基于有限脊波变换的图像内容认证算法

在有限脊波变换(FRIT,finite ridgelet transform)域,提出了一种用于图像内容认证的半易损数字水印算法。提取图像在FRIT时产生的均值信息作为图像内容特征,并由它生成认证水印。利用Bayesian最小风险函数估计选择FRIT系数,把认证水印嵌入这些系数。实验结果表明,此算法简便高效,能很好地区分图像内容的恶意篡改和偶然修改,并能确切指出篡改的位置。     

一种能区分水印或内容篡改的脆弱水印算法

针对目前脆弱水印算法大多无法区分水印被篡改还是内容被篡改的问题,本文基于多重水印技术提出了一种能区分水印或内容篡改的脆弱水印算法.该算法由子块的主要DCT系数生成恢复水印,将其嵌入到偏移子块的次低位;待恢复水印嵌入后,将恢复水印作为子块内容的一部分生成认证水印,将其嵌入到子块的最低位.理论分析和实验结果表明:本文算法在抵抗量化攻击的同时,不仅能准确定位图像内容被篡改的位置,而且能区分是水印被篡改还是图像内容被篡改,并且在一定条件下可以对内容被篡改的区域进行恢复.     

能区分图像或水印篡改的脆弱水印方案

针对现有脆弱型水印方案不能区分是图像内容还是水印被篡改的问题,提出一种能区分图像或水印篡改的脆弱水印方案.该方案用原始图像高7位的小波低频系数非均匀量化后生成的低频压缩图像作为水印,并用混沌系统对水印进行置乱加密,将安全性得到增强的水印直接嵌入到图像的LSB位;认证时通过差值图像定位图像内容被篡改的位置并指出图像中的水印是否被篡改.理论分析和仿真实验表明:该算法不但能精确定位图像内容被篡改的位置,而且能区分是图像内容被篡改、水印被篡改还是两者同时被篡改.     

一种面向内容认证的文档图像半脆弱数字水印算法

提出了一种面向内容认证的文档图像半脆弱数字水印算法,该算法利用DCT变换域低频系数之间的关系生成水印信息,并将水印信息嵌入到矩阵的奇异值中,对文档图像进行认证时,不需要原始载体图像,也不需要额外存储水印信息,是一个完全的盲水印算法.实验表明,该算法具有较好的透明性,对JPEG有损压缩具有较好的鲁棒性;对剪切、替换等恶意篡改表现出脆弱性.该算法达到了半脆弱水印的基本要求,是一个安全且实用的半脆弱数字水印算法.     

基于HSB与LSB的半脆弱水印算法

提出了一种能够精确定位并能恢复原图像的半脆弱数字水印算法。本算法利用LSB(最低比特位)所含水印信息大容量的特点,由于在图像篡改和水印攻击情况下HSB(最高比特位)具有相对稳定性,故利用HSB作为水印信息,利用一种新的置乱算法产生水印嵌入位置,结合混沌序列,修改该位置图像像素的LSB,完成水印的嵌入调制。实验结果表明,该算法不仅可对图像内容的恶意篡改进行精确地检测与定位,而且能够大致恢复出被篡改的原图像信息,并对原图质量的影响非常小。     

基于混沌置乱的分块自嵌入水印算法

针对分块自嵌入水印算法的安全性和不能有效判断图像篡改块的问题,提出一种基于混沌置乱的分块自嵌入算法.该算法将由图像块生成的水印按空间位置生成二值水印图像,利用混沌序列对其置乱加密后嵌入到图像的最低位,认证时根据设定的阈值能有效定位图像内容被篡改的图像块.实验仿真和理论分析表明,该算法在保持原算法篡改恢复效果的基础上,无论是否有水印被改变,均能有效判断图像内容被篡改的图像块,且具有更高的安全性.     

一种新的基于遗传算法DCT域半脆弱水印算法

半脆弱水印因为在多媒体内容认证方面的重要作用而受到人们密切的关注。为了能够区分偶然攻击与恶意篡改,半脆弱水印需要对一般的内容保护图像操作有一定的鲁棒性。基于此,提出了遗传算法的半脆弱数字图像水印方法。根据图像局部区域的类型自适应地确定图像局部区域的水印嵌入强度,GA用来优化水印的嵌入位置。实验结果证实了所提的算法的优点,表明该方法具有较好的不可见性和鲁棒性,并实现了印刷图像载体版权保护。     

基于JPEG压缩不变量和数字水印的图像认证方法

提出一种抗JPEG压缩的图像认证算法。根据图像不同块中位置相同的DCT系数之间的大小关系在JPEG压缩之后几乎没有发生变化这一性质,对图像进行分析生成特征编码,并将特征编码加密后以水印方式嵌入图像。认证时只需将待测图像的特征编码与从中抽取出的解密水印进行比较,利用篡改矩阵鉴别是否有内容被篡改,并给出具体的篡改位置。实验结果表明,该算法有很好的抗JPEG压缩性能,并可有效地检测出恶意篡改及其发生的位置。     

