铁基合金激光熔覆层组织分布及开裂敏感性研究

在45#钢基底上进行了铁基合金粉末激光熔覆实验。利用扫描电镜观察了熔覆层横断面的金相显微组织形态,对组织的不同特征部位进行了EDS能谱分析,使用X射线衍射仪对熔覆层进行物相分析。结合熔覆层的组织成分分布和激光熔覆过程中组织凝固的特点,分析得到熔覆层中存在少量的Si和B与Fe、Cr、Ni、O结合形成的低熔点共晶,低熔点共晶分布在晶界,尤其是夹杂在熔覆层表层部分,成为裂纹源。调节熔覆材料的成分,减少低熔点共晶产生,可以有效抑制熔覆层的裂纹敏感性。     

TiO2对铁基合金激光熔覆层组织和性能的影响

在 4 5 #钢基底上进行了铁基合金和铁基合金加TiO2 的激光熔覆对比实验。采用渗透法观察熔覆层表面裂纹 ,利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察熔覆层横断面的显微组织 ,使用X射线衍射仪对熔覆层进行物相分析 ,并测试了熔覆层横断面的硬度分布和熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明 ,在一定的工艺条件下 ,添加适量的TiO2 ,可以获得成形良好、无裂纹、组织致密均匀、耐磨性好的高质量铁基激光熔覆层。适量的TiO2 可使涂层共晶体数目增多且分布均匀 ,组织细化 ,裂纹消失 ,在降低涂层裂纹敏感性的同时仍保持涂层的硬度和耐磨性不降低。TiO2 对铁基熔覆层性能改善的原因是 :适量TiO2 的加入 ,在涂层中可形成Cr13Fe35Ni13Ti7金属间化合物 ,熔覆层组织由亚共晶组织转变为性能较好的伪共晶组织 ,且由于高熔点的Ti硼化物的析出 ,提高了形核率 ,使组织颗粒细化、均匀。     

激光熔覆汽轮机转子表面涂层的显微组织研究

针对激光熔覆再制造汽轮机转子轴颈,采用2 kW半导体激光器进行同轴送粉的激光熔覆Fe基合金试验,并在激光熔覆过程中对加工点附近的温度进行监控。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能量色散谱仪(EDS)研究了熔覆层的显微组织形貌、相结构与成分。结果表明,激光熔覆加热集中,检测部位的最高温度未超过70 ℃,整个修复过程平稳。Fe基合金熔覆层组织均匀、致密,与基体冶金结合,没有微观裂纹与气孔等缺陷。熔覆层组织主要为(Fe、Cr、C)合金与CrC两相。熔覆层的组织主要为典型的过饱和固溶体枝晶与枝晶间多元碳化物共晶组成,激光熔覆层与基体熔合过程中产生了元素互渗。     

Y2O3对40Cr钢激光熔覆层组织性能影响

研究了Y2O3对40Cr钢表面激光熔覆镍基合金层显微组织、相结构以及性能的影响.结果表明,加入Y2O3的镍基激光熔覆层显微组织细小、均匀,且不出现微裂纹.熔覆层形成的物相有γ-(Fe,Ni)、Cr23C6、Cr2B、Fe2Be相等.与纯镍基熔覆层相比,加入Y2O3的镍基熔覆层显微硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性均有较大程度提高.     

激光熔覆原位生成B4C颗粒增强镍基复合涂层的研究

采用自动送粉工艺,在A3钢表面制备出原位生成B4C颗粒增强的镍基激光熔覆层.使用扫描电镜(SEM),电子能谱(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对熔覆层的组织和物相构成进行了分析,并对熔覆层进行了硬度、摩擦性能测试.结果表明,原位生长B4C颗粒增强的Ni基复合涂层与基材呈现良好的冶金结合.熔覆层的底部组织为先共晶析出的Cr,Fe的碳化物树枝相分布在γ(Ni Fe)基体中,而中上部组织为先共晶析出的树枝晶和包含原位生成B4C的白色颗粒相分布在共晶基体中.熔覆层具有极高的硬度(平均HV0.31400),耐磨性是纯Ni60涂层的2倍.硬度和耐磨性的提高归因于涂层中大量的包含原位生长B4C颗粒相的生成,并均匀分布于涂层的共晶基体中.     

