A New Modified MPPM for High‐Speed Wireless Optical Communication Systems

Previous work proposed combining multipulse pulse position modulation (MPPM) with pulse amplitude modulation to form multipulse amplitude and position modulation (MPAPM), which is a hybrid modulation that results in an improvement in bandwidth efficiency but a degradation in power efficiency. In this paper, to achieve greater power efficiency and a better data rate, we propose multipulse dual amplitude‐width modulation, based on MPAPM and pulse width modulation. The proposed scheme shows a remarkable improvement in data rate and a 1.5‐dB improvement in power efficiency over MPAPM, while sustaining the bandwidth efficiency. After introducing symbol structure, we present the theoretical expressions of spectral efficiency, the power requirements, and the normalized data rate, as well as the results of comparing the proposed modulation to MPPM and MPAPM.     

Effects of self-phase modulation on sub-500 fs pulse transmissionover dispersion compensated fiber links

The effects of nonlinearity on sub-500 fs pulse transmission over dispersion compensated fiber links using dispersion compensating fiber technique are investigated numerically and experimentally. The pulse broadening and recompression ratio of the 2.5-km transmission link is over 300. The postcompensated and precompensated links are compared when the input pulse energy ranges from 15 to 159 pJ. At high powers, self-phase modulation (SPM) degrades the pulse recompression process and provides an upper bound on the transmitted pulse energy. The SPM effect is stronger in the postcompensated link than in the precompensated link. A dramatic spectral narrowing effect was observed in the postcompensated link. Pulse energies up to tens of pJ, consistent with high quality communication, should be possible for a sub-500 fs pulse in such dispersion compensated links     

高功率光纤激光器中自相位调制的实验研究

利用主振荡功率放大(MOPA)结构高功率皮秒脉冲全光纤激光器,对高功率皮秒脉冲放大器中自相位调制(SPM)效应进行了实验研究。激光器种子源是自行搭建的半导体可饱和吸收镜(SESAM)被动锁模光纤激光器。为了抑制非线性效应,使用一个自制重频倍增器把种子脉冲的重频增加到328 MHz 后再放大。放大器部分采用三级放大结构,最终获得了中心波长为1 066.5 nm,3 dB 光谱线宽约为2.5 nm,平均功率为91W 的稳定皮秒脉冲激光输出。实验对光脉冲在放大的过程中自相位调制引起的光谱变化进行了研究。对激光器输出光谱的分析表明,随着功率的增大,高功率光纤激光器中自相位调制效应受到入射脉冲的初始啁啾和脉冲形状的影响程度也随着变大,与此同时还受到自陡峭效应的影响。     

广义正交码索引调制系统的性能分析

摘 要：为了提高码索引调制（code index modulation，CIM）系统的传输效率，提出了一种具有更低复杂度的单输入单输出（single input single output，SISO）的广义正交码索引调制（generalized orthogonal code index modulation，GQCIM）系统。CIM 系统使用扩频码和星座符号传输信息，但只能激活两个扩频码索引和一个调制符号。而 GQCIM 系统以一种新颖的方式克服了只激活一个调制符号的限制，同时充分利用了调制符号的正交性，增加扩频码索引以传输更多的额外信息位，提高了系统的传输效率。此外，分析了GQCIM系统的理论性能，推导了误码率性能的上界。通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了GQCIM系统的性能，对比发现GQCIM系统的理论和仿真性能一致。而且在相同的传输效率下，结果显示GQCIM系统的性能优于同样具有正交性的调制系统，如广义码索引调制（generalized code index modulation，GCIM）系统、CIM系统、码索引调制-正交空间调制（code index modulation aided quadrature spatial modulation，CIM-QSM）系统、码索引调制-正交空间调制（code index modulation aided spatial modulation，CIM-SM）系统、脉冲索引调制（pulse index modulation，PIM）系统。     

On the true and the modified Cramer-Rao bounds for the estimationof a scalar parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters

We consider the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the estimation of a scalar parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters. Whereas this true CRB is hard to evaluate in general, we present a simple analytical expression for its high SNR asymptote, i.e., the asymptotic CRB (ACRB). We show that this ACRB is related to the CRB for the joint estimation of the scalar parameter and the nuisance parameters. Previously, a modified CRB (MCRB) for the estimation of a scalar parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters has been derived. This MCRB is also simple to evaluate and is related to the CRB for the estimation of the scalar parameter assuming that the value of the nuisance parameters is a priori known. We show that the MCRB can be quite loose at high SNR, when the scalar parameter is coupled with the nuisance parameters. In the case of synchronization parameter estimation, we find that the ACRB equals the MCRB, whether or not (some of) the nuisance parameters are a priori known     

