High power and high sensitivity planar lightwave circuit moduleincorporating a novel passive alignment method

A high-power, high-sensitivity planar lightwave circuit (PLC) module, comprising a laser diode (LD) and a photodiode (PD) surface mounted on a PLC platform, has been realized by a novel passive alignment technique. We used a spot-size transformed LD and a corner-illuminated PD to form a highly efficient optical coupling between the devices and a PLC waveguide. We used the unique marker alignment method to ensure accurate positioning of them. The positioning precision achieved in the lateral direction was within 1 μm for the LD's and within 10 μm for the PD's. The rotational precision was within 0.4° for both chips. We realized high power operation (>8 mW) with a high receiver sensitivity (0.3 A/W). In this paper, we describe a high power, high sensitivity PLC incorporating a novel passive optical alignment technique for LD's and PD's     

High-performance single-longitudinal-mode operation of InGaAsP/InP DFB-DC-PBH LD's

The lasing performance of InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback laser diodes with double-channel planar buried heterostructure (DFB-DC-PBH LD's) is reported for end-titled and antireflection (AR) coated configuration. High-power CW single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) operation over 55-mW light output at room temperature, high-temperature CW SLM operation over 105°C, as well as stable SLM operation under 2-Gb/s high-speed direct modulation, have been attained for 1.3-μm band DFB-DC-PBH LD's. 1.5-μm band DFB-DC-PBH LD's have also exhibited excellent DFB lasing characteristics, such as high power over 20 mW and high temperature over 75°C CW SLM operation. DFB SLM yield in the laboratory was also examined for 1.3-μm DFB-DC-PBH LD's, giving rise to a good prospect for practical use in optical-fiber communication systems.     

Comprehensive above-threshold analysis of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide edge-emitting diode laser

A three-dimensional (3-D) above-threshold analysis has been performed for laterally antiguided laser structures of the antiresonant-reflecting-optical-waveguide type, of relatively large core width (/spl sim/ 10 /spl mu/m), for high-power, single-spatial-mode operation. A 3-D numerical code has been developed, which takes into account carrier diffusion in the quantum well as well as edge radiation losses. The laser characteristics are calculated as functions of the above-threshold drive level. Within the simulation, 3-5 higher order optical modes on a "frozen background" are computed by the Arnoldi algorithm. Because of the nonuniform gain saturation of the lasing mode, the modal gains for higher order modes increase with the drive current due to increasing overlap of their fields with the two-dimensional gain distribution. The onset of threshold for higher order modes puts an upper limit on the range for stable single-mode operation. The above-threshold analysis is done for various values of the width of the reflector region, below and above the lateral-antiresonance condition. It is found that the maximum intermodal discrimination, which in turn provides the maximum single-mode power, is obtained when the reflector-region width is /spl sim/25 % larger that its value at antiresonance. Then, for 10-/spl mu/m-core devices, stable, single-mode operation is found to occur to drive levels as high as 41 /spl times/ threshold, with single-mode output powers as high as 1.45 W.     

Characteristics of laser diodes with a partially intermixedGaAs-AlGaAs quantum well

Laser diodes (LD's) with a partially intermixed quantum-well (QW) active layer are fabricated by Zn out-diffusion from a p-cladding layer to the QW region. The dependencies of the degree of intermixing, measured by the photoluminescence (PL) shift, on Zn concentration of the p-cladding layer (P_clad) and the Al content of the guiding layer (X_g) in a separate-confinement-heterostructure (SCH) are investigated. P_clad changes in the range from 1×10 ¹⁸ cm^-3 to 4×10¹⁸ cm^-3 and X_g changes in the range from 0.21-0.37. When P_clad is 2×10¹⁸ cm^-3 and X_g is 0.37, large bandgap energy shift of 96.1 meV is observed. The lasing wavelengths of the LD's, with the partially intermixed QW, are blue-shifted linearly with increasing P_clad and X_g. For the bandgap energy shift of 66.8 meV by PL, the threshold current density is increased by 33% from that of the nonintermixed LD. Reliability of LD's with the partially intermixed QW is investigated for the first time. In spite of a large degree of intermixing the reliability of the LD with the partially intermixed QW of 66.8 meV energy shift by PL is the same as the nonintermixed one, which is confirmed by the aging test of 2500 hours at 45°C with the output power of 1 W under CW operation     

基于SBS过程自调Q掺铒光纤激光器的研究

利用单模光纤的非线性效应———背向受激布里渊散射 (BSBS)和光纤光栅的选频特性 ,用掺铒单模光纤作增益介质 ,采用半导体激光器连续抽运方式 ,研究了自调Q光纤激光器的运转情况 ,得到了稳定的光脉冲输出。脉冲宽度 (FWHM)约为 2 2ns,重复频率为 6 4 5MHz。     

Static characteristics of 1.5 - 1.6 µm GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure butt-jointed built-in integrated lasers

