水下无线光通信系统研究进展

水下无线光通信作为一种新兴的高速水下无线通信技术,在海洋生态环境监测、资源勘测以及军事作战等方面的作用不可小觑,并已成为全世界竞相争夺的关键性技术。对目前常用的3种水下无线通信方式进行比较,介绍了水下无线光通信的信道特性,并阐述水下无线光通信系统中光源、调制、信道编码以及探测等关键技术的研究进展。总结了水下无线光通信技术的发展趋势,为未来水下无线光通信系统的深入研究和实用化提供了参考。     

海洋湍流下波长分集无线光通信系统性能分析

由于海水的吸收、散射衰减以及海洋湍流效应会引起水下无线光通信（Underwater wireless optical communication,UWOC）系统接收端光信号的闪烁,导致UWOC系统传输性能下降。基于Gamma-gamma分布的海洋湍流信道模型,根据海洋湍流参数和各向异性因子表示的等效结构参数,推导出波长分集UWOC系统中断概率（Outage probability,OP）与平均误码率（Bit error rate,BER）封闭表达式。研究分析随着各向异性因子的增加,具有不同波长分集阶的水下无线光通信系统中断概率与平均误码率的变化,比较接收端使用最佳组合（Optimal combining,OC）与等增益组合（Equal gain combining,EGC）技术的水下无线光通信系统平均误码率,并仿真不同海洋湍流参数、传输距离对波长分集UWOC系统性能的影响。数值结果表明,随着各向异性因子的增加,海洋湍流对水下无线光通信系统产生的影响逐渐减弱,使用波长分集技术的UWOC系统比无波长分集技术的UWOC系统中断概率与平均误码率明显改善。     

水下无线光通信动态阈值判决技术研究与性能分析

针对海洋湍流信道环境下固定阈值判决方案导致水下无线光通信系统性能恶化的问题,提出了一种动态阈值判决方案。该方案基于水下湍流信道慢衰落的特性,在发送端将数据以帧为单位进行发送,接收端则根据接收帧前导码的幅度每帧更新一次判决阈值。采用蒙特卡洛法和Gamma-Gamma信道模型对水下无线光通信系统进行仿真,仿真结果表明：在弱湍流信道环境下,当系统误码率为10^-6时,动态阈值判决方案比固定阈值判决方案的误码性能提升5.4 dB;在中、强湍流信道环境下,动态阈值判决方案能够有效抑制误码率门限现象的产生。     

水下无线光自动对准系统的设计与实现

水下无线光通信(UOWC)具有保密性好、容量大、传输速度快等优点,可应用于水下信息传输、资源勘查等领域,通信链路的快速建立和持续稳定是水下无线光通信实际应用的基本条件。在平台扰动和海水信道杂质干扰的条件下,如何实现远距离的快速对准是水下无线光通信必须解决的问题。针对水下无线光通信过程中系统发射端和接收端之间的链路由于干扰问题引起底层平台不断移动而无法对准的问题,搭建了一个基于激光二极管(LD)的水下无线光自动对准系统,该系统具有自动对准控制的特点,即系统在底层平台移动的情况下,依然可以实现链路的对准。     

蒙特卡洛仿真的水下激光通信信道特性

针对海洋激光通信信道复杂多变的问题,利用理论分析和蒙特卡洛模拟方法详细研究了水下光通信链路的信道特性。采用波长为532 nm的蓝绿激光,分析了典型海水中的信道脉冲响应,研究了接收光强与海水类型、衰减长度、发散角、波束宽度、接收视角及孔径等重要参数的关系,并通过蒙特卡洛仿真实验进行验证。理论分析与仿真结果表明:清澈海域中,传输距离40 m时,可认为无码间干扰信道,接收端不需要复杂的信号处理算法;但在海港浑浊海域,时延扩展随着接收视角和发散角的增大而增大,从而降低信道的传输效率。当衰减长度小于等于漫射长度时,接收光强随接收孔径的增大而减小;但当衰减长度大于漫射长度时,接收光强随着接收视角的增大呈现先增后恒的趋势。因此,研究结果将对建立准确的水下无线光通信信道模型具有重要的参考价值。     

