低复杂度OFDM-WLAN载波偏移估计补偿算法

OFDM系统对载波频率偏移(CFO,CarrierFrequencyOffset)非常敏感,由此产生的ICI将严重影响系统的接收性能。分析了载波偏移对系统ICI的影响,提出了一种可用于OFDM无线局域网系统的载波频率偏移估计算法,同时对估计和补偿算法的实现结构作了详细的说明。     

OFDM-IDMA系统的迭代频偏估计及补偿

针对OFDM IDMA系统中载波频偏(CFO)带来的子载波之间的干扰问题,提出了在各用户具有相同频偏下的联合逐码片(构的信号作为虚拟的训练序列进行频域频偏估计,同时进行相应的时域频偏补偿.理论分析及实验仿真结果表明:基于逐码片迭代检测的近无频偏时的性能CBC)迭代检测的载波同步方法.该方法利用迭代检测中的外信息重OFDM IDMA系统的频偏估计和补偿方法能够使系统性能接     

Robust CFO Acquisition in PN‐Padded OFDM Systems

As an alternative to the traditional pilot‐aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the time‐domain pseudonoise (PN)‐padded OFDM provides a higher spectral efficiency. However, the carrier frequency offset (CFO) attenuates peaks of the conventional PN correlation output, which limits the CFO estimation range of the OFDM synchronizer. An improved correlation is proposed in this letter to remove the CFO‐induced amplitude attenuation of correlation peaks. For a synchronizer adopting the designed correlator, a larger range of CFO acquisition is obtained through using wider correlation windows with a smaller interval between them. The proposed method of CFO acquisition is verified in a digital terrestrial multimedia broadcast receiver, in which the synchronizer is able to acquire CFOs up to ±320 kHz in the DVB‐T F1 channel. Furthermore, the acquisition range can be expanded in more favorable channels.     

An Effective Method to Reduce Sensibility to CFO in OFDM

For orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems, the carrier frequency offset (CFO) in mobile radio channels distort the orthogonality between subcarriers resulting in intercarrier interference (ICI). This paper studies an efficient scheme termed all phase method to combat ICI. The method is implemented by introducing all phase concept into standard OFDM system. By numerical calculations, ICI coefficients with all phase method are much smaller than that of standard OFDM. Simultaneously, in the present of CFO, simulation results exhibit the proposed method makes more remarkable improvement in BER performance. Therefore, all phase method is effective to reduce sensibility to CFO.     

Maximum-Likelihood Estimator for Coarse Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are more sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO) compared to the conventional single carrier systems. CFO destroys the orthogonality among subcarriers, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) and degrading system performance. To mitigate the effect of the CFO, it has to be estimated and compensated before the demodulation. The CFO can be divided into an integer part and a fractional part. In this paper, we investigate a maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) for estimating the integer part of the CFO in OFDM systems, which requires only one OFDM block as the pilot symbols. To reduce the computational complexity of the MLE and improve the bandwidth efficiency, a suboptimum estimator (Sub MLE) is studied. Based on the hypothesis testing method, a threshold Sub MLE (T-Sub MLE) is proposed to further reduce the computational complexity. The performance analysis of the proposed T-Sub MLE is obtained and the analytical results match the simulation results well. Numerical results show that the proposed estimators are effective and reliable in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency-selective fading channels in OFDM systems.

Modified Guard Band Power Detection for Coarse Carrier Frequency Offset Recovery in OFDM System

Conventional guard band power detection (GPD) method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) coarse carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation has to be operated after the fine CFO recovery due to its sensitivity to the inter-channel interference (ICI). In the paper, modified GPD methods are presented for OFDM system to obtain more accurate estimation of CFO. The accuracy of GPD estimation can be first improved with a simple operation of power average. Then, extending the idea of Reference symbol Power Adjustment (RPA), two general patterns of sub-carrier power adjustment to improve the estimation performance under nonzero fine CFO are presented. According to complete simulations under the COST 207 multi-path fading channel, estimation performance with the presented modified GPD methods can be significantly improved and therefore can be concurrently operated with the fine carrier offset adjustment.

OFDM盲载波间干扰抑制与同步算法研究

针对载波频偏引起的子载波间干扰问题,提出一种基于独立分量分析的OFDM载波频率同步算法。本算法直接实现载波频率同步,可以避免基于导频机制的频偏估计和由频偏估计误差带来的频谱效率降低与性能损失。首先建立含频偏OFDM独立分量分析模型,然后从最大似然原则得到分离的代价函数,结合自然梯度优化得到OFDM源信号实现载波频率同步。理论分析表明,提出的算法不仅具有基于最大似然的频偏补偿性能而且提高了系统的输出信噪比。最后,仿真分析证明了算法的有效性。      

An HαFilter Based Approach to Combat Inter-Carrier Interference for OFDM Systems

In this paper, an extended H_infin filter-based carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimator is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The design criterion of the proposed estimator is to minimize the effect of worst-case disturbances (noise and model error) on the CFO estimation errors. This data-aided CFO estimator does not require any statistical knowledge of the disturbances. Moreover, its computational complexity is similar to that of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method. Simulation results show that the proposed method can combat ICI effectively and obtain better bit error rate (BER) performance in the unknown noise for OFDM systems.     