Lasing characteristics of GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure butt-jointed built-in distributed Bragg reflector integrated lasers (BH-BJB-DBR lasers) intended for dynamic single mode operation in the wavelength range of1.5-1.6 mum are given. In the first section, the coupling property between the active region and the butt-jointed external waveguide region is calculated to show the possibility of large fabrication tolerance. A coupling coefficient of more than 95 percent is estimated. Secondly, the GaInAsP/InP integrated lasers were fabricated and tested in the view of the static characteristics and the axial mode selection property. Lateral mode control was achieved by the use of a buried heterostructure, so that the axial and lateral modes were maintained to a fixed single mode. The lasers thus fabricated were operated in CW conditions at room temperature with a threshold current of about 100 mA. Single longitudinal mode operation was observed with a temperature dependence of about 0.13 nm/deg with the temperature range of more than50-65degC at around 0°C. Differential quantum efficiency as high as 13 percent/ facet was obtained for the laser with power output of more than 5 mW/facet. The output spectrum below threshold indicated the strong wavelength selectivity of the DBR region, and the net gain difference between the main DBR mode and the adjacent submode was measured to be about 6 cm^-1. No appreciable degradation and change of characteristics have been observed even after CW operation of more than 9770 h at 20°C.     

改性KTP晶体、三镜折叠腔内倍频研究

本文利用改性ＫＴＰ晶体,进行了纯连续激光倍频实验。根据光束传输矩阵,用计算机数值法计算了三镜折叠腔不同谐振腔参数所对应的稳定区,对Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ／ＫＴＰ进行腔内倍频,实验获得了３－５Ｗ 纯连续绿色激光输出。其实验结果与理论计算值基本相符。     

激光二极管双端面抽运Tm:Ho:GdVO4 2 μm激光器

报道了激光二极管(LD)双端面抽运Tm∶Ho∶GdVO4固体激光器,在2.049μm处获得连续(CW)和准连续(QCW)激光输出。激光二极管为光纤耦合输出,光纤芯径400μm,数值孔径0.22,输出波长805 nm。激光二极管额定输出功率27.7 W,均分为两束双端面抽运激光晶体。晶体尺寸为4 mm×4 mm×7 mm,Tm,Ho掺杂原子数分数分别为5%,0.5%。分析了Tm∶Ho能级系统的主要能级跃迁和能量转换损耗。为提高激光器的输出功率和转换效率,激光晶体采用液氮制冷。在重复频率5 kHz,10 kHz,20 kHz,调Q以及连续运行模式下,获得了9.4~10.1 W的激光输出,光-光转换效率为34%~36%。最大单脉冲能量为1.9 mJ,最大峰值功率为0.13 MW。讨论了抽运光功率和重复频率对激光脉宽的影响。     

High power and high focusing CWCO2 laser using anunstable resonator with a phase-unifying output coupler

A high-power and high-focusing continuous-wave (CW) CO₂ laser with a novel unstable resonator was developed. This resonator contains a step-wise variable reflecting output coupler named the phase-unifying output coupler and a total reflector. The laser was excited by a capacitive-barriered AC discharge called a silent discharge. A linearly polarized laser beam with a diffraction-limited divergence angle of 0.55 mrad was obtained. Very stable CW laser operation at an output power of 5 kW was achieved with a threshold discharge power of 10 kW and a slope efficiency of 18%     

Dry-etched 650 nm AlGaInP visible-light laser diodes with operatingtime of over 3000 h

The authors have achieved CW operation of 650 nm GaInP/AlGaInP index waveguide-type visible-light laser diodes (LDs) with dry-etched mesa stripes fabricated by Cl₂ reactive ion beam etching. The threshold current of 47 mA and slope efficiency of 0.40 W/A are almost the same as those of a wet-etched LD fabricated from the same wafer (L=500 μm). The cross-sectional scanning electron microscope view of the buried mesa stripe shows that the dry-etched LD has a symmetric mesa shape resulting in a small focusing spot and stable mode operation. The wet-etched mesa, however, is asymmetric because a 6° misoriented substrate is used for this wavelength operation. An aging test with light output power of 3 mW at 50°C has revealed that these LDs have an operating time of over 3000 h, which represents a sufficient reliability for conventional uses     

Multiple-phase shift super structure grating DBR lasers for broadwavelength tuning

Broad range wavelength tuning in distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers using a super structure grating with multiple phase shifts is discussed. Experimental results indicate that the laser achieves a maximum tuning range of 105 nm with stable single-mode continuous wave (CW) operation     

Spectral characteristics of distributed feedback laser diodes withdistributed coupling coefficient

A comprehensive investigation of the spectral characteristics of distributed feedback (DPB) laser diodes (LD's) with a distributed coupling coefficient (DCC) is presented. With a proper selection of both the coupling ratio (r) and a corrugation position (CP), the performance of the DCC laser structure is enhanced with an improved single-mode stability as well as a uniform field distribution. In the analysis, the above threshold characteristics and the influence of non-lasing side modes have been investigated using the transfer matrix method (TMM). Based on a DCC laser structure with r=1/3 and CP=0.46, a normalized gain margin (ΔαL)=0.81 and a side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 45 dB have been achieved for a DCC LD at biasing current of 4I_th . The introduction of the DCC laser structure opens a new way of stabilizing the single-mode oscillation in DFB LD's     

