OFDM-RoF原理与关键技术

光通信与无线通信的融合是未来通信的发展方向。正交频分复用（OFDM）技术即将成为下一代无线通信的物理层核心技术。OFDM光载无线（0FDM—RoF）接合了无线通信和光通信的优点,具有高速率、高容量、高频谱利用率的优势。OFDM—RoF系统有光纤色散、光纤非线性、调制非线性等问题,可以利用峰值平均功率比（PAPR）降低算法降低光纤非线性、调制非线性;利用循环前缀、信道估计消除色散影响;利用数字相位共轭、偏载波填充、非线性预补偿、降低序列相关性降低光纤非线性。     

基于低密度奇偶校验码的概率整形正交频分复用-光载无线通信系统的传输特性

提出了一种基于低密度奇偶校验码（LDPC）的概率整形（PS）方案，以优化正交频分复用（OFDM）信号在光载无线（RoF）通信系统中的传输性能。首先，理论分析了PS技术和PS-OFDM信号的生成原理，该方案的冗余度为6.7%，相比传统的OFDM信号平均功率降低了约20%。接着，在理论研究的基础上建立了仿真验证系统，与传统OFDM-RoF系统相比，该系统可明显降低OFDM信号的平均发射功率，在相同平均发射功率下改善系统的峰值平均功率比（PAPR）。最后，对该系统在不同光纤传输距离下的误码率分析结果表明，在基带数据速率为2.5 Gbps，射频载波频率为25 GHz的情况下，基于LDPC的PS-OFDM-RoF系统可以有效改善接收机的灵敏度，并增加系统的可靠传输距离。     

光载无线信号的OCS-DPSK调制格式

文章提出一种新型的光载波抑制一差分相移键控（OCS-DPSK）调制格式,可以实现光载无线（RoF）系统的3个关键功能：分发下行RoF信号、产生远端本振信号和上行数据的重调制,从而实现成本最优的RoF接入网络。文章作者实验演示了基于单个单臂马赫-曾德调制器产生OCS-DPSK控调制格式的全双工RoF传输系统。     

光OFDM系统PAPR抑制方法分析

峰均功率比（PAPR）问题是OFDM系统的主要缺陷之一,在光OFDM系统中,由于调制器、D／A转换器、功率放大器和光纤的非线性,高峰均功率比的信号将会产生严重畸变,对系统的性能造成较大的影响。介绍了降低OFDM系统PAPR的主要方法,包括信号预畸变技术、编码技术和概率类技术,并对星座图扩展（ACE）方法和脉冲成形（PS）方法进行了仿真分析,讨论了各自的优缺点及改进的空间。     

OFDM-ROF下行链路的性能研究

OFDM技术与ROF技术结合为实现低成本、高速数据传输的移动网络提供了可能,但光纤链路的非线性以及无线信道的多径衰落降低了系统性能。在建立ROF下行链路的传输函数模型基础上,分析ROF下行链路对OFDM信号性能的影响。传输模型包括激光器,光纤链路以及无线信道。分析在不同光调制指数、光纤长度及无线多径信道下接收信号的误差矢量、三阶非线性失真和互调失真。仿真结果显示：随着调制指数、光纤长度的增加,以及无线信道的多径衰落使得接收信号性能下降。此分析为OFDM-ROF下行链路的线性化以及无线信道均衡方案选择提供了理论基础。     

基于混合整形圆形正交振幅调制的太赫兹信号传输性能分析

为提高光纤无线电（RoF）系统的传输性能，提出了一种基于概率-几何混合整形的圆形正交振幅调制（PS-GS-CirMQAM）矢量太赫兹信号传输方案。在Matlab和VPI环境下联合仿真分析了130 GHz波段PS-GS-Cir-MQAM信号在强度调制器（IM）和同相/正交（I/Q）调制器级联的RoF系统中信号的传输性能，并比较分析了信号的误码性能在不同整形方法后的改善效果。结果表明，提出的PS-GS-Cir-MQAM太赫兹信号的误码性能均优于其他三种整形格式。其中PS-GSCir-32QAM信号的误码性能提升效果最为明显，相比其他三种整形格式，分别提升了0.88、1.40、2.48 dB的信号功率增益。尤其是在克服光器件和光纤的非线性效应方面，PS-GS-Cir-MQAM的矢量太赫兹信号具有更大的传输优势。     