光子晶体光纤中非线性传输的数值研究

数值模拟了飞秒激光脉冲在光子晶体光纤中的非线性传输过程,详细计算分析了自相位调制（SPM）、脉冲内拉曼散射（ISRS）、自陡峭（SS）以及群速度色散（GVD）、三阶色散（TOD）、四阶色散(FOD)对脉冲传输和频谱的影响。结果表明,在反常色散区,脉冲内拉曼散射以及三阶、四阶色散对频谱的展宽和脉冲的平滑都有着重要作用;而自陡峭是使高阶孤子分量产生分裂衰变,对光谱的不对称展宽有一定影响。     

利用自相位调制效应测量微结构光纤的非线性系数

报道了利用光纤中的自相位调制(SPM)效应对微结构光纤的非线性系数进行测量的实验.实验中采用半导体激光器作为脉冲光源,输出宽度为1.6 ps的双曲正割型脉冲,经掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)放大后进入80 m的色散平坦微结构光纤,由于自相位调制效应,出射光谱得到展宽.通过测量输入微结构光纤的脉冲峰值功率和输出光谱,可以计算得到微结构光纤的非线性系数.该测量方法简单、准确,实验测量值与光纤的标称值误差小于1%.     

On symbol synchronization of MPPM sequences

We investigate the synchronization properties of slot-synchronized multipulse pulse position modulation (MPPM) sequences. We derive a bound on the probability of MPPM symbol synchronization and identify synchronizable MPPM symbols, which, when periodically inserted in the data stream, can remove an observed performance floor     

Combining self-phase modulation and optimum modulation conditionsto improve the performance of 10-Gb/s transmission systems using MQWMach-Zehnder modulators

For 10-Gb/s transmission over nondispersion shifted fiber, the combined use of self-phase modulation (SPM) and joint optimization of the bias and modulation voltages to increase the dispersion limited transmission distance is considered for multiple quantum well Mach-Zehnder modulators. For the dual drive (push-pull) modulation format, the dependence of the receiver sensitivity on fiber length and average transmitted optical power is determined for both conventional and π phase-shift modulators with either symmetric or asymmetric Y-branch waveguides. When SPM is negligible and the optical extinction ratio is maximized, the modulator design must he considered carefully in order to increase the transmission distance. By combining SPM and optimum modulation conditions, the dependence of the system performance on the modulator design is reduced substantially. For an average transmitted optical power of 12.5 dBm, the receiver sensitivity for transmission over 140 km of fiber varies by only 0.3 dB for the different modulator designs. This compares with a variation of 3.1 dB for maximum extinction ratio modulation     

Measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of longdispersion-shifted fibers by self-phase modulation at 1.55 μm

We measure a value of N₂=2.45×10^-16 cm ²/W (±5%) by self-phase modulation (SPM) in two 20 km dispersion-shifted fibers for random polarization at 1.55 μm. There is still some dispersive broadening and we find that an accurate determination of N₂ requires fitting the experimental (SPM) spectra with a computer simulation to account for the variation in pulse shape and fiber properties along the length of the fiber. We also show that spectral information provides information about the input pulse properties     

色散补偿系统中自相位调制效应的影响

分析了自相位调制效应对正、负色散光纤中光脉冲传输的影响 ,并用数值仿真的方法研究了自相位调制效应对采用色散补偿光纤的高速率光纤通信系统性能的影响 ,获得了一些对实际色散补偿系统有参考价值的结论。     

Cramer-Rao bound on timing recovery of linearly modulated signals with no ISI

A new Cramer-Rao lower bound for symbol timing recovery of linearly modulated (quadrature amplitude modulation) signals is presented. Contrary to some other works on the subject, the transmitted data is assumed to be unknown at the receiver. The bound is derived from a likelihood function that includes the symbol randomness. For large number of symbols, the bound is achievable at any signal-to-noise ratio. The separation of symbol timing recovery and phase recovery schemes is investigated using the new results. It is shown that the separation of these operations causes a degradation of less than 0.3 dB compared to joint phase and timing recovery. The bound is derived for symbol shaping limited to a single symbol length (i.e., no intersymbol interference.) Simulations for longer pulse shapes demonstrate that the new results provide better performance prediction than other known techniques.     

On the Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Diversity with Time-Hopping Ultra-Wideband Communications

In this paper, we extend the Amplify-and-Forward cooperative diversity scheme