基于圆弧拟合算法的海水激光通信信道研究

针对海水激光通信信道复杂多变的问题,利用蒙特卡洛法模拟了蓝绿激光在海水信道中的传输过程,得到了不同传输距离下接收功率的统计图。分别利用高斯函数和圆弧拟合算法对此统计结果进行了拟合,并计算出了激光在不同传输距离的高斯拟合误差和圆弧拟合误差,得出圆弧拟合算法拟合误差小于高斯函数拟合。在圆弧拟合算法的基础上建立了水下无线光通信信道模型,根据该传输模型可快速得到在一定海水水质参数下,海水中激光传输距离、任意接收位置和接收光功率之间的关系,为水下无线光通信系统的设计提供了参考价值。     

“水下光通信技术”专题前言

随着“海洋强国”战略的推进,习总书记针对“建设海洋强国”、“发展海洋科技”、“确保能源安全”等方面做出了重要指示,要加快提升学术研究水平、突破关键技术、认识海洋作用以及海洋学科建设等带来新的动能。而海洋资源的开发与水下通信联系紧密,水下无线光通信作为“空天地海一体化网络”中不可或缺的一环,在民用与军用领域具有重要意义,因此引起了人们的广泛关注。近年来,水下无线通信作为海洋科技的关键技术,取得了前所未有的发展,但与此同时,水下环境的复杂性使得水下无线通信仍然面临着诸多挑战。     

基于微气泡散射的水下无线光通信复合信道建模

海浪、船舶尾流以及海洋生物游动与呼吸等原因会导致海水中存在大量的气泡,气泡群带来的散射效应对光信号的水下传输具有重要影响,但典型的水下无线光通信信道模型一般不考虑气泡群带来的负面效应。为了进一步完善传统的水下无线光通信信道模型,本文利用Mie散射理论分析海水中的微气泡及微气泡群光散射特性,基于蒙特卡洛法建立包含气泡散射的复合海水信道模型,分析不同海水水质、气泡密度、链路距离等参数条件下接收端的光学特性和信号特性。结果表明:当链路距离为5m时,随着气泡密度的增大,接收端光斑的弥散程度加剧,其面积可增至初始大小的3～5倍,中心能量也显著降低,最多可降至最大值的05;当链路距离为10～40m时,气泡群的存在以及链路距离的增长会导致接收端第一次接收到光子的时间延长约10～200ns,且使脉冲展宽值增大;当链路距离为2～10m时,气泡群密度的增大最多可使归一化接收功率降低至初始值的0004,但随着水质的恶化,其他粒子含量提高,气泡群对接收功率的影响逐渐减小。该研究可以为水下无线光通信系统的设计和理论分析提供参考。     

基于级联交织码的水下LED光通信误码性能分析

为了提升系统误比特率,减小基线漂移以及海水信道的吸收散射等特性对光信号产生的影响,采用了基于水下发光二极管(LED)光通信系统的低密度奇偶校验码(LDPC)-里所(RS)级联交织码方案,在模拟水下LED光通信实验系统的情况下,分析码字方案中RS码、LDPC码以及交织参量对系统误比特率性能的影响,得到了级联交织码方案的优化参量,并进行了实验模拟验证。结果表明,优化后的级联交织码系统与未编码系统、RS码系统、LDPC码系统相比分别可获得3.8dB,2dB,1.2dB的增益,可有效提高系统的误比特率性能。该研究为提高水下无线光通信系统的可靠性提供了参考。     

水下无线光通信中的FDPIM性能研究

为了改善脉冲位置调制需要符号同步和数字脉冲间隔调制、双头脉冲间隔调制、多幅度脉冲间隔调制符号长度不固定所引起的接收发机结构复杂和调制器速率不固定等问题,提出将定长数字脉冲间隔调制应用于水下无线光通信系统。分析了带宽需求、传输容量,并与其它调制方式进行了比较;在给出水下无线光通信信道模型的基础上,推导了该信道中定长数字脉冲间隔调制方式的误包率表达式。结果表明,定长数字脉冲间隔调制适用于水下无线光通信系统。     

水下无线通信技术发展研究

水下无线通信是水下通信技术的重要分支,是进行水下监测、水下开发和开展水下军事斗争的关键支撑。为了争夺水下资源和增强水下作战能力,水下无线通信已成为世界大国竞相发展的重要通信技术之一。文章首先介绍了水下无线电磁波通信、水声通信等水下无线通信的发展现状,接着对水下光通信、引力波通信、中微子通信、水下量子通信等水下无线通信的发展进行了展望,最后分析了水下无线通信技术发展面临的问题。     