Stellite和NiCrSiB合金激光送粉熔覆裂纹倾向的比较研究

高功率CO_2激光送粉熔覆Stellite和NiCrSiB合金对比实验表明:NiCrSiB合金激光熔覆具有很大的裂纹倾向,NiCrSiB+50％Ni不出现裂纹,前者微观组织特征为少量的韧性相和大量不规则杂乱分布的粗大硬质相,后者为典型枝晶结构。Stellite 6合金激光熔覆不出现裂纹,Stellite 6+18％以上WC出现裂纹,前者微观组织特征为先共晶枝晶和枝晶间共晶,后者枝晶间共晶增多、共晶内碳化物析出物增多并出现多种复杂形状的碳化物无规沉淀析出。激光熔覆层裂纹形成的根本原因是由于熔覆过程产生的很大拉应力,裂纹形成的主导原因是由于激光熔覆层本身的韧性太低而脆性太大,难以承受大的拉应力。降低裂纹倾向的思路是改变熔覆层内强化相的形态,使其以颗粒形式均匀弥散地析出,同时使强化相颗粒由底部至表面呈梯度分布。     

Cr3C2对Fe基合金激光熔覆层组织与性能的影响

为了研究Fe基、Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层的显微组织、抗高温氧化性能,以及Cr3C2/Fe复合涂层相结构演化规律,采用5kW CO2激光器在与Fe基合金成分相近的Q235钢表面熔覆Fe基合金涂层及Cr3C2/Fe基合金复合涂层的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了相关试验数据。结果表明,Fe基合金涂层主要组成相为α-Fe,Cr23C6以及体心立方的α-Fe固溶体等;熔覆层主要以亚共晶方式结晶,在初生固溶体间存在层片状的共晶组织。Cr3C2/Fe基合金复合涂层组成为γ-Fe,α-Fe,Cr23C6,Cr3C2以及Cr7C3等。Fe基合金涂层由发达的α-Fe枝晶和其间共晶组织组成,Cr2C2/Fe基合金涂层典型组织为等轴晶以及细小的共晶组织;Cr3C2对熔覆层的组织有显著的改善作用,使其组织细化,促使组织由树枝晶向等轴晶转化;Cr3C2的加入可显著提高Fe基合金涂层的显微硬度、高温抗氧化性等物理性能。这一结果对以后相关的Fe基合金激光熔覆以及激光表面改性研究有一定的帮助。     

激光熔覆制备原位颗粒增强金属基复合表层组织性能的研究

采用激光预置熔覆技术,通过在FeCSiBRe合金粉末中单独添加强碳化物形成元素Zr和复合添加Zr、Ti、WC元素和碳化物,在中碳钢基体上制备出原位析出的颗粒增强铁基复合材料表层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDAX),对熔覆层显微组织特征以及硬质颗粒的分布规律进行了观察、分析;利用显微硬度计检测了熔覆层的显微硬度。熔覆层显微组织特征是树枝状的先共晶奥氏体分布在共晶基体上的亚共晶组织。熔覆层与基体成良好的冶金结合且未观察到裂纹和孔隙。熔覆层内析出的硬质颗粒分别是以ZrC和Zr、Ti、W为主的复合碳化物,由于凝固前沿对颗粒的特殊扑获作用,主要分布在枝晶内与枝晶间。     

