Entropy-Based Distortion Measure and Bit Allocation for Wavelet Image Compression

Quality criteria for image coding are often based on mean square error. However, this is not always a relevant measure of visual quality at low bit rates. Here, we investigate the properties of a distortion measure based on the conditional differential entropy of the input signal given its quantized value. The proposed measure appears to be a correct representation of the amount of information lost by quantization. An adaptive bit allocation algorithm is proposed in order to take advantage of this criterion. Experimental results illustrate the behavior of the proposed distortion measure and exhibit interesting visual properties for low bit-rate subband image coding.     

A new reconstruction approach for reflection mode diffractiontomography

Reflection mode diffraction tomography (RM DT) is an inversion scheme used to reconstruct the acoustical refractive index distribution of a scattering object. In this work, we reveal the existence of statistically complementary information inherent in the backscattered data and propose reconstruction algorithms that exploit this information for achieving a bias-free reduction of image variance in RM DT images. Such a reduction of image variance can potentially enhance the detectability of subtle image features when the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured scattered data is low in RM DT. The proposed reconstruction algorithms are mathematically identical, but they propagate noise and numerical errors differently. We investigate theoretically, and validate numerically, the noise properties of images reconstructed using one of the reconstruction algorithms for several different multifrequency sources and uncorrelated data noise     

平面近场测量中取样位置误差修正方法的研究

本文提出一种修正近场天线测量中探头集团误差的方法－非线性迭代法。探头的集团误差为可知值,同激光定位系统获得。运用泰载级数展开,可将天线理想波谱表示为误差算子和近场测量数据的形式。通过计算机械模拟,得到迭代修正后精确的近场值。本文在理想值、有误差的值和修正误差后的值之间作了些比较,相应的模拟数据有助于证实此结合。     

转轴转角定位误差测量方法与误差分析

提出了一种基于光纤激光自准直转轴转角定位误差测量的方法,建立了包含转轴运动误差以及安装误差的误差模型,仿真分析了23项误差对转角定位误差测量的影响,结果表明仅有参考转轴与待测转轴之间的4项安装误差的影响量与转轴旋转角度相关,且只需精细调整其中两项角度安装误差即可保证影响量小于0.2。利用所搭建的测量装置对某分度盘的转角定位误差进行了测量,三次测量重复性偏差约为0.9,与光电自准直仪对比的最大偏差约为0.6。结果表明:利用该测量方法和测量装置可以实现转轴转角定位误差的全周范围高精度测量,验证了所提出模型的有效性。     

图像传输丢失信息的重建技术

该文对于由网络传输错误导致的图像数据丢失,提出了对丢失图像信息的最优估计模型。同时针对变换编码图像数据丢失提出了一种基于变换域利用相邻子块的边界信息估计受损子块信息的技术,以及对丢失信息最优估计的实现算法与信噪比增益的解析形式。实验结果表明,重建图像信噪比可提高1020dB,主观质量从1级可改善达到34级,同现有的其他方案相比,低频与高频信息的恢复效果都有改善,同时算法简单,易于实现。     

Fuzzy error diffusion

Quantization errors are generally hidden by performing a dithering operation on the image. A common method is to utilize error diffusion. However, this method is prone to error accumulation, resulting in color impulses and streaks. This paper presents a new approach to error diffusion dithering through a fuzzy error diffusion algorithm. In this method, the amount of error to be diffused is determined by considering the relative location of the pixel not only to the closest codebook vector, but to all other palette entries. The goal is to hide the quantization errors by error diffusion, while preventing the excess accumulation of errors. This is achieved through an attraction-repulsion schema according to a fuzzy membership function. We also explored methods to speed up the fuzzy error diffusion process through a L-filter approach by determining a fixed set of membership values. We have implemented the fuzzy error diffusion algorithm for color images and achieved drastic improvements, resulting in superior quality dithered images and significantly lower mean squared error values. A different error measure modeling the characteristic of the human visual system also indicates the superiority of our method.     