大气光学湍流廓线探测方法研究进展

激光在大气传输过程中, 由于湍流折射率的随机起伏会引起波前畸变、光斑漂移、闪烁等一系列光学湍流效 应, 因此严重制约了遥感成像系统和激光通信技术的发展。通过分析大气光学湍流对多个领域的影响, 指出了探测大 气光学湍流廓线的重要意义。要想获取光学湍流的时空分布规律并准确评估光学湍流对光学成像或激光传输系统的 影响, 就必须对光学湍流进行准确的测量。以光学湍流特征参数为视角, 介绍了目前国内外探测大气湍流廓线分布的 方法和研究进展, 总结了各技术方法的测量原理及优缺点。最后对拟开展的差分波前激光雷达探测大气湍流廓线的 方法进行了简要介绍, 该技术具有空间分辨率高且不存在聚焦焦移的探测优势。初步的仿真研究结果表明该雷达系 统对大气光学湍流廓线的探测具有可行性。     

Monte Carlo–based channel estimation and performance evaluation for UWOC links under geometric losses

Underwater wireless optical communication has been studied and proposed as a potential technology for various underwater applications including monitoring and surveillance using wireless sensor networks. In this context, we present a statistical model using an exhaustive Monte Carlo approach for an underwater wireless optical communication link between sensor nodes in a data mulling environment. This work provides insights into the science of photon transport underwater, its utilization in a communication system, evaluation, and optimization of underwater communication. We characterize the temporal channel behavior taking into account multiple scattering of photons involving the constraints of detector aperture diameter, field‐of‐view (FOV), and link distance for an aligned point‐to‐point link. We analyze the designed model in terms of total received power and bit error rate for clear ocean waters. Our simulation results show that the detector aperture and FOV has an impact towards a successful communication in the distance from 5 to 20 m. In addition, results show that the FOV is an affecting factor only in the presence of larger aperture sizes of the detector.     

Performance analysis of convolutionally coded DS-CDMA systems with spatial and temporal channel correlations

Combined spatial and temporal processing has been shown to increase the potential link capacity enormously for wireless communication systems, especially when the channels between different transmit and receive antenna pairs are uncorrelated. We consider both spatial and temporal channel correlations that may be encountered in space-time processing and present the performance analysis of convolutionally coded direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems. An upper bound for the average bit-error probability (P~/sub b/) is derived for the case of perfect channel estimation, and an analytical approximation for P~/sub b/ is derived in the case of erroneous channel estimates. The analytical approach is general enough to be applicable to various space- and time-diversity situations, such as wideband multipath channels and antenna arrays.     

The Tradeoff Between Bit Error Rate and Optical Link Distance Using Laser Phase Noise Fixing Process in Coherent Optical OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a suitable solution thanks to its many advantages known in wireless communications. On the other hand, optical communications is also used as a backbone to transmit and receive large data rates with economical and good performance. Recently, fiber optical communication and OFDM method have been combined to obtain both advantages in a communication link called Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM). In this study, Bit error rate (BER) versus distance variations are investigated for a constant signal to noise ratio in CO-OFDM systems. Results also show the performance of the CO-OFDM system at different data rates and distances for one RF carrier and one optical carrier. So far, the Telecommunication Standardization Sector standards have suggested 81 channels between 192.1 and 196.1 THz in C band. Extending the number of channels using 111 more channels between 185.9 and 191.4 THz in L band where optical amplifiers and laser sources are available, the total number of channels reaches up to 192. In this research, CO-OFDM technique is modeled and simulated designing a Monte Carlo simulation. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is the key factor to obtain 3 Tb/s (192*16 Gb/s) utilizing only one optical cable by covering whole C and L bands. To the best of our knowledge, this work shows the first BER versus Distance variations in a CO-OFDM communication link for 3 Tb/s.     

基于LDPC码和BPPM的无线光通信系统性能研究

为了克服光在弱湍流大气条件传输时,光强闪烁造成的突发错误,在已知信道衰落信息(CSI)和未知信道衰落信息(NCSI)条件下,研究了基于低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码和二进制脉冲位置调制(BPPM)的无线光通信系统性能,论述了BPPM光通信信道对称性的特点,并与基于LDPC码和OOK调制的光通信系统性能进行了比较。结果表明,在NCSI和CSI情况下,基于LDPC码和BPPM的光通信系统相对于基于LDPC码和OOK调制的系统均有更优异的差错性能;在NCSI情况下,基于LDPC码和BPPM的光通信系统的性能相对于CSI情况下的系统性能损失并不大;且采用LDPC码BPPM相对于LDPC码OOK调制的光通信系统,随着湍流强度的增大系统性能损失较小。因此,基于LDPC码和BP-PM的光通信系统在不需要信道衰落信息估计的情况下,能获得较大的编码增益,便于工程实现,在无线光通信中将有一定的应用前景。     

Green indoor optical wireless communication systems: Pathway towards pervasive deployment

The Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) offers the high capacity of optical fiber communication with the flexibility of wireless communication. Since it works in the optical region of the ElectroMagnetic (EM) spectrum, it guarantees safety and security which are critical in radio and microwave frequency communication. The principal objective of this paper is to analyze the indoor OWC systems on these guaranteed features, and safety and security are jointly denoted by the term green. The high obstacle impermeability of optical signals and their directivity strengthen the security of indoor OWC data transmission. The confidentiality and authenticity of optical wireless data can also be preserved with the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). This paper provides a technological overview and a review of literature about the OWC system that helps to identify the challenges in the path of a ubiquitous deployment of green wireless communication systems. Significant advancements in the sources and detectors are discussed together with the coding, modulation and multiplexing techniques for making highly robust OWC links. The ubiquitous deployment of green OWC necessitates the development of optical transmitters and receivers, performance enhancement techniques, incorporation of uplink and energy harvesting abilities, and safety and security enhancement techniques. Hence, a special emphasis is placed on these aspects and their challenges towards the green implementation. Furthermore, the paper explores some significant indoor applications based on the OWC that have great impacts on the Next Generation Networks (NGN) and the Internet of Things (IoT).     

对数正态分布衰落下的光OFDM水下可见光通信空间分集系统

水下可见光通信(UVLC)是实现高速宽带信息传输的有效方案,但由于受到信道中吸收、散射和湍流的不利影响而面临着许多困难。针对水下湍流信道中多径和衰落带来的影响,提出了一种光正交频分复用(O-OFDM)等增益合并的分集方案,根据广义的朗伯定律得到信道增益,通过对数正态分布模拟信号衰落。采用蒙特卡洛方法对正交幅度调制(QAM)的非对称削波光正交频分复用(ACOOFDM)和直流偏置光正交频分复用(DCO-OFDM)两种分集系统进行建模仿真,分析高斯信道和弱湍流信道下系统的误比特率,探讨不同分集数目和闪烁系数情况下的分集增益。研究结果验证了分集是降低湍流影响的有效手段,有利于改善水下信息传输性能,为弱湍流信道下正交频分复用可见光通信系统的设计、预测和评估提供参考。     

Performance Evaluation of Short Range Underwater Optical Wireless Communications for Different Ocean Water Types

This paper has presented our interesting in wireless underwater communications for different ocean water types. Recent interest in ocean exploration has brought about a desire for developing wireless communication techniques in this challenging environment. Due to its high attenuation in water, a radio frequency (RF) carrier is not the optimum choice. Acoustic techniques have made tremendous progress in establishing wireless underwater links, but they are ultimately limited in bandwidth. In traditional communication systems, constructing a link budget is often relatively straight forward. In the case of underwater optical systems the variations in the optical properties of ocean water lead to interesting problems when considering the feasibility and reliability of underwater optical links. The main focus of this paper is to construct an underwater link budget which includes the effects of scattering and absorption of realistic ocean water. As well as we have developed the underwater optical wireless communication systems to have shorter ranges, that can provide higher bandwidth (up to several hundred Mbit/s) communications by the assistant of exciting high brightness blue LED sources, and laser diodes suggest that high speed optical links can be viable for short range application. The received signal power, signal to noise ratio, bit error rate, transmitted signal bandwidth, and transmission bit rates are the major interesting parameters for different ocean water mediums as a criteria of the best signal transmission characteristics of short wireless optical communications over wide range of the affecting parameters.     

Overview of networking protocols for underwater wireless communications

Underwater wireless communications can enable many scientific, environmental, commercial, safety, and military applications. Wireless signal transmission is also crucial to remotely control instruments in ocean observatories and to enable coordination of swarms of autonomous underwater vehicles and robots, which will play the role of mobile nodes in future ocean observation networks by virtue of their flexibility and reconfigurability. To make underwater applications viable, efficient communication protocols among underwater devices, which are based on acoustic wireless technology for distances over one hundred meters, must be enabled because of the high attenuation and scattering that affect radio and optical waves, respectively. The unique characteristics of an underwater acoustic channel -- such as very limited and distance-dependent bandwidth, high propagation delays, and timevarying multipath and fading -- require new, efficient and reliable communication protocols to network multiple devices, either static or mobile, potentially over multiple hops. In this article, we provide an overview of recent medium access control, routing, transport, and crosslayer networking protocols.