原位生长Cr3C2-CrB复合增强镍基激光熔覆层研究

采用预涂激光熔覆技术,在A3钢表面制备原位生长Cr3C2-CrB复合增强镍基激光熔覆层.使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪对熔覆层进行了显微组织和物相分析,并测试了熔覆层显微硬度及摩擦性能.结果表明,在适当工艺条件下,熔覆层成形良好、表面光滑,涂层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合.熔覆层底部组织为包含Cr,Fe的碳、硼化物的γ(NiFe)树枝晶结构.熔覆层中上部组织为先共晶析出、规则排列的Cr3C2杆状相和CrB颗粒相分布在Fe2C/γ(NiFe)共晶基体中.由于Cr3C2-CrB复合强化相的原位生成且均匀弥散分布在基体中,使得熔覆层具有高的硬度(平均硬度HV     

激光熔覆Zr/FeCSiB涂层的组织和性能

采用激光预置熔覆法,通过在FeCSiB合金粉末中添加一定比率的强碳化物形成元素Zr,在中碳钢基体上制备原位析出的颗粒增强铁基复合材料表层。利用光学显微镜、场发射电子扫描显微镜(能谱仪)和金相组织分析系统,对熔覆层显微组织、硬质颗粒的成分及其分布规律进行了观察与分析。其显微组织特征是树枝状的先共晶奥氏体分布在共晶基体上的亚共晶介稳组织;奥氏体在随后的冷却过程中转变为马氏体;熔覆层与基体成良好的冶金结合。熔覆层内析出的硬质颗粒是以ZrC为主的复合碳化物,主要分布在枝晶内与枝晶间;单道搭接熔覆层颗粒的体积分数分别为1.96%、2.2%～3.84%;显微硬度值在800HV0.2～1100HV0.2之间。     

Binding Sulfur‐Doped Nb2O5 Hollow Nanospheres on Sulfur‐Doped Graphene Networks for Highly Reversible Sodium Storage

Orthorhombic Nb₂O₅ (T‐Nb₂O₅) has recently attracted great attention for its application as an anode for sodium ion batteries (NIBs) owing to its patulous framework and larger interplanar lattice spacing. Sulfur‐doped T‐Nb₂O₅ hollow nanospheres (diameter:180 nm) uniformly encapsulate into sulfur‐doped graphene networks (denoted: S‐Nb₂O₅ HNS@S‐rGO) using hard template method. The 3D ordered porous structure not only provides good electronic transportation path but also offers outstanding ionic conductive channels, leading to an improved sodium storage performance. In addition, the introduction of sulfur to graphene and Nb₂O₅ leads to oxygen vacancy and enhanced electronic conductivity. The sodium storage performance of S‐Nb₂O₅ HNS@S‐rGO is unprecedented. It delivers a reversible capacity 215 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 C over 100 cycles. In addition, it also possesses a great high‐rate capability, retaining a stable capacity of 100 mAh g^?1 at 20 C after 3000 cycles. This design demonstrates the potential applications of Nb₂O₅ as anode for high performance NIBs.     

掺Er3+碲铌酸盐玻璃的发光特性研究

以TeO2,Nb2O5,ZnO,Na2O为基质原料制备了掺铒碲铌酸盐玻璃,差热分析表明,Nb2O5的加入可以明显提高碲酸盐玻璃的热稳定性。同时应用McCumber原理计算的结果显示,摩尔分数为4%的Nb2O5的加入可使碲酸盐玻璃在1.53μm处的受激发射截面提高8%,其峰值达8.9×10-21cm2,而受激发射截面的有效带宽几乎不变。     

A Novel Approach to BaTiO3-based X8R Ceramics by Calcium Borosilicate Glass Ceramic Doping

High-performance X8R dielectric materials could be sintered at 1150°C by doping calcium borosilicate (CBS) glass ceramic into the BaTiO₃-Nb₂O₅-ZnO system, with a dielectric constant greater than 1800 and a dielectric loss lower than 1.0%. The effects of CBS, Nb₂O₅, and ZnO on the dielectric properties were discussed in this article. The X8R specification was achieved with the content of CBS ≥ 4 wt.%, Nb₂O₅ ≥ 1.0 mol%, and ZnO ≤ 2.0 mol%. The sample doped with 4 wt.% CBS exhibited the highest density and lowest dielectric loss in our experiment. A reduction in grain size was observed in the specimens with 4 and 7 wt.% CBS as compared with CBS-free specimen, whereas the abnormal growth of rectangle-shaped grains took place in the 10 wt.% CBS-doped specimen. The Curie point progressively moved to higher temperatures with CBS content up to 7 wt.%. However, T _c of the sample decreased slightly in the case when 10 wt.% CBS was doped. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystal structure of sintered ceramics changed from tetragonal to pseudocubic symmetry as increasing CBS content.     