Generalized Karhunen-Loeve Transformation I (Theoretical Consideration)

A generalized approach to obtain a family of the reversible linear transform functional sets for the transform compression is proposed in this work. The present method is formulated so as to include the conventional Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform method in itself, and shows how one might take account of a spatially inhomogeneous and correlated error measure. These new functional sets can be derived minimizing a generalized measure defined in a skew linear error space instead of the conventional orthogonal one. The generalized error measure is minimized to obtain an optimal functional set which is capable of making the errors spatially inhomogeneous and reducing the correlation between them. For a strongly correlated input data sequence, an algebraic equation for the sinusoidal inhomogeneity of errors is analytically solved and found to yield the discrete Mathieu functions (DMF's) expanded m terms of the discrete cosine functions (DCF's). As an example, the simulation results for the DMF's are shown in comparison with the performances of the KL and the DC transform compressions. Since, as is well known, the spatially, highly correlated, and localized errors are very visible to the human eye, one may expect that the present method is effectively applicable to the block transform compression of image data to reduce the visible distortion.     

Information loss recovery for block-based image coding techniques-afuzzy logic approach

A new technique to recover the information loss in a block-based image coding system is developed in this paper. The proposed scheme is based on fuzzy logic reasoning and can be divided into three main steps: (1) hierarchical compass interpolation/extrapolation (HCIE) in the spatial domain for initial recovery of lost blocks that mainly contain low-frequency information such as smooth background (2) coarse spectra interpretation by fuzzy logic reasoning for recovery of lost blocks that contain high-frequency information such as complex textures and fine features (3) sliding window iteration (SWI), which is performed in both spatial and spectral domains to efficiently integrate the results obtained in steps (1) and (2) such that the optimal result can be achieved in terms of surface continuity on block boundaries and a set of fuzzy inference rules. The proposed method, which is suitable for recovering both isolated and contiguous block losses, provides a new approach for error concealment of block-based image coding systems such as the JPEG coding standard and vector quantization-based coding algorithms. The principle of the proposed scheme can also be applied to block-based video compression schemes such as the H.261, MPEG, and HDTV standards. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

On the performance of stack filters and vector detection in image restoration

Two techniques for image restoration are compared in this paper. One is a technique based on the theory of optimal adaptive stack filtering; the other is a recently developed vector detection approach to image restoration. The primary difference between these two techniques is that the optimal detection technique exploits multilevela priori information, while the stack filter uses only single level zero crossing information.The design constraints for stack filters and vector detection are similar. Both approaches rely on the existence of a training sequence for the image source in order to obtain optimal processing. Adaptive stack filters do, however, require a training set of the noise while the optimal detection approach only needs a multivariate parametric representation.The image-restoration performance of these two methods is compared in a signal dependent noise environment characterizing imaging systems with speckle, film-grain, and Poisson shot noise. Comparisons are made using the mean absolute error measure as well as a subjective measure.This research was sponsored in part by the A. I. DuPont Institute.     

The Prediction of Geometric Distortions in Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery from Autofocus Measurements

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an imaging system that achieves high azimuthal resolution by tracking individual point scatterers using their phase histories, with the expected phase history of a particular point scatterer being derived from the assumed motion of the airborne SAR platform. Normally, it is assumed that the platform travels along a straight line path and that the radar pulses are emitted at equal spatial intervals. However, the aircraft carrying the SAR will be susceptible to extraneous across tracl motions and errors in the pulse spacing also may occur. These errors manifest themselves. as two forms of image degradation in the final image. Firstly, the image will be defocused due to an error in the expected quadratic phase history, and secondly, the image will contain geometric distortions due to an error in the linear phase history. An autofocus technique can be used to focus the image and produce a measure of the quadratic phase error that in turn can be used to estimate the geometric distortions that will be present in the final image. These distortions can be independently measured by direct comparison with a map of the imaged area. This paper describes the application of these methods to some real SAR data and discusses the results of the comparison of the measurements of autofocus and geometric distortions in terms of both the likely platform motions present and the viability of predicting geometric distortion using the autofocus measurements.     

