions (MGFs) of effective signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are derived. With the MGFs, closed-form expressions of the error probability of antenna index detection and the error probability of symbol detection for imperfect CSI are achieved. Thereby, the approximate overall average bit error ratio (BER) is obtained, and these theoretical expressions include those under perfect CSI as special cases. Besides, the asymptotically approximate BER for large SNR is also derived. Based on this, a suboptimal power allocation (PA) scheme is developed, and the corresponding PA coefficients are attained by minimizing the asymptotical BER. As a result, closed-form PA can be attained for the system with multiple receive antennas. Computer simulations show that the theoretical BERs are close to the corresponding simulated results, which illustrates the effectiveness of the derived theoretical expressions. Compared with the conventional equal PA scheme, the proposed PA scheme enhances the BER performance efficiently.     

Performance bounds for space-time block codes with receive antenna selection

In this correspondence, we present a comprehensive performance analysis of orthogonal space-time block codes (STBCs) with receive antenna selection. For a given number of receive antennas M, we assume that the receiver uses the best L of the available M antennas, where, typically, L/spl les/M. The selected antennas are those that maximize the instantaneous received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We derive explicit upper bounds on the bit-error rate (BER) performance of the above system for any M and L, and for any number of transmit antennas. We show that the diversity order, with antenna selection, is maintained as that of the full complexity system, whereas the deterioration in SNR is upper-bounded by 10log/sub 10/(M/L) decibels. Furthermore, we derive a tighter upper bound for the BER performance for any N and M when L=1, and derive an expression for the exact BER performance for the Alamouti scheme when L=1. We also present simulation results that validate our analysis.     

Performance of Transmit Antenna Selection and Maximal-Ratio Combining in Dual Hop Amplify-and-Forward Relay Network over Nakagami-m Fading Channels

In this paper, we study end-to-end performance of transmit antenna selection (TAS) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) in dual hop amplify-and-forward relay network in flat and asymmetric Nakagami-m fading channels. In the network, source and destination communicate by the help of single relay and source-destination link is not available. Source and destination are equipped with multiple antennas, and relay is equipped with single antenna. TAS and MRC are used for transmission at the source and reception at the destination, respectively. The relay simply amplifies and forwards the signal sent by the source to the destination by using channel state information (CSI) based gain or fixed gain. By considering relay location, for CSI based and fixed relay gains, we derive closed-form cumulative distribution function, moments and moment generating function of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio, and closed-form symbol error probability expression. Moreover, asymptotical outage probability and symbol error probability expressions are also derived for both CSI based and fixed gains to obtain diversity order of the network. Analytical results are validated by the Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that diversity order is minimum of products of fading parameter and number of antennas at the end in each hop. In addition, for optimum performance the relay must be closer to the source when the diversity order of the first hop is smaller than or equal to that of the second hop.     

An opportunistic cooperation scheme and its BER analysis

The cooperative communication technology proposed in recent years enables network nodes to share their antennas to achieve diversity gain. In this paper, an efficient variation scheme on opportunistic cooperation is proposed by using an outage criterion, in which the cooperation mode will be adopted only when the channel from source to relay does not occur outage event. We derive a closed-form BER (bit error rate) expression for the proposed scheme over Rayleigh fading channels, showing that the full diversity is achieved by the new scheme. Also, the BER performance of the known coded cooperation is presented for the purpose of comparison with our scheme. Numerical results illustrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over the coded cooperation in terms of BER performance. It is pointed out that the corresponding BER advantage of the proposed scheme comes at the expense of increasing system overhead since the new scheme needs some feedback from relay to both source and destination.     