35CrMo激光熔覆铁基合金与镍基合金涂层性能比较

为了对35CrMo电机主轴激光熔覆铁基合金与镍基合金涂层进行对比研究,利用 CO2激光在35CrMo电机主轴表面制备3540铁基和Ni00镍基合金改性涂层,在初步满足工程应用的前提下,对两种材料改性涂层横截面横向和纵向上的硬度进行测试,并通过配备腐蚀液对其进行了金相研究。结果表明,在熔覆区和熔合区交界处附近,两种熔覆材料的显微硬度差别不大,均为640HV左右,都能满足工程应用;两种涂层材料的耐腐蚀性均较基体材料强,激光熔覆区域、熔合区的显微组织差异明显,晶粒的尺寸逐渐变小,且镍基材料的耐腐蚀更强。综合比较而言,选择Ni00熔覆材料较3540材料更能满足工程应用。     

激光重熔工艺对YCF101涂层质量的影响

YCF101合金(铁基)涂层耐磨耐蚀以及合适的硬度,是机床零件再制造理想涂层。为制备高表面质量的涂层,研究了不同重熔工艺参数对YCF101涂层质量的影响。采用激光共聚焦显微镜(LEXT OLS4100)对涂层表面形貌、组织和截面质量进行了分析。研究结果表明,激光重熔有效提高涂层表面质量；在相同的重熔工艺参数下,重熔轨迹与熔覆轨迹呈45°的重熔方式,重熔质量最好；重熔功率为200 W,重熔速度9 mm/s,重熔间距1 mm时,涂层质量最好；随着重熔功率增加,涂层裂纹增多；重熔后熔池内部细密的晶粒被柱状晶取代,涂层截面组织均匀,涂层表面组织晶粒细化。     

Deposition,annealing and characterisation of high-dielectric-constant metal oxide films

Flims of metal oxides, such as Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, Al₂O₃, HfO₂, ZrO₂ and TiO₂ have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing techniques. Several analytical methods were applied to study the layers. New data of fundamental properties of these metal oxides are reported and related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor material, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for a specific application of these metal oxide films in microelectronics.     

Layered Orthorhombic Nb2O5@Nb4C3Tx and TiO2@Ti3C2Tx Hierarchical Composites for High Performance Li‐ion Batteries

Engineering electrode nanostructures is critical in developing high‐capacity, fast rate‐response, and safe Li‐ion batteries. This study demonstrates the synthesis of orthorhombic Nb₂O₅@Nb₄C₃T_x (or @Nb₂CT_x) hierarchical composites via a one‐step oxidation —in flowing CO₂ at 850 °C —of 2D Nb₄C₃T_x (or Nb₂CT_x) MXene. The composites possess a layered architecture with orthorhombic Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles decorated uniformly on the surface of the MXene flakes and interconnected by disordered carbon. The composites have a capacity of 208 mAh g^?1 at a rate of 50 mA g^?1 (0.25 C) in 1–3 V versus Li⁺/Li, and retain 94% of the specific capacity with 100% Coulombic efficiency after 400 cycles. The good electrochemical performances could be attributed to three synergistic effects: (1) the high conductivity of the interior, unoxidized Nb₄C₃T_x layers, (2) the fast rate response and high capacity of the external Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles, and (3) the electron “bridge” effects of the disordered carbon. This oxidation method was successfully extended to Ti₃C₂T_x and Nb₂CT_x MXenes to prepare corresponding composites with similar hierarchical structures. Since this is an early report on producing this structure, there is much room to push the boundaries further and achieve better electrochemical performance.