基于改进爬山算法的微小零件亚像素级定位

为提高微小零件亚像素级定位效果,采用改进爬山算法。将目标区域向外扩展获得调焦窗口跟踪漂移图像,边界由像距和视角决定;然后优化爬山搜索算法得到最优收敛解,二维图像信息熵构成调焦图像评价函数;改进Zernike矩算法,通过高阶矩的模代替边缘参数,减少了计算量,卷积窗口矩阵构成Zernike矩的差值,提高定位精确度;最后给出了算法流程。实验结果显示,改进Zernike矩偶模板比奇模板边缘亚像素定位误差小,相比空间矩算法、多项式拟合算法、Zernike矩算法、区域生长算法和模板匹配算法,对规则形状定位误差均值分别减少了43.24%,21.62%, 32.43%,27.03%和56.76%;对不规则形状定位误差均值分别减少了39.02%,20.15%,26.83%,24.39%和51.22%。本文算法定位精确度较高。     

Fractional-bit differential detection of MSK: A scheme to avoid outages due to frequency-selective fading

A new scheme of fractional-bit differential detection of minimum shift keying (MSK) is proposed. This technique is aimed at reducing timing fluctuation of eye patterns, which is found to be a cause of abnormally long burst errors in a frequency-selective fading channel. We have confirmed in a detailed laboratory experiment that such long-burst errors can be eliminated by employing a differential delay shorter than one-bit interval, thereby yielding remarkable improvement in the measured average bit error rates. The result, in a way, highlights the influence of eye-pattern timing fluctuation on an actual digital mobile radio system.     

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的iBeacon/INS数据融合定位算法

针对微机电惯性导航系统(MEMS-INS)定位解算存在积累误差及低功耗蓝牙技术iBeacon指纹定位存在跳变误差等问题,该文提出一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波器(UKF)的iBeacon/MEMS-INS数据融合定位算法。该算法对iBeacon锚点与定位目标的距离进行解算,利用加速度计和陀螺仪的数据实现姿态阵和位置解算。将蓝牙锚点位置向量、载体速度误差信息等组成状态量,将惯性导航定位信息和蓝牙定位距离信息等组成观测量,设计无迹卡尔曼滤波器,实现iBeacon/MEMS-INS数据融合定位。实验测试结果表明,该算法有效解决MEMS-INS存在较大积累误差及iBeacon指纹定位存在跳变误差的问题,可以实现1.5 m内的定位精度。     

Object-oriented analysis-synthesis coding based on moving two-dimensional objects

An object-oriented analysis-synthesis coder is presented which encodes arbitrarily shaped objects instead of rectangular blocks. The objects are described by three parameter sets defining their motion, shape and colour. Throughout this contribution, the colour parameters denote the luminance and chrominance values of the object surface. The parameter sets of each object are obtained by image analysis based on source models of moving 2D-objects and coded by an object-dependent parameter coding. Using the coded parameter sets an image can be reconstructed by model-based image synthesis. In order to cut down the generated bit-rate of the parameter coding, the colour updating of an object is suppressed if the modelling of the object by the source model is sufficiently exact, i.e., if only a relatively small colour update information would be needed for an errorless image synthesis. Omitting colour update information, small position errors of objects denoted as geometrical distortions are allowed for image synthesis instead of quantization error distortions. Tolerating geometrical distortions, the image area to be updated by colour coding can be decreased to 4% of the image size without introducing annoying distortions. As motion and shape parameters can efficiently be coded, about 1 bit per pel remains for colour updating in a 64 kbit/s coder compared to about 0.1 bit per pel in the standard reference coder (RM8) of the CCITT. Experimental results concerning the efficient coding of motion and shape parameters are given and discussed. The coding of the colour information will be dealt with in further research.     