RoF外调制链路的噪声系数分析

分析了光纤承载无线（RoF,Radio over Fiber）外调制链路的噪声系数。通过建立数学模型,从小信号模型下推导出外部调制链路的增益和噪声系数的表达式,并研究了影响链路噪声系数的各种因素,如调制器的半波电压,输入光功率,光纤损耗,检测器的效率等,理论上得出降低噪声系数的一般方法和结论,即可以适当的降低调制器的半波偏置电压,提高激光器的输入光功率,可以选用低损耗光纤以及提高检测器的斜度效率等。     

OFDM技术在长距离光传输中的应用

文章介绍了光0FDM系统的两种具体实现,对系统进行了分析：接着对光OFDM系统中马赫-曾德尔光外调制器（MZM）偏置点及调制指数选择进行了数字分析;然后对CO—OFDM系统信号进行色散补偿分析,推导出接收端信号组成。系统仿真结果表明,当MZM偏置点选择在零偏置点时,调制OFDM信号二阶分量最小,达到最佳线性调制。     

光载无线通信系统的传输限制与抑制方法

针对光载无线通信（RoF）系统的传输限制因素,文章提出并实验证明两种传输距离长性能高的RoF系统。一种是采用抑制奇数边带的基于外部调制的40GHz的RoF系统;另一种是采用载波抑制（OCS）的外部调制的40GHz光正交频分复用（OFDM）RoF系统。理论与实验证明这两个系统不仅抗色散能力强,而且可以实现远距离传输。     

线性变换和预留子载波降低光OFDM系统的PAPR

正交频分复用(OFDM)技术存在着高峰值平均功率比(PAPR)的缺点,在光OFDM系统中,由于其调制器、D/A转换器件、功率放大器及光纤本身的非线性,较大PAPR的信号将会产生严重的畸变,从而大大降低系统的有效性.为抑制光OFDM系统中的PAPR,提出了一种基于线性变换和预留子载波技术的光OFDM系统PAPR降低算法.仿真结果表明,该方案不仅有效地降低了峰均功率比,而且对系统误码率的影响较小,能够获得可靠的系统误码率性能.     

Distortion of OFDM Signals on Radio-Over-Fiber Links Integrated With an RF Amplifier and Active/Passive Electroabsorption Modulators

The integration of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and radio-over-fiber (RoF) techniques have made cost-effective and high-data-rate mobile wireless Internet networks possible, such as wireless broadband networks. This paper describes the distortion effects of OFDM signals fed via an RF amplifier integrated with an RoF link employing active and passive electroabsorption modulators (EAM) for chiefly broadband in-building network applications. First, peak-to-average power ratio was investigated for RoF links. Second, the adjacent channel power ratio, which estimates the degree of spectral re- growth due to the in-band and out-of-band interference resulting from distortion effects from nonlinear amplification, error vector magnitude, and system distortion effects, was also observed for the proposed system. In this study, we considered a combined Volterra-series and impulse response-based analytical model for WiBro systems and compared it to the observed measurements. We analyzed the different nonlinear distortion effects for OFDM signals driven via an RF amplifier that was integrated with an RoF link employing a distributed feedback laser as a transmitter and an active and passive InP EAM as a receiver. The results show significant agreement between the suggested analytical model and the measurement case. This study is unique in that it examines the distortion effects of RoF links with active and passive EAMs as an access point for OFDM-based wireless access networks.     

基于训练序列进行系统优化的60GHz正交频分复用-光载无线通信系统

分析了60 GHz正交频分复用-光载无线通信(OFDM-RoF)系统中OFDM信号经光纤传输后在光电检测时存在的子载波间互拍干扰(SSBI)现象。提出使用交叉型训练序列结构的OFDM信号来降低SSBI的影响。实验证明,在无色散补偿的情况下,2.5 Gb/s交叉型训练序列结构的基带OFDM信号在58 GHz毫米波系统中经光纤传输20 km后,在误码率为10-3时,其功率代价仅为0.5 dB,而连续型训练序列结构OFDM的功率代价为2 dB。说明基于交叉型训练序列结构的OFDM信号的传输性能在抵抗SSBI方面要明显优于连续型训练序列结构OFDM信号。     

Regression model based channel estimation for OFDM with multiple transmitters

Based on a nonlinear two-dimensional (2-D) regression model, we analyze the OFDM system performance with respect to the operation block size and pilot density. Specifically, we propose a regression model based channel estimation for the OFDM system with multiple transmit antennas. To obtain the proper estimation, we introduce the guidelines for designing pilot values and an expectation-maximization (EM) based solution with lower computation complexity.     