载波频偏对OFDM系统的影响分析及仿真

正交频分复用(OFDM)是4G通信中的关健技术之一,主要依靠各子载波之间的正交性实现高速传输。但OFDM对载波频偏(CFO,Carrier Frequency Offset)非常敏感,很小的频偏就会引起信道间的干扰(ICI)。从理论上分析了载波频偏产生信道间干扰的过程,重点研究了CFO对OFDM性能的影响,并对相关结论进行了仿真验证。     

Frequency shift filter‐based multi‐carrier transceiver

It is well known that orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO) and suffers from a high peak‐to‐average ratio. In addition, the performance of OFDM is severely affected by strong co‐channel interference and strong narrowband interference. To mitigate the limitations of OFDM, we propose a new multi‐carrier transceiver based on frequency‐shift filter. A frequency‐shift filter can separate spectrally overlapping sub‐carrier signals by exploiting the spectral correlation inherent in the cyclostationary modulated signals. To increase spectral efficiency, we increase the percentage of spectral overlap between two adjacent sub‐channels. We derive an upper bound and a lower bound on the bit error rate performance of the proposed multi‐carrier transceiver in additive white Gaussian noise channel and frequency‐nonselective Rayleigh fading channel, respectively. Compared with OFDM, our simulation results show that the proposed multi‐carrier transceiver is much less sensitive to CFO and has a lower peak‐to‐average ratio; moreover, without any additional interference suppression technique, the proposed transceiver has the advantage of being able to mitigate strong co‐channel interference with CFO from the intended multi‐carrier signal and mitigate strong narrowband interference in additive white Gaussian noise channel and in Rayleigh fading channel in which a large CFO between the transmitted signal and the received signal often occurs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resource Management Techniques for OFDM Systems with the Presence of Inter-Carrier Interference

The aim of the paper is to study the problems of resource management in the presence of inter-carrier interference (ICI) and multipath fading channel for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. OFDM is a promising technique for the broadband wireless communication systems. However, the OFDM communication system is sensitive to ICI which arises because of Doppler spread and carrier frequency offset (CFO). To solve these problems, an optimization method has been exploited, and a computationally efficient method using numerical optimization techniques is proposed. The simulation results show that these derived optimal solutions and proposed suboptimal algorithms as compared with the uniform power allocation algorithm or conventional water-filling algorithm can significantly improve the performance of the OFDM systems.     

Frequency estimators for MIMO-OFDM systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are known to be sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO). This paper is concerned with the CFO estimation for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems employing OFDM waveforms. We present two approaches to derive maximum likelihood (ML) pilot-assisted frequency estimators that use either two or multiple identical training symbols. It is shown that the resulting ML frequency estimators are similar to maximum ratio combining versions of Moose estimator and Yu–Su solution, respectively. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed frequency estimators are robust against spatial Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variation and they yield performance superior to that of the corresponding single-antenna system.     

基于粒子滤波的OFDM载波频偏和信道联合估计

一种基于粒子滤波(PF)的正交频分复用(OFDM)系统在慢衰落瑞利信道下联合信道估计和载波恢复的新方法被提出。该算法适用于多径时变信道模型以及等效离散时间信道模型。算法引入了在非线性系统参数估计和跟踪领域上十分有效的PF方法,将Kaman滤波与序贯蒙特卡罗采样(SMCS)相结合来估计信道衰落系数以及载波频偏(CFO)的后验概率密度,从而通过计算得到信道的响应函数,并在此基础上,利用MMSE均衡器消除码间串扰(ICI),进行码元估计。仿真结果表明了算法的有效性和优越性。     

Joint estimation of carrier frequency offset, dc offset and I/Q imbalance for OFDM systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with direct-conversion receiver (DCR) are vulnerable to carrier frequency offset (CFO), dc offset (DCO) and in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance. In this paper, we propose blind estimator for joint estimation of CFO, DCO and I/Q imbalance in OFDM systems with DCR. Simulation results show that performance of proposed estimator approaches Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) asymptotically, which demonstrates its effectiveness.     

MQAM-OFDM系统中降低峰均比与残余载波频偏同步联合算法

针对OFDM系统对频偏敏感及峰均比高的问题,提出一种用MQAM调制值的共轭码对残余载波频偏进行跟踪的方法,该共轭码同时可以降低系统峰均比.用频域MQAM数值的共轭来调制导频子载波以抵消相位,降低系统的峰值功率.同时利用这种共轭关系估计残余载波频偏引起的相位旋转,在时域或频域进行纠正.仿真结果表明利用这种共轭码可有效的跟...     

