钕激光对家兔牙髓的影响

目的 :研究钕激光对家兔牙髓的影响。方法 :采用脉冲式钕玻璃激光器 ,将激光束聚焦到 1毫米的光斑 ,照射于实验动物 ( 8只家兔 )实验牙齿颊面的龈嵴上 ,评价家兔牙髓的反应按四个等级的方法来区分。结果 :激光照射家兔牙齿后立即作检查 ,仅在 2个标本上看到牙齿表面形成明显的洞 (标本 43和 3 8) ,从标本的组织学切片也证实 ,在牙本质上有明显的洞形 ,并有牙髓反应。结论 ;钕激光对家兔牙髓的影响与周围正常牙髓组织有明显区别 ,仅在暴露于激光束下邻近牙本质小管的牙髓处才有影响     

由粗到精的机载点云建筑物屋面分割

机载激光雷达技术在城市三维建模中得到越来越广泛的应用,建筑物屋面分割在三维建模中是一项至关重要的环节,提出一种由粗到精的建筑物屋面分割算法。首先使用具有先验知识的低秩子空间聚类框架的法向量估算方法估算每点的法向量及平面方程；再依据法向量一致性以及点到面的距离进行约束实现屋面粗分割；选取粗分割中包含点数最多的一簇点集拟合平面,从未精分割的点集中提取所有满足该平面方程的点集,再将点集投影到该点集拟合的平面上,在投影平面上实现对屋面的精分割。对剩余未分割的点集重复粗分割与精分割步骤,直至将所有屋面提取完毕。使用多种结构不同的建筑物屋面验证本文方法,同时与其他三种算法进行比较,结果表明相比较于其他三种算法,本文算法均能精确、完整地分割出建筑物各屋面,不存在错分割、漏分割的现象。该方法可以精确提取结构不同的建筑物屋面,为后续建筑物建模提供准确的面片。     

Automatic extraction of inferior alveolar nerve canal using feature-enhancing panoramic volume rendering

Dental implant surgery, which involves the surgical insertion of a dental implant into the jawbone as an artificial root, has become one of the most successful applications of computed tomography (CT) in dental implantology. For successful implant surgery, it is essential to identify vital anatomic structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), which should be avoided during the surgical procedure. Due to the ambiguity of its structure, the IAN is very elusive to extract in dental CT images. As a result, the IAN canal is typically identified in most previous studies. This paper presents a novel method of automatically extracting the IAN canal. Mental and mandibular foramens, which are regarded as the ends of the IAN canal in the mandible, are detected automatically using 3-D panoramic volume rendering (VR) and texture analysis techniques. In the 3-D panoramic VR, novel color shading and compositing methods are proposed to emphasize the foramens and isolate them from other fine structures. Subsequently, the path of the IAN canal is computed using a line-tracking algorithm. Finally, the IAN canal is extracted by expanding the region of the path using a fast marching method with a new speed function exploiting the anatomical information about the canal radius. In experimental results using ten clinical datasets, the proposed method identified the IAN canal accurately, demonstrating that this approach assists dentists substantially during dental implant surgery.     

精确测量1/4波片相位延迟量的新方法

提出了一种精确测量1/4波片相位延迟量的新方法。测量光路由激光器、起偏器、被测1/4波片、光弹调制器、检偏器和光电探测器构成。起偏器和检偏器的透光轴相互垂直。被测1/4波片的快轴与光弹调制器的振动轴平行,且与起偏器和检偏器的透光轴分别成±45°夹角。准直激光束依次经过起偏器、被测1/4波片、光弹调制器和检偏器的探测光强由光电探测器接收。利用探测信号的直流分量与二次谐波分量精确计算出被测1/4波片的相位延迟量。实验验证了这种测量方法的有效性,改变初始光强过程中相位延迟量测量结果的复现性为0.012°,检偏器、被测1/4波片的方位角变化1°的过程中相位延迟量测量结果的复现性为0.008°。     

Application of microwaves and millimeter waves for thecharacterization of teeth for dental diagnosis and treatment

This paper presents applications of microwaves and millimeter waves for the characterization of teeth. This is done by measuring the complex permittivity over the frequency range from 0.04 to 40 GHz. These measurements have revealed that dental caries are significantly more lossy to microwaves and millimeter waves than the healthy tooth, and this difference can be used for dental diagnosis. The experimental results have been confirmed by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In addition, millimeter-wave heating of the lossy dental caries can be used as a sterilization treatment. It is concluded that millimeter waves can be used for dental medical diagnosis as well as dental medical treatment     