RIALS: RSU/INS‐aided localization system for GPS‐challenged road segments

This paper introduces a new vehicle localization approach for global positioning system‐challenged road segments (e.g., tunnels), which takes advantage of roadside units (RSUs) and in‐vehicle inertial navigation system (INS). In the proposed approach, namely RSU/INS‐aided localization system (RIALS), vehicles only need one RSU in their transmission range for an accurate positioning. The beacons received from the RSU along with the information provided by the INS system are used for establishing and maintaining particular locus circles. After linearization, the system of locus circle equations is solved using the linear least square estimation technique, and the estimated vehicle's position is obtained. In the presence of speed variations and existing ranging and INS estimation errors, the proposed RIALS adaptively sets the sufficient number of required locus circles, aiming at keeping the localization error below a given threshold. We study the effects of ranging and INS estimation errors on localization accuracy of RIALS from analytical and simulation perspectives. Results of extensive simulations show that the localization error is more sensitive to the ranging error than the INS error. Moreover, the network traffic overhead of the proposed method is considerably lower than other competitive localization approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双基前视SAR几何定位及同步误差分析

针对目标区域不存在图像匹配基准点如对海面目标、草原目标等定位时,基于图像匹配的目标定位方法失效问题,该文提出基于R-D原理的双基前视SAR几何定位方法。首先,在相邻合成孔径中心时刻,利用收发平台与目标的几何关系进行数学建模;再结合地距SAR图像中的目标与场景中心点的关系,解算目标相对接收平台的位置信息;最终,根据双基地前视SAR系统的特点,建立空时频同步误差模型,并结合仿真计算结果给出其对定位精度的影响规律。仿真结果验证了定位方法的有效性及误差模型的正确性。     

Interframe DPCM with robust median-based predictors fortransmission of image sequences over noisy channels

A new image sequence coding technique based on robust median-based predictors is presented for the transmission of image sequences over noisy channels. We analyze the robustness of median-based predictors against channel errors. A heuristic algorithm for the design of a robust predictor from a given median-based predictor is presented. It is shown that with small modifications in terms of a necessary requirement for a median-based predictor to be robust against channel errors, the robustness of a given median-based predictor can be considerably improved. Simulations on a real image sequence show significant improvement over the conventional differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) at high bit error rate (BER) using this new technique. The technique does not increase the transmission rate. It is shown that the quality of reconstructed images obtained by robust median-based predictors can be further improved by postprocessing the image using a nonlinear detail-preserving noise-smoothing filter.     

Noncontact measurement using line-scan cameras: Analysis ofpositioning error

A multiprocessor camera controller has been designed and developed for real-time operation of high-resolution industrial CCD (charge coupled device) line-scan cameras. A three-camera system is capable of measuring length, width, height, and volume of steel slabs. Data captured by one camera are made available to other camera processors. A computation scheme is developed to correlate information for accurate cooperative measurement. There are two major sources of measurement errors. Digitizing error has been examined elsewhere, and a 0.1 subpixel accuracy is achievable by appropriate processing. The authors consider positioning errors with emphasis on camera positioning. The cooperative measurement and computation scheme measures object translation and compensates its effect to a certain degree. It is shown that, with calibration, measurement errors caused by camera positioning can be kept error caused by camera positioning can be kept within 0.2%     

基于多天线到达相位差的室内定位算法

针对测距式射频识别(RFID)室内定位算法的精确度会受到测距误差严重影响的问题,提出一种基于多天线到达相位差(M-PDOA)的室内定位算法。通过M-PDOA测距方法进行测距,采用三边测量算法对目标标签进行定位。仿真结果显示,本算法的测距平均误差为0.102 7 m,性能提升65.76%;定位平均误差为0.180 7 m,性能提升56.67%,说明本文算法能够有效减少测距误差,并且定位精确度较高。     

相位凝固技术中干涉信号调制解调误差分析

为了进一步减小基于相位凝固技术的激光反馈干涉系统测量运动物体微位移时的测量误差,采用MATLAB数值仿真及曲线拟合的方法,对移相间隔和外腔反射面振动幅度引起的系统误差进行了理论分析。在系统实验中依据相位凝固原理对物体运动产生的干涉信号进行采样,获取多组光功率曲线,在光功率曲线上实时判向并标记特征点。根据特征点重构被测物体的微位移曲线,对重构得到的微位移台阶曲线进行多项式拟合以提高测量精度。结果表明,在固定移相间隔为/5、激光器波长为1550nm的情况下,测量分辨率优于/20(77.5nm),实际测量的绝对误差最大值为47.98nm,峰峰值误差平均值小于1nm。相位凝固技术调制解调干涉信号为微位移的方向辨识和高精度测量提供了新的解决方案。