一种基于HVS的图像易碎水印

作为多媒体认证和篡改检测的一种新技术,易碎水印正得到越来越多的关注.基于小波变换,结合量化调制过程,本文提出了一个易碎水印算法.该算法具有以下特点:(1)构造水印金字塔,便于实现水印的多分辨率检测;(2)结合视觉特性量化调制,尽可能减小视觉失真;(3)结合图像融合技术的多分辨率检测,使检测结果更准确;(4)抵抗一定程度的JPEG有损压缩.为了实现篡改的检测,本文给出了一个攻击判别方案,以区分恶意攻击和偶然攻击.实验表明,嵌入的水印在脆弱性和鲁棒性上达到了较好的统一,能够抵抗一定程度的压缩而不影响篡改检测的精确性.     

一种基于半脆弱水印的图像内容认证算法

本文提出了一种新的基于半脆弱水印的图像认证算法。利用JPEG压缩算法的不变属性,将原始图像先经过预定质量因子的压缩,并通过一种无损数据隐藏算法将基于图像内容特征的水印信息嵌入。认证过程中,将提取出的水印信息与计算出的图像特征信息比特的匹配百分比与设定的阈值比较,决定是否通过认证。实验结果表明:算法对高于预定质量因子的JPEG压缩具有良好的鲁棒性,拒绝恶意篡改并精确定位篡改位置,同时有效地挫败共谋攻击。     

Novel watermarking scheme for image authentication using vector quantization approach

In this paper a new invisible watermarking algorithm using vector quantization (VQ) approach for image content authentication application is proposed. At the first stage, a robust verification watermark is embedded using properties of indices of vector quantized image using key based approach. At the second stage, the semi-fragile watermark is embedded by using modified index key based (MIKB) method. Robust watermark andVQenhance the security of the system by providing its double protection. The semi-fragile watermark is utilized for the authentication of the received image. Blind extraction of the watermark is performed independently in two successive steps i.e. in the order of embedding. Further, in oder to classify quantitatively an incidental or intentional attack, which at present is not being followed, a quantitative threshold approach using pixel neighborhood clustering is suggested. The existing methods employ the qualitative approach of identifying incidental or intentional attacks. Imperceptibility of watermarked image is 41 dB on the average, and it is also possible to detect and locate tamper with very high sensitivity. The present scheme is compared with the existing algorithms. The performance of proposed algorithm has been tested on various practical images. It outperforms in distinguishing malicious tampering from content preserving changes and the tampered regions are accurately localized.     

Secret and public key image watermarking schemes for imageauthentication and ownership verification

We describe a watermarking scheme for ownership verification and authentication. Depending on the desire of the user, the watermark can be either visible or invisible. The scheme can detect any modification made to the image and indicate the specific locations that have been modified. If the correct key is specified in the watermark extraction procedure, then an output image is returned showing a proper watermark, indicating the image is authentic and has not been changed since the insertion of the watermark. Any modification would be reflected in a corresponding error in the watermark. If the key is incorrect, or if the image was not watermarked, or if the watermarked image is cropped, the watermark extraction algorithm will return an image that resembles random noise. Since it requires a user key during both the insertion and the extraction procedures, it is not possible for an unauthorized user to insert a new watermark or alter the existing watermark so that the resulting image will pass the test. We present secret key and public key versions of the technique.     

A quantization-based semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image content authentication

This paper presents a novel semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image content authentication with tampering localization. The proposed scheme uses a non-traditional quantization method to modify one chosen approximation coefficient of each non-overlapping block to ensure its robustness against incidental attacks and fragileness against malicious attacks. The image content authentication starts with extracting watermark using the parity of quantization results from the probe image, where the round operation is used to ensure the semi-fragile property. It then constructs a binary error map and computes two authentication measures with M₁ measuring the overall similarity between extracted and embedded watermarks and M₂ measuring the overall clustering level of tampered error pixels. These two measures are further integrated to confirm the image content and localize the possible tampered areas. Our experimental results show that our scheme outperforms four peer schemes and is capable of identifying intentional tampering and incidental modification, and localizing tampered regions.     

