移动通信基站能效评估体系研究

通过搭建基站能耗监测管理系统,收集分析移动通信基站的能耗数据,在基站引入PUE指标,评估移动通信基站的能效情况。通过理论分析与实测数据,建立了移动通信基站的能效评估体系,并给出了给该体系的应用方法与常见基站的节能减排技术方案。     

动态测量方法在基站能效评估中的应用

传统基站能效评估多采用基站的静态功率作为主要衡量依据。静态测试方法只关注设备在固定配置下的硬件能耗,但忽略了节能技术、节能算法对设备、网络能耗的影响。目前国外的一些标准化组织和我国的通信标准化协会在其通信产品节能标准项目中已展开对动态评估方法的研究,尝试建立基于动态模型的、更贴近设备实际性能的能效评估方法。     

无线网络能效的优化与评估

文章从能效测度入手,对已有的无线网络能效测度评价体系进行了讨论,并提出以碳排放量为标准和与网络负载相结合的能效测度模型。在能效测度模型的基础上,文章提出减少设备使用、无线资源调度、节点协作等一系列无线网络能效优化方法,并建议在无线网络协议架构中加入能效监控和能效评估模块。文章还对无线网络能效优化和评估方法中存在的技术挑战进行了展望。     

高海拔寒冷地区LTE接入网能效评估与节能研究

流量爆炸式增长导致空口带宽和LTE基站数量激增,网络规模扩大导致能耗逐年上升.对无线网络能效进行测算与评估,提高网络能源使用效率,显著降低网络能耗,成为业界的研究重点.针对现有能效测算方法的不足,提出基于绿色无线通信技术的网络能效评估与测算体系和能耗结构模型,并就四川高海拔寒冷地区LTE接入网络的特征、主要节能技术应用进行探讨.     

基于聚类的修正型频率直方图法建立通信局站能效分析模型的探讨

提出建立通信局站能效分析模型需要进行全域局站分类的思路,介绍采用多维度递进K-Means聚类算法进行局站分类的方法,给出采用修正型频率直方图法获取局站能效水平评估标准的方法,并提出建立各类局站标杆局以推动能效优化目标具体化的能耗管控方向.     

试析5G室内、室外场景分离网络架构频效和能效的折中

5G网络极大提升了通信容量以及频谱效率,实现了高质量的移动通信,为用户提供更为优质的服务。为了推动5G网络建设的有序开展,拓展频谱资源,控制网络能耗,节约开发成本,文章从频谱开发以及能耗控制两个维度出发,采取针对性的技术手段,形成完备的5G室内、室外场景分离网络架构频效与能效折中方案。     

通信网络能效度量及优化方法

虽然网络在提高众多行业能效的过程中起到了非常重要的作用,但随着互联网用户、业务和应用的迅猛发展,网络能耗逐年增加,已经威胁网络运营商的可持续发展。主要探讨了网络运营企业面临的能耗风险,介绍了能耗度量和优化方法研究方面取得的进展。最后,总结了在新型网络研究中提高网络能效的相应事宜。     

平板电视能效水平跟踪测试分析报告

根据<平板电视能效限定值及能效等级>标准制定过程中、标准报批阶段、标准正式实施前的3次集中测试的结果,分析平板电视的能效水平演进.平板电视的能效水平逐年提升,标准的制定和实施明显推动了平板电视产品节能新技术的开发和应用.     

一种基于能效与频效的路由优化算法

网络能效和网络频效作为当前的热点研究问题,对网络性能有重要影响.然而针对移动Ad Hoc网络中的能效和频效问题,还缺乏深入研究,而且大多数研究仅仅局限于单目标的网络能耗或网络能效,联合考虑网络能效和网络频效的研究还不多.本文分析移动Ad Hoc网络中的网络能效和网络频效问题,讨论二者间的权衡关系,利用多目标优化理论,构建联合网络能效和网络频效的多目标优化模型,并利用加权和方法将多目标优化转化成单目标优化,提出资源效率的概念,最后提出针对移动Ad Hoc网络资源效率优化的路由策略.仿真结果表明,所提出的算法具有较好的性能.     