A Combined Antenna Array and Multi-User Detection DS-CDMA Receiver in Single-Path and Multi-Path Fading Channels

An adaptive antenna array is incorporated into a decorrelatingmulti-user detector to effectively increase the DS-CDMA system capacity.Capacity improvement is due to beamforming gain, spatial diversity gain(assuming large angle spread), and the decorrelating effect. Thereceiver has been analyzed for the cases of sufficiently andinsufficiently spaced receiving antennas. The receiver consists of afront-end beamformer for every user in the cell and has knowledge of allusers' signature sequences. The beamformer estimates the desired userchannel vector, enhancing its signal and reducing the co-channelinterference from other directions. The multi-user detection, exploitingknowledge of other users, rejects those interferers whose arrival anglesare close to that of the desired user. The average uncoded Bit ErrorRate (BER) as a function of the number of in-beam active users, theaverage antenna Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and the number of receivingantennas is examined in both single-path and multi-path Rayleigh fadingchannels. Analysis shows an increase in system capacity proportional tothe number of receiving antennas.     

分布式残余频偏信道中的Alamouti STBC-OFDM功率分配

在具有不同残余频偏的分布发射天线多径瑞利衰落信道中,该文使用Cholesky判决反馈检测的Alamouti STBC-OFDM链路,提出了一种抑制残余频偏影响的发射功率分配方法:以最小化残余频偏下链路的平均误比特率下界为准则,为发射天线分配功率。首先推导了残余频偏下链路的平均误比特率下界,然后给出了发射天线间最优功率分配因子的闭合解。仿真结果表明,与传统的假设频率理想同步的功率分配方法相比,在残余频偏对性能影响占主导作用的场景中,该文方法提升了链路性能,提升程度随着两根发射天线到接收机间平均信道功率增益之比的增加而增大。     

Performance analysis of diffusion-based decode-and-forward relay with depleted molecule shift keying

The distance-decay effect of molecular signals makes communication range a major challenge for diffusion-based Molecular Communication (MC). To solve this problem, the intermediate nano-machine is deployed as a relay between the transmitter and its intended receiver nano-machines. In this work, we employ the Depleted Molecule Shift Keying (D-MoSK) to model a Decode-and-Forward (DF) relay communication scheme. The closed-form expression of Bit Error Rate (BER) for the concerned DF relay with D-MoSK is derived. Meanwhile, the maximum a posteriori probability, minimum error probability, and maximum likelihood schemes are formulated for data detection. The relationships between BER and other key parameters, including the number of released molecules, receiving radius, and relay position, are investigated in detail. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve communication reliability significantly. Moreover, the performance gain can be maximized by optimizing the position of the relay and the receiving radius.     

Orthogonal space-time block coded rate-adaptive modulation with outdated feedback

Abstract-Channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can be used to adapt transmission rate or antenna gains in multi-antenna systems. We propose a rate-adaptive M-QAM scheme equipped with orthogonal space-time block coding with simple outdated, finite-rate feedback over independent flat fading channels. We obtain closed-form expressions for the average BER and throughput for our scheme, and analyze the effects of possibly delayed feedback on the performance gains. We derive optimal switching thresholds maximizing the average throughput under average and outage BER constraints with outdated feedback. Our numerical results illustrate the immunity of our optimal thresholds to delayed feedback.     

Analysis of Transmit Antenna Selection/Maximal-Ratio Combining in Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, we investigate a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme combining transmit antenna selection and receiver maximal-ratio combining (the TAS/MRC scheme). In this scheme, a single transmit antenna, which maximizes the total received signal power at the receiver, is selected for uncoded transmission. The closed-form outage probability of the system with transmit antenna selection is presented. The bit error rate (BER) of the TAS/MRC scheme is derived for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) in flat Rayleigh fading channels. The BER analysis demonstrates that the TAS/MRC scheme can achieve a full diversity order at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), as if all the transmit antennas were used. The average SNR gain of the TAS/MRC is quantified and compared with those of uncoded receiver MRC and space-time block codes (STBCs). The analytical results are verified by simulation. It is shown that the TAS/MRC scheme outperforms some more complex space-time codes of the same spectral efficiency. The cost of the improved performance is a low-rate feedback channel. We also show that channel estimation errors based on pilot symbols have no impact on the diversity order over quasi-static fading channels.     