Effects of the nonlinearity of a Mach-Zehnder modulator on OFDM radio-over-fiber transmission

Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) techniques enable transmission of microwave and millimeter-wave signals for long distances with small loss. Due to the limited signal handling capabilities of electrical/optical components, proper leveling is necessary in order to achieve the highest dynamic range while maintaining distortion at acceptable level. This paper investigates the nonlinear distortion of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex (OFDM) signals caused by a Radio-over-Fiber stage in the transmission chain if a Mach-Zehnder electro-optical modulator is employed.     

Design of mm-RoF system based on OFM technique with optimized OFDM modulation

We present the design of a novel bi-directional millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber (mm-RoF) system based on the millimeter-wave generation by optical frequency multiplication (OFM). A dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator is used to generate high-order optical side-modes which beat in the photo-detector, producing a 40-GHz carrier. Over 100-Mb/s orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme is employed. The emphasis is on developing a mathematical model for optimizing optical modulation index to the Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator (IM) for OFDM signal with high peak-to-average power ratio which imposes a limitation on the system bit error rate (BER) performance due to the non-linearity of IM. The theoretical analysis on composite carrier to composite triple beat ratio is performed based on which extension to the system BER formula for quadrature phase shift keying/ multiple quadrature amplitude modulation (QPSK/MQAM) format is presented. The experimental proof is given in a 40-GHz RoF system at a bit rate of up to 280 Mb/s in 100-MHz bandwidth.     

Improved aquila optimization-based parameter evaluation framework and meta-heuristic algorithm in radio-over-fiber SpatialMux multi-input multi-output long-term evolution system

In heterogeneous access network, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radio-over-fiber (RoF) system is an efficient approach for multiple signal transmission with low cost and complexity. The performance of RoF fronthaul system in MIMO system will be varied with different nonlinear effects. By adjusting various transmission parameters, such as the input signal power or the laser bias current, the nonlinear impacts produced by the RoF system can be reduced. In this paper, a novel algorithm Improved Aquila Optimization (IAO) is proposed to optimize transmission circumstances of MIMO RoF system. It determines the appropriate bias current for both lasers and Radio Frequency (RF) signal power in a short period. The input signals are wavelength multiplexed with Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection (IM/DD) applied. The carrier as well as transmission frequency is governed by the MIMO-Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard. The proposed system is implemented in MATLAB, and the performance is evaluated. The experimental results show that fast convergence and trade-off between noise and nonlinearity are obtained with varying bandwidth. In the experimental scenario, the maximum Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) of 1.88, 3.14, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3.204, and 2.698 was attained for both quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation. [Correction added on 24 April 2023, after first online publication: the SNR values were corrected in the preceding sentence.] For 100 iterations, the processing time was reduced to 0.137 s. When compared with the conventional state-of-the-art approaches, the accuracy and computational complexity of the proposed approach are improved.     

Impact of nonlinear distortion on FDM signals in radio over fiber systems with multiple RF tones

A numerical analysis model is proposed and simulated to evaluate the impact of nonlinear distortion on frequency division multiplexing (FDM) signals in radio over fiber (RoF) systems with multiple tones. Due to the multi-channels for FDM signals, the analysis on nonlinear distortion is quite different from the existing model for two-tone measurements, and the inter-modulation distortion (IMD) products is determined by channel numbers, input signal power and conventional two-tone spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). Based on a series of deducing and calculating, we obtain the important parameter dynamic range, which is beneficial for optimization of the link performance in multi-channels FDM-RoF systems.     

5G光载无线通信前传系统数字预失真线性化研究

第五代移动通信系统新空口(5G NR)的信号带宽、调制度和峰均比相比4G信号高很多。用于小蜂窝或微蜂窝基站组网的光载无线通信(Radio-over-Fiber, RoF)前传系统的非线性失真也更加严重。为了使5G NR信号线性传输,采用记忆多项式(Memory Polynomial, MP)和广义记忆多项式(Generalized Memory Polynomial, GMP)模型构建数字预失真器,矫正5G RoF前传系统的非线性。在实验中搭建了2 km光纤的RoF前传系统,并采用100 MHz带宽5G NR信号作为测试信号对其进行线性化测试。实验结果表明,采用MP和GMP数字预失真器进行线性化时,5G RoF前传系统的邻信道功率比(Adjacent Channel Power Ratio, ACPR)可分别改善13 dB和17 dB以上。这说明MP和GMP数字预失真器对5G RoF前传系统的非线性具有显著的抑制作用。因此基于MP和GMP两个模型的数字预失真器均可用于5G RoF前传系统的线性化,而且GMP预失真器比MP预失真器对该系统线性化的能力更强。