基于能效评估的电信企业节能管理

一直以来,通信企业将电费视为一个刚性的成本,而忽略了在运营中进行精确化的管理,也没有合理的能效评估方式.节能减排管理创新包括理念创新、体系创新、实践创新和工具创新.加强各类用电设备的管理主要是加强用电预算管理、强化能效管理的评估和强化用电数据统计分析.根据评估得出的能效参考系数值,推广能效评估的应用,从而针对不同局站和具体情况,提出节能目标和合理的措施.     

Energy‐Connectivity Tradeoff through Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In this study, we investigate topology control as a means of obtaining the best possible compromise between the conflicting requirements of reducing energy consumption and improving network connectivity. A topology design algorithm capable of producing network topologies that minimize energy consumption under a minimum‐connectivity constraint is presented. To this end, we define a new topology metric, called connectivity efficiency, which is a function of both algebraic connectivity and the transmit power level. Based on this metric, links that require a high transmit power but only contribute to a small fraction of the network connectivity are chosen to be removed. A connectivity‐efficiency‐based topology control (CETC) algorithm then assigns a transmit power level to each node. The network topology derived by the proposed CETC heuristic algorithm is shown to attain a better tradeoff between energy consumption and network connectivity than existing algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the CECT algorithm.     

An Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization Algorithm for Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a cross layer congestion optimization scheme for allocating the resources of wireless sensor networks to achieve maximization of network performance. The congestion control, routing selection, link capacity allocation, and power consumption are all taken account to yield an optimal scheme based on the Lagrangian optimization. The Lagrangian multiplier is adopted to adjust power consumption, congestion rate, routing selection and link capacity allocation, so that the network performance can be satisfied between the trade-off of efficiency and fairness of resource allocation. The proposed algorithm can significantly achieve the maximization of network performance in relieving the network congestion with less power consumption. Excellent simulation results are obtained to demonstrate our innovative idea, and show the efficiency of our proposed algorithm.     

Hybrid opto-digital signal processing in 112 Gbit/s DP-16QAM and DP-QDB transmission for long-haul large-$$\hbox {A}_\mathrm{eff}$$ pure-silica-core fiber links

In this work, we investigate the energy efficiency in optical code division multiplexing access (OCDMA) networks with forward error correction (FEC). We have modeled the energy efficiency considering the capacity of information transmitted and the network power consumption. The proposed network power consumption model considers the optical transmitter, receiver, optical amplifiers, FEC and network infrastructure as encoders, decoders, star coupler and network control in the overall optical power network consumption balance. Furthermore, an expression relating the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio gain for forward error correction with low-density parity-check code scheme considering the power consumption and bandwidth occupancy has been derived. Numerical results for OCDMA networks with aggregated FEC procedure have revealed the viability of the FEC deployment aiming to increase the overall energy efficiency of OCDMA networks.     

A novel antenna allocation technique for green single cell MIMO and MIMO-CoMP downlink transmission

To meet the increasing traffic and energy consumption demands of wireless networks, energy efficiency and energy efficient transmission techniques have become an urgent need for cellular networks. In this work, the problem of base station (BS) power consumption reduction for increased network energy efficiency of downlink TDMA-based transmission is considered. To meet network’s high traffic demand due to high data rates required by large numbers of users, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission have been considered. By adopting realistic power consumption models for single cell MIMO and multi-cell MIMO-CoMP networks, enhanced antenna allocation techniques are proposed and their energy efficiency is compared to the conventional power allocation schemes. It is shown that for a target signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), the proposed techniques consume less total power compared to traditional schemes, which leads to higher energy efficiency. In addition, for same power level, the symbol error rate (SER) is reduced and system’s sum rate increases, which leads to higher spectral efficiency.     