Performance of digital DECT radio links based on semianalyticalmethods

We report a very efficient semianalytical approach for the performance evaluation of differential detection schemes for GMSK signals of the DECT standard. Precisely, for a given channel, the performance is determined by means of an analytical procedure which includes the saddlepoint approximation. We consider both static channels (with impulse response generated by the simulation program SIRCIM) and two-ray Rayleigh and log-normal fading channels. As a departure from previous works, our receiver includes an all-digital part after the analog differential detection scheme. The digital part includes: (1) a block for the estimation of both the optimum sampling phase and the nonlinear channel coefficients (by making use of the DECT training sequence), (2) a one-tap decision feedback (DF) equalizer, and (3) a block for the evaluation of the approximate optimum bias level (γ _e) in the threshold detector. Both the DF equalizer coefficient and γ_e are based on the nonlinear channel coefficients estimate. For channels with a normalized delay spread up to 0.2, the use of the optimum threshold together with the DF equalizer permits a gain of about 2 dB at BER=10^-6 with respect to a receiver without equalization and a zero-level decision threshold. In addition, we discover that, in indoor environments, the 2-bit GMSK detector performs roughly the same as the 1-bit detector. The threshold optimization is also effective in the presence of channels affected by fading. To support this statement, we report the performance of the 1-bit differential detection scheme combined with antenna selection diversity in the presence of a two-ray log-normal and Rayleigh fading channel     

Link Envelope Correlation in the Backscatter Channel

High-frequency backscatter radio systems operate in the dyadic backscatter channel, a pinhole channel whose envelope probability density function and bit-error-rate performance are strongly affected by link envelope correlation - the envelope correlation between the forward and backscatter links of the dyadic backscatter channel. This paper shows that link envelope correlation is most detrimental for backscatter radio systems using co-located reader transmitter and receiver antennas and a single RF transponder antenna. It is shown that using separate reader antennas and multiple RF transponder antennas will decrease link envelope correlation effects and a near maximum bit-error-rate can be achieved with link envelope correlation less than 0.6.     

Capacity of multiple-transmit multiple-receive antenna architectures

The capacity of wireless communication architectures equipped with multiple transmit and receive antennas and impaired by both noise and cochannel interference is studied. We find a closed-form solution for the capacity in the limit of a large number of antennas. This asymptotic solution, which is a sole function of the relative number of transmit and receive antennas and the signal-to-noise and signal-to-interference ratios (SNR and SIR), is then particularized to a number of cases of interest. By verifying that antenna diversity one can substitute for time and/or frequency diversity at providing ergodicity, we show that these asymptotic solutions approximate the ergodic capacity very closely even when the number of antennas is very small.     

MIMO OFDM排序判决反馈检测方法

一般多天线系统的判决反馈检测方法中,是顺序检测每用户天线端接收信号,其缺点是若从前面若干幅接收天线检测出的信号误差较大,则会降低后续天线端检测性能.为解决该问题,本文提出一种排序判决反馈检测方法,其思想先对待检测的用户天线支路排序,利用计算预测误差获得的待检测天线支路对应信道逆阵向量是已检测天线支路对应信道逆阵向量的线性组合特征,应用正交变换求解获得用户天线支路的检测顺序,使当前待检测用户天线端的迫零向量与已检测用户天线支路的迫零向量正交,这样可使由已检测用户天线支路带来的判决反馈误差最小,进而提高了检测性能.     

Asymptotic performance of transmit antenna selection with maximal-ratio combining for generalized selection criterion

In this letter, we investigate the asymptotic error performance of an uncoded multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme combining transmit antenna selection and receiver maximal-ratio combining (MRC) with a generalized selection criterion. A single transmit antenna corresponding to a fixed ordinal number of order statistic is selected for uncoded transmission. The order statistics consist of instantaneous channel power gain between each transmit and all the receive antennas. A general asymptotic bit error rate (BER) expression is derived for all values of ordinal number. An interesting conclusion is reached that the system diversity order is proportional to the ordinal number of the selected antenna.     