Watermarking-based image authentication with recovery capability using halftoning technique

In this paper two watermarking algorithms for image content authentication with localization and recovery capability of the tampered regions are proposed. In both algorithms, a halftone version of the original gray-scale image is used as an approximated version of the host image (image digest) which is then embedded as a watermark sequence into given transform domains of the host image. In the first algorithm, the Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) is used for watermark embedding which is denominated WIA-IWT (Watermarking-based Image Authentication using IWT), while in the second one, the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain is used for this purpose, we call this algorithm WIA-DCT (Watermarking-based Image Authentication using DCT). In the authentication stage the tampered regions are detected using the Structural Similarity index (SSIM) criterion, which are then recovered using the extracted halftone image. In the recovery stage, a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is used to carry out an inverse halftoning process to improve the recovered image quality. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of both algorithms against content preserved modifications, such as JPEG compression, as well as an effective authentication and recovery capability. Also the proposed algorithms are compared with some previously proposed content authentication algorithms with recovery capability to show the better performance of the proposed algorithms.     

Content Authentication Based on JPEG-to-JPEG Watermarking

A content authentication technique based on JPEG-to-JPEG watermarking is proposed in this paper. In this technique, each 88 block in a JPEG compressed image is first processed by entropy decoding, and then the quantized discrete cosine transform (DCT) is applied to generate DCT coefficients: one DC coefficient and 63 AC coefficients in frequency coefficients. The DCT AC coefficients are used to form zero planes in which the watermark is embedded by a chaotic map. In this way, the watermark information is embedded into JPEG compressed domain, and the output watermarked image is still a JPEG format. The proposed method is especially applicable to content authentication of JPEG image since the quantized coefficients are modified for embedding the watermark and the chaotic system possesses an important property with the high sensitivity on initial values. Experimental results show that the tamper regions are localized accurately when the watermarked JPEG image is maliciously tampered.     

Content Authentication Based on JPEG-to-JPEG Watermarking

A content authentication technique based on JPEG-to-JPEG watermarking is proposed in this paper. In this technique, each 8x8 block in a JPEG compressed image is first processed by entropy decoding, and then the quantized discrete cosine transform （DCT） is applied to generate DCT coefficients： one DC coefficient and 63 AC coefficients in frequency coefficients. The DCT AC coefficients are used to form zero planes in which the watermark is embedded by a chaotic map. In this way, the watermark information is embedded into JPEG compressed domain, and the output watermarked image is still a JPEG format. The proposed method is especially applicable to content authentication of JPEG image since the quantized coefficients are modified for embedding the watermark and the chaotic system possesses an important property with the high sensitivity on initial values. Experimental results show that the tamper regions are localized accurately when the watermarked JPEG image is maliciously tampered.     

Watermarking based image authentication and tamper detection algorithm using vector quantization approach

In the present work, a novel image watermarking algorithm using vector quantization (VQ) approach is presented for digital image authentication. Watermarks are embedded in two successive stages for image integrity verification and authentication. In the first stage, a key based approach is used to embed robust zero level watermark using properties of indices of vector quantized image. In the second stage, semifragile watermark is embedded by using modified index key based (MIKB) method. Random keys are used to improve the integrity and security of the designed system. Further, to classify an attack quantitatively as acceptable or as a malicious attack, pixel neighbourhood clustering approach is introduced. Proposed approach is evaluated on 250 standard test images using performance measures such as peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized hamming similarity (NHS). The experimental results shows that propose approach achieve average false positive rate 0.00024 and the average false negative rate 0.0012. Further, the average PSNR and tamper detection/localization accuracy of watermarked image is 42 dB and 99.8% respectively; while tamper localization sensitivity is very high. The proposed model is found to be robust to common content preserving attacks while fragile to content altering attacks.     

版权保护和内容认证的全盲双功能数字水印算法

针对现有大部分水印算法功能单一且无法实现完全盲检测的局限性,提出一种同时进行版权保护和内容认证的全盲双功能数字水印算法.算法采取子块区域分割的思想,水印产生和嵌入分别利用同一个子块的不同区域.通过判别两个最大奇异值均值的最高位奇偶性产生特征水印,然后自适应地调整相邻区域相同位置的两个离散余弦变换交流系数的大小,实现水印的嵌入.检测端通过产生的特征水印和盲提取的认证水印实现全盲的版权鉴别和内容认证.相比于已报道的一些水印方案,本文提出的水印算法对于常见的攻击具有更好的顽健性,可以实现版权保护功能,同时对于恶意的图像篡改又有较好的敏感性,可以准确定位篡改的区域.     

基于块差值的半脆弱可逆视频认证方法

针对半脆弱可逆视频认证问题,提出一种基于块差值直方图调整的半脆弱可逆视频认证方法.在H.264帧内预测后重构的I帧Y分量中,通过预测残差对图像块分类.根据人眼视觉模型,在纹理复杂的区域嵌入比纹理平滑区域更多的水印.在接收端使用K-means对各块的差值进行聚类,自适应判断块差值所属区间,实现高准确率的水印提取.通过空间和时间认证之后,通过嵌入算法的逆操作实现无损视频还原.实验结果表明:提出算法具有良好的视觉效果,能够抵抗常规图像处理和噪声攻击,并实现对恶意篡改区域定位功能.