Optical determination of dental pulp vitality

In this preliminary study, we explored the feasibility of employing photoplethysmography and pulse oximetry to assess the status of the blood circulation in the dental pulp. A simple photometer that measures diffuse light transmission at 575 nm was built to record tooth plethysmograms, and the ability to distinguish vital from surgically devitalized teeth of a dog using plethysmography was demonstrated. As an extension of the photoplethysmographic technique, red-infrared pulse oximetry applied to the measurement of the oxygen saturation (SO2) of blood in the pulp was also examined using an in vitro test setup. Results suggest that the measurement of relative SO2 changes is feasible, but standard dual-wavelength pulse oximetry does not enable determination of SO2 independent of tooth geometry and sensor placement.     

Lineage of non-cranial neural crest cell in the dental mesenchyme: using a lacZ reporter gene during early tooth development

The tooth is one of the ectodermal organs controlled by reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Mesenchymal cells in the developing tooth, so-called dental mesenchymal cells, are derived from two different origins: the cranial neural crest (CNC) and the non-CNC. These CNC-derived cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate into odontoblasts, cementoblasts, fibroblasts, osteoblasts and chondroblasts. Tooth germs of wild-type mice were transplanted into the kidney of adult lacZ-transgenic mice. After 1 week of transplantation, a few lacZ-expressing cells and many red blood cells were found near or inside the blood vessels in the pulp of wild-type tooth germs. This result shows that circulating cells of the adult host could invade the dental pulp during tooth development, through the blood vessels, and be a part of dental pulp tissue. Therefore, it can be suggested that these circulating progenitor cells could be the origin of non-CNC-derived cells in tooth germ and their migration pathways would be the blood vessels invading the dental pulp during tooth development. If variations of this experiment were suitably adjusted, such as the embryonic stage of the tooth germ, duration of transplantation, etc., this transplantation experiment using adult lacZ-transgenic mice could be a good system to reveal the origin and migration pathway of cells in developing organs as well as in dental mesenchymal cells.     

人牙髓中MMP-2与MMP-9受正畸力作用影响的初步分析

目的：采用免疫组织化学方法,研究接受正畸力作用影响的人牙髓中MMP-2和MMP-9的表达。方法：选取接受正畸治疗的患者10名,于正畸治疗前确定应拔除的正畸牙,对其一侧选用常规正畸加力,另一侧健康同名牙不施加任何正畸力,作为同源对照,加力1d后至7d内拔除该正畸牙,各20颗,共40颗,分为加力组和对照组;选取临床诊断有牙髓炎症且无保留价值的第3磨牙20例,分为炎症组;对标本进行处理后制成切片,采用SP法,对其中MMP-2和MMP-9的表达进行图像分析和半定量分析。结果：对照组、加力组和炎症组牙髓均可见MMP-2和MMP-9的表达;在接受正畸力的牙髓组织,成牙本质细胞和牙髓成纤维细胞可见MMP-2和MMP-9表达,加力组牙髓中两者为表达增强,并且其表达强于同源对照正常的牙髓,但弱于炎症牙髓,三组差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：MMP-2和MMP-9在人牙髓中主要表达于成牙本质细胞和牙髓成纤维细胞的胞质中;生理条件下两者的水平较低,在接受正畸治疗时,由于受正畸力影响,牙髓处于应激状态,两者表达增强,应引起口腔医师的高度重视。     

入射光偏振方向对LiNbO3晶体近光轴电光调制的影响

分析了在垂直LiNbO3 晶体光轴方向加电压,光沿近光轴方向传播时,入射光偏振方向对电光调制器的影响.通过计算加电场后双折射光程差的变化和偏光振动方向的转动,画出在正交偏振镜下不同起偏方向的锥光干涉图,得到干涉图随起偏方向变化的规律:由偏光振动方向转动引起的消光区域随起偏方向的转动而转动,在起偏和检偏方向上始终消光,在与起偏方向成±45°角方向始终全透光,并且消光线的交点即感应双光轴头不随起偏方向的转动而变化,始终在折射率变大的感应主轴上.     

基于激光技术的牙髓活力检测研究

为客观检测牙齿牙髓活力状态,将激光诱导荧光技术引入牙齿牙髓活力检测中,并基于牙齿在短波长光照射下产生荧光,且荧光数大小与牙髓活力有关的原理.设计利用激光为激发光源检测牙髓荧光信号装置,分析荧光产生的机理,系统输入输出光纤与牙齿表面距离参数设计,设计检测与采集荧光信号电路,通过实验,分析影响牙齿牙髓荧光强度的因素.     