双向中继系统用户联合预编码与检测算法研究

双向中继协同通信系统的两用户节点通过中继节点相互交换信息,显示了其在频谱效率上的优势。在系统装备多天线的情况下,为进一步改善误比特率性能,论文提出一种基于格规约算法的用户联合预编码与检测算法。该算法通过一次复数域格规约处理来提高信道增益矩阵的正交性,预编码和检测算法联合应用处理后的矩阵,中继节点仅需要对接收信号进行求模运算和放大转发,算法的复杂度主要集中在两用户节点上。仿真结果显示:相比于传统的预编码和检测算法,用户联合预编码与检测算法在计算复杂度仅增加了对信道增益矩阵一次格规约计算的前提下,可显著降低系统的误比特率,提高分集增益,具有工程实用价值。     

Increasing power efficiency in transmitter diversity systems under error performance constraints

Motivated by combinatorial optimization theory, we propose an algorithmic power allocation method that minimizes the total transmitting power in transmitter diversity systems, provided that the instantaneous Bit-Error-Rate (BER) is not greater than a predetermined value. This method applies to many practical applications where the power transmitted by each antenna is constrained. We also provide closed-form expressions for the average total transmitted power for the case of two transmitting antennas operating in Rayleigh fading, and the average number of active antennas at the transmitter assuming Nakagami-m fading channels. Simulations and numerical results show that, compared to the conventional equi-power scheme, the proposed model offers a considerable reduction in the total transmitting power and the average number of active antennas, without loss in error performance.     

Performance Analysis of OSTBC Transmission in Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Relay Networks

A performance analysis is presented for amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative relay networks employing transmit antenna diversity with orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs), where multiple antennas are equipped at the transmitter. We develop a symbol-error-rate (SER) and outage performance analysis for OSTBC transmissions with and without cooperative diversity over flat Rayleigh fading channels. We first derive exact probability density functions (pdf's) and cumulative distribution functions (cdf's) for the system SNR without direct transmission with an arbitrary number of transmit antennas and then present the exact closed-form SER and outage probability expressions. Next, we derive the moment-generating function (MGF) for the overall system SNR with direct transmission and present the exact SER and outage probability with joint transmit antenna diversity and cooperative diversity. The theoretical analysis is validated by simulations, which indicate an exact match between them. The results also show how the transmit antenna diversity and the cooperative diversity affect the overall system performance.      

Interference-aware uplink transmission schemes for multicell MIMO system

In this paper we consider interference-aware uplink transmission schemes for multicell multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system.Unlike conventional transmission schemes without considering the interference probably caused to other cell,we jointly optimize the transceiver beamforming vectors to maximize the desired signals while removing the intercell interference.Specifically,for a two-cell system where each transmitter is equipped with two antennas,we derive the closed-form expression for the transmit scheme called coordinated beamforming (CBF) via generalized-eigen analysis.Moreover,when asymmetric interference is considered,we give a balancing beamforming (BBF) scheme where the interfering transmitter is to strike a compromise between maximizing the desired signal andminimizing the generated interference.Simulation results show that both schemes perform better than conventional schemes under different scenarios.     

Nakagami信道下MIMO解码转发中继系统的安全性能分析

在协同自适应解码转发中继系统中,该文针对Nakagami-m衰落信道,研究了基于多天线低复杂度的机会式传输策略的物理层安全性能。为充分利用天线分集增益提升系统安全性能,发送节点均采用发送天线选择策略,接收节点均采用最大比合并策略。推导了系统安全中断概率的闭合表达式,并进一步提供了渐近性能分析,得到了系统的安全分集阶数。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性,并揭示了各系统参数对机会式传输方案的安全性能的影响。结果表明,通过增加合法节点的天线数和增大合法信道的Nakagami衰落信道参数可显著提升系统安全性能。     

Diversity order analysis of orthogonal space–time block coding over keyhole fading channels with antenna selection

Although there are many research results for the keyhole fading channels in the current literature, fewer results have investigated the antenna selection scheme and quantified the diversity order. In this letter, we first derive some simple statistics of the output signal‐to‐noise ratio for the orthogonal space–time block coding over keyhole fading channels. On the basis of these results, we derive an approximate BER expression for the keyhole MIMO channels with receive antenna selection scheme. Results show that the diversity order with receive antenna selection is min{n_R,n_T}for n_R ≠ n_T, which means that the full diversity order with antenna selection is maintained. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the accuracy of our analytical expressions and the tightness of approximate formulas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.