Probability of error calculation of OFDM systems with frequencyoffset

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is sensitive to the carrier frequency offset (CFO), which destroys orthogonality and causes intercarrier interference (ICI), Previously, two methods were available for the analysis of the resultant degradation in performance. Firstly, the statistical average of the ICI could be used as a performance measure. Secondly, the bit error rate (BER) caused by CFO could be approximated by assuming the ICI to be Gaussian. However, a more precise analysis of the performance (i.e., BER or SER) degradation is desirable. In this letter, we propose a precise numerical technique for calculating the effect of the CFO on the BER or symbol error in an OFDM system. The subcarriers can be modulated with binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), or 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), used in many OFDM applications. The BPSK case is solved using a series due to Beaulieu (1990). For the QPSK and 16-QAM cases, we use an infinite series expression for the error function in order to express the average probability of error in terms of the two-dimensional characteristic function of the ICI     

Adaptive subcarrier bandwidth and power in OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems for high mobility applications

OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems are spectrally flexible and efficient, but they are vulnerable to intercarrier interference (ICI), especially in high mobility environments. High mobility of the terminal causes large Doppler frequency spread resulting in serious ICI. Such ICI severely degrades the system performance, which is ignored in the existing resource allocation of OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems. In this paper, an adaptive subcarrier bandwidth along with power allocation problem in OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems for high mobility applications is investigated. This adaptive subcarrier bandwidth method should choose the suitable subcarrier bandwidth not only to balance the tradeoff between ICI and intersymbol interference but also to be large enough to tolerate an amount of Doppler frequency spread but less than the coherence bandwidth. The power budget and interference to primary users caused by cognitive radio users are imposed for primary users' protection. With these constraints, a joint optimization algorithm of subcarrier bandwidth and power allocation is proposed to maximize the bandwidth efficiency of OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems in such conditions. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed algorithm could maximize the system bandwidth efficiency and balance this tradeoff while satisfying the constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种快变信道中的正交频分复用系统均衡算法

当信道参数随时间的快速变化时,正交频分复用通信系统(OFDM)子载波间的正交性遭到破坏,出现了载波间的相互干扰(ICI),传统的单抽头频域均衡不再适用。虽然可采用最小均方误差(MMSE)均衡来补偿信道失真,但其计算量太大。为此,常用的方法是:先对接收信号进行ICI消除,恢复载波间的正交性,然后再进行单抽头频域或均衡。现有文献对ICI的分析均在频域进行,在此基础上提出的ICI消除与均衡算法存在计算量大或频谱利用率低的缺点。本文对ICI的产生机理和性质进行了时域和频域两方面的分析,利用现有OFDM标准中的空闲子载波信息,提出了一种ICI消除与均衡算法。理论分析和计算机仿真结果表明:该算法具有ICI消除效果好、计算量小和频谱利用率高等优点。     

Theoretical analysis of ICI self-cancellation in OFDM systems over Rayleigh flat-fading channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used for its robustness against multipath fading and low-complexity implementation. However, OFDM system, especially with large number of subcarriers and high modulation order, is severely affected by the phase noise of oscillators and carrier frequency offset (CFO). On the other hand, self-cancellation schemes have received a lot of attention due to their simple implementation and high efficiency to suppress inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems. Among those ICI self-cancellation methods, symmetric conjugate symbol repetition (SCSR) has been proven to have the best bit error ratio (BER) performance for phase noise suppression. In this paper, the performance of OFDM systems with SCSR ICI self-cancellation in the presence of both phase noise (PHN) and CFO are investigated, and analytical expressions are derived to calculate error probability evaluated by symbol error ratio (SER) over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh flat fading channels. An approach of second order approximation of PHN/CFO has been performed to estimate the residual ICI, which could provide more accurate results. Simulation results show perfect agreement with those obtained by theoretical analysis, which could be used to estimate OFDM system error probability, facilitating the design of the overall system.     

Analysis and design of joint CFO/channel estimate techniques for a cooperative STBC‐OFDM system

This paper studies the joint estimation technique of carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel information for a distributed decode‐and‐forward (DF) cooperative space‐time block‐coded (STBC) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. For the considered relay system, we provide theoretical analysis of the effects upon the output signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), which is caused by the CFO/channel estimation error. Based on the provided analytical results, a joint CFO/channel estimation scheme is then developed, where the CFO estimate is achieved by a multiple‐dimensional linear search algorithm. Furthermore, we propose an alternative estimation solution with iteration approach being designed for the CFO estimation prior to the channel estimation. In contrast to the former estimator, the iterative method enjoys the advantage of the substantially reduced implementation complexity without sacrificing the estimate performance. The conducted computer simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.