Wavelet representations for monitoring changes in teeth imaged withdigital imaging fiber-optic transillumination

Digital imaging fiber-optic transillumination (DIFOTI) is a novel method to detect and monitor dental caries, using light, a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, and computer-controlled image acquisition. The advantages of DIFOTI over radiography include: no ionizing radiation, no film, real-time diagnosis, and higher sensitivity in detection of early lesions not apparent to X-ray, as demonstrated in vitro. Here, we present a method of processing DIFOTI images, acquired at different times, for monitoring changes. Of central importance to this application is pattern matching of image frames that is invariant to translation and rotation of a tooth, relative to the field of view of the imaging camera, and that is robust to changes in illumination source intensity. Our method employs: (1) wavelet modulus maxima representations for segmentation of teeth images; (2) first and second moments of gray level representations of DIFOTI images in the spatial domain, to estimate tooth location and orientation; and (3) multiresolution wavelet magnitude representations for quantitative monitoring. Even with illumination source intensity variation, it is demonstrated in vitro that such wavelet representations can facilitate detection of simulated clinical changes in light transmission that cannot be detected in the spatial domain     

基于点云的地平面初系数估测

提出了一种基于点云的地平面初系数估测算法。采用八叉树存储包含RGB和空间位置信息点云数据,通过比较相邻两帧树的叶节点来获取运动目标的局部点云。并使用随机采样一致性算法估计,由运动目标局部点云重心所构成的点集上的平面模型参数。同时,采用ISOCLUS算法对场景在法向空间和距离空间上进行两次聚类来分割平面。最终,以运动平面法向信息作为参考因素,从待选平面中标识出地平面点云数据。实验结果显示,该方法可有效地估测出地平面初系数。     

四旋翼飞行器无刷直流电机调速系统的设计

提出了一种适用于飞行器上的无传感器型无刷直流电机的控制方案。采用ATmega8作为系统控制器,利用片内模拟比较器,通过比较电机非导通绕组的反电动势与虚拟中点电压得到过零点时刻,并延迟30°电角度作为电机换相时刻。利用MOS管设计了三相桥式驱动电路,采用单边PWM控制方式实现电机调速,采用三段式启动方法实现了电机的软启动。软硬件结合实现了MOS管自检、过流保护、欠压保护的功能,提高了系统的安全性。实验表明,调速系统性能良好,能正常驱动新西达2217外转子式无刷直流电机。     

Rule-based automatic segmentation of color images

A rule-based segmentation algorithm for color images has been presented in this paper. The proposed strategy is similar to region growing algorithm where the seed points are automatically selected and grown. The similarity percents of neighboring pixels are calculated by means of fuzzy reasoning rules, and the merging of the pixels with regions is performed by comparing the similarity percent with the similarity threshold value. The algorithm does not require any prior knowledge of the number of regions existing in the image and decreases the computational load required for the fuzzy c-means (FCM). Several computer simulations have been performed and the results have been discussed. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm yields segmented color image of perfect accuracy.     

MTA用于修复不同厚度根分叉穿孔封闭性的体外实验

目的：在研究离体情况下使用染色萃取法研究MTA修复不同厚度根分叉穿孔的封闭效果。方法：将60颗人恒磨牙随机分为3组,每组20颗。每组分别预备其髓底使根分叉剩余厚度分别为3mm,2mm,1mm。3个实验组均人工制备根分叉穿孔,每组中15颗牙使用MTA修复底穿孔,5颗作为阳性对照。另5颗牙未制备根分叉穿孔作为阴性对照。使用HIDEX酶标仪在550nm检测96孔板的吸光度评价其渗漏性。结果：3组间染料吸光度均有统计学差异（p〈0．01）．有较厚根分叉的渗漏低于较薄根分叉。根分叉最薄的～组（1mm）渗漏最明显。结论：剩余牙本质壁厚度对MTA修复根分叉穿孔的封闭性有影响。在直接使用MTA修复较薄根分叉穿孔（〈1mm）时,应充分考虑其预后效果。     

Dynamic texture representation using a deep multi-scale convolutional network

This work addresses dynamic texture representation and recognition via a convolutional multilayer architecture. The proposed method considers an image sequence as a concatenation of spatial images along the time axis as well as spatio-temporal images along both horizontal and vertical axes of an image sequence and uses multilayer convolutional operations to describe each plane. The filters used are learned via principal component analysis (PCA) on each of the three orthogonal planes of an image sequence. A particularly advantageous attribute of the technique is the unsupervised training procedure of the proposed network. An inter-database evaluation has been performed to investigate the generalisation capability of the proposed approach. Moreover, a multi-scale extension of the proposed architecture is presented to capture texture details at multiple resolutions. Through extensive evaluations on different databases, it is shown that the proposed PCA-based network on three orthogonal planes (PCANet-TOP) yields very discriminative features for dynamic texture classification.     