掺镱双包层光纤光栅激光器输出特性的研究

通过对泵浦源LD的温度控制,研究了不同温度对泵浦源波长以及光纤激光器输出特性的影响。利用熔接在掺镱双包层光纤两端的光纤光栅作为光纤激光器的谐振腔,采用锥度光纤耦合的方法实现了5.1W的单模激光输出,输出波长1100nm,最大转换效率63%。     

激光二极管双端抽运Tm:YLF 1.9 μm激光器

报道了一种激光二极管(LD)双末端抽运Tm:YLF激光器,在1.9 μm处获得了连续波(CW)输出。1.9 μm激光可用于抽运Ho晶体获得2 μm激光。在理论上,分析了掺Tm3+激光器的运转机制和能量转换损耗,计算出Tm:YLF激光器在理论上的斜率效率达到50%。在实验上,抽运源使用工作波长为792 nm的光纤耦合激光二极管,抽运光均分为两束双端抽运Tm:YLF晶体,两块晶体串接在折叠腔内。Tm:YLF 晶体的掺杂原子数分数为4%, 尺寸为3 mm×3 mm×12 mm。测量了输出镜在不同透射率情况下激光器的输出激光波长,当输出镜透射率T=26%时,在1.9μm处获得20.1 W的连续波激光输出,相应的抽运功率为75 W,阈值抽运功率为9 W,斜率效率为34%,光-光转换效率为27%。     

Numerical procedure for the lateral-mode analysis of broad-areasemiconductor lasers with an external cavity

A numerical procedure for the investigation of the lateral modes of semiconductor lasers with an external cavity is described. The propagation of the optical field inside the semiconductor laser is carried out via a standard beam-propagation scheme, while the method of coordinate scaling with the generalized Huygens-Fresnel integral allows for a computationally efficient propagation of the field in the external cavity. Using an eigenfunction solver based on the Prony method, it is shown that a simple external-cavity configuration comprising a broad area laser, a collimation lens, and a uniform end reflector can exhibit a complex modal behavior. Compared to a solitary broad area laser, optimized external cavities can yield enhanced modal discriminations, resulting in a single-lateral-mode operation with output power in excess of 100 mW along with a clean, single-lobed far-field pattern. The spatial-filtering action of the broad-area laser is highlighted, and we also discuss of the role played by the wavefront curvature of the beam incident upon the broad-area laser for achieving an efficient suppression of the higher order modes along with minimum increase of the threshold current     

部分端面抽运混合腔Nd:YVO4板条激光器实验研究

为了获得大功率高光束质量的激光输出,利用自制的5bar激光二极管阵列堆作为抽运源,抽运光经波导整形系统整形后入射至晶体,采用柱面镜混合腔结构,对部分端面抽运的混合腔Nd:YVO4板条激光器进行了实验研究。在最高抽运功率134W时,得到了38W的连续激光输出,斜效率44%,测得的两个方向的M2因子为1.56和1.78。实验结果表明,该激光器具有极佳的热效应,能够在高功率运转时保持高光束质量的激光输出,输入-输出功率曲线没有出现平顶或弯曲的迹象,该激光器仍有提升潜力,本结果有助于进一步提升该激光器的性能,实现更高功率的高光束质量激光输出。     

瓦级546.3nm全固态腔内和频激光器

为了获得瓦(W)级546 nm波段的连续激光输出 ,采用高功率激光二极管(LD)端面泵浦Nd:YAG激光晶体,通过谐振腔反射镜膜系的特殊设计,在单通道双共振腔 内获得Nd:YAG激光器的1073.8nm和1112.1nm两条谱线同时运转,并通过在腔内插入非线 性 光学晶体三硼酸锂(LBO)进行腔内和频,获得546.3nm绿光连续输 出。当抽运光功 率为24W时,输出的546.3nm绿光功率高达1.58W,其光-光转换效 率为6.6%。调节LBO 方位角,还可以分别获得1073.8nm和1112.1nm的倍频光537nm和556nm输出。     

1.5 ?m phase adjusted active distributed reflector laser for complete dynamic single-mode operation

1.5 ?m GaInAsP/InP phase adjusted active distributed reflector laser was proposed and fabricated for stable dynamic single-mode operation. Room-temperature CW operation was obtained with the threshold current of 62 mA. Oscillation at the Bragg wavelength was confirmed experimentally.     

部分端面抽运混合腔Nd:YVO4板条激光器实验研究

对部分端面抽运的混合腔Nd:YVO4板条激光器进行了实验研究,利用自制的5条激光二极管阵列堆LD Stack,抽运光经波导整形系统整形后入射至晶体,采用柱面镜混合腔结构成功得到1.064μm偏振连续激光输出,斜效率可达44%。输出激光功率3.5W时,测得非稳腔和稳腔两个方向的M2因子为1.28和1.73;在输出激光功率为38W时,测得的两个方向的M2因子为1.56和1.78。实验结果表明,该激光器具有极佳的热效应,能够在高功率运转时保持高功率高光束质量的激光输出,输入－输出功率曲线没有出现平顶或弯曲的迹象,该激光器的仍然有很大的提升余地。