Dynamic hybrid grooming based on power efficiency in green IP over WDM networks

Due to the rapid growth of various applications, the network devices scale and complexity are significantly increased. Meanwhile, to deal with the burst IP traffic, the network devices need to provide continuous services, which will result in the excessive power consumption. Meanwhile, with the development of IP network and intelligent optical switch network, the backbone network tends to be an IP over wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) network. Therefore, it has attracted wide interests in both academic and industrial communities to build power-efficient (i.e., green) IP over WDM network, where we can switch several IP-level requests as one unit in the WDM optical layer. This method is called hybrid grooming and it requires less component power than that of electronic IP routers in the IP layer. Under this hybrid approach, the traffic grooming multiplexes many IP-level requests into a high-capacity lightpath; meanwhile the reduction in power consumed by optical-electrical-optical conversions is achieved through optical bypass. However, the power consumed by components used to establish lightpaths should also be considered. One network with the higher power efficiency not only saves more power followed by hybrid grooming but also requires the lower power consumption of establishing lightpaths. In this paper, to improve the power efficiency of dynamic IP over WDM network, we design two kinds of Wavelength Integrated Auxiliary Graphs (WIAGs), each of which contains one Virtual Topology Layer and multiple Wavelength-Plane Layers. Based on WIAGs, we propose two heuristic algorithms named single-hop grooming with considering power efficiency and multi-hop grooming with considering power efficiency (MGPE) since grooming is NP-hard. Simulation results demonstrate that MGPE obtains the higher power efficiency, although it has the slightly higher time complexity; the power efficiency mainly depends on the kind of grooming strategy (single- or multi-hop) we use while the increasing number of available transceivers in each node cannot improve the power efficiency, although it can make blocking probability decrease.     

Power and energy optimization with reduced complexity in different deployment scenarios of massive MIMO network

With the increase in the number of users, the role of massive MIMO has become more significant. But there is a significant increase in the power and energy consumption in the massive MIMO network for transmission, processing, and reception. Hence, the prior role is to reduce the power consumption and increase the energy efficiency of the network. In this paper, the work is done to reduce the power consumption, while maintaining the reduced complexity in the massive MIMO and small‐cell scenario, and to increase the energy efficiency, by optimizing the number of users and number of transmission antennas in the massive MIMO scenario. This paper has also found out the optimal values of the energy efficiency, number of transmission antennas, and number of users for a massive MIMO network in different deployment scenarios like indoor hotspot, ultradense, dense urban, urban, suburban, and rural areas in both single‐cell scenario and multicell scenario at the base station and user equipment side according to the ITU‐R M.2135 standard.     

接入网设备的功耗指标及测试方法

介绍了2011年报批的5个接入网节能标准和技术报告中提出的接入网设备功耗指标和测试方法;阐述了ADSL,VDSL2,EPON和GPON4种类型的接入网设备功耗指标的制定原则和具体含义,以及测试方法的要点;分析了功耗限定值、能效指数和能效等级的含义。     

绿色IP over WDM网络研究进展

近年来光网络朝着高速率、大带宽的方向迅猛发展,设备数目快速增加导致网络能耗急剧增长。为了降低网络能耗,提高能量利用率,绿色IP over WDM网络的概念被提出,并成为光网络领域的最新研究热点之一。对现有光网络节能方法的研究状况进行综述,从网络设备入手,讨论业务负载和设备能耗的关系,建立了两种能耗模型。基于IP over WDM网络结构,利用数学表达式描述了网络能耗最小化问题。对当前网络级的节能方法进行分类,分析了其基本原理和节能效果,并选取代表性的节能方法进行比较,得出了现有方法存在的局限性和不足,对进一步的研究方向提出了建议。     

Impact of picocells on the capacity and energy efficiency of mobile networks

The deployment of small cells in mobile networks has aroused a large interest in the last few years. This paper investigates the impact of picocell deployment on the performance and power consumption of mobile networks. Since different network upgrades introduce different performance gains, comparing different configurations exclusively on their overall power consumption can be rather biased. For this reason, a new key performance indicator, termed “energy efficiency”, is introduced and used throughout this study, bringing together network performance and its overall power consumption. In the first section of the study, a theoretical analysis for the Erlang-like capacity of a network, considering a uniform topology and traffic, is performed, using queuing theory analysis, namely processor-sharing queues. Results show that in all cases the deployment of picocells improve the performance of the network, however the energy efficiency is noted to be dependent on the deployment scenario considered. In the second part of the study, a more realistic scenario with non-uniform topology and traffic is considered, which is carried out through a large-scale system level simulator. Results show that by deploying picocells in areas experiencing high levels of traffic, the energy efficiency of the network can be considerably improved.     

Optimal tracking interval for predictive tracking in wireless sensor network

An important application of wireless sensor networks is tracking moving objects. Prediction-based techniques have been proposed to reduce the power consumption in wireless sensor networks by limiting the sensor active time. This paper proposes a quantitative method to optimize the power efficiency by analyzing the effect of prediction on the energy consumption in such networks. To our best knowledge, our efforts are the first attempt made to calculate the optimal tracking interval for a given predictive tracking algorithm. Based on this method, the lifetime and power efficiency of a sensor network can be effectively improved.