Tooth segmentation of dental study models using range images

The accurate segmentation of the teeth from the digitized representation of a dental study model is an important component in computer-based algorithms for orthodontic feature detection and measurement and in the simulation of orthodontic procedures such as tooth rearrangement. This paper presents an automated method for tooth segmentation from the three-dimensional (3-D) digitized image captured by a laser scanner. We avoid the complexity of directly processing 3-D mesh data by proposing the innovative idea of detecting features on two range images computed from the 3-D image. The dental arch is first obtained from the plan-view range image. Using the arch as the reference, a panoramic range image of the dental model can be computed. The interstices between the teeth are detected separately in the two range images, and results from both views are combined for a determination of interstice locations and orientations. Finally, the teeth are separated from the gums by delineating the gum margin. The algorithm was tested on 34 dental models representing a variety of malocclusions and was found to be robust and accurate.     

Analysis of tooth formation by reaggregated dental mesenchyme from mouse embryo

Tooth morphogenesis is a well-known developmental system related to epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In mice, the dental epithelium has the potential to induce tooth formation prior to the bud stage, whereas this potential shifts to the dental mesenchyme from the dental epithelium. The reaggregation of mesenchymal tissue leads to previous memories of individual cells being reset, which is useful for studying the predetermination of mesenchyme. Here, the mesenchyme was triturated into single cells after separation of the epithelium and the mesenchyme. These single cells were repelleted and combined with the epithelium. The reaggregated tooth was transplanted into a mice kidney capsule. In order to investigate the essential functions of both the dental epithelium and the dental mesenchyme regarding their mutual interaction, a reaggregation system was introduced using the late bud stage of the mouse first molar. Amelogenin expression was examined to confirm the cytodifferentiation in the reaggregated tooth. The results showed that a new tooth formed after reaggregating the dental mesenchyme. This tooth contained enamel, dentin, dentinal tubules and dental pulp. The inner enamel epithelium of the reaggregated tooth differentiated into ameloblasts. Immunohistochemistry for amelogenin was observed both in the ameloblasts and the enamel. However, the structure of the enamel was different from that of the normal tooth, with the thickness of the predentin becoming wider. These findings suggest that reaggregated dental mesenchyme cells can produce a tooth. The fate of dental epithelium was not affected by reaggregated dental mesenchyme, although the dental mesenchyme appears to lose the information from the dental epithelium.     

基于Lyot滤波器和长周期光纤光栅的温度与应变的同时测量

提出了一种基于光纤干涉原理的同时测量温度和应变的传感器,通过在Lyot滤波器(LFF)中熔接一段长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)构成。其中LFF由在起偏器(PL1)和检偏器(PL2)中嵌入一段保偏光纤(PMF)构成。实验结果表明,LFF的干涉谱和LPFG的谐振峰对温度和应变有不同的响应灵敏度,因此可利用敏感矩阵实现对温度和应变的同时测量。实验测得LFF和LPFG的温度灵敏度分别为-1.3173nm/℃和0.0604nm/℃,应变灵敏度分别为-0.0185nm/με和-0.0004nm/με。温度和应变的测量精度分别为±1℃和±25με。该系统采用线性结构,结构简单、易于实现,具有较高的灵敏度和稳定性,同时测量结果具有良好的线性度。     

Diagnosis of dental problem by using terahertz technology

Recently the diagnoses of dental caries and other dental issues are in a queue as only X-ray-based techniques are available in most hospitals around the world. Terahertz (THz) parametric imaging (TPI) is the latest technology that can be applied for medical applications, especially dental caries. This technology is harmless and thus suitable for biological samples owing to the low energy of THz emission. In this paper, a developed TPI system is used to investigate the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images of different samples from human teeth. After analyzing the measured images of the human tooth, the results suggest that the novel THz parametric technology is capable of investigating the inner side structure of the teeth. The technique can be useful in detecting the defects in all types of human and animal teeth. The measurement and analytical calculations have been performed by using the TPI system and MATLAB, respectively, and both are in good agreement. The characteristics of THz waves and their interactions with the tooth samples are summarized. And the available THz-based technologies, such as TPI, and their potential applications of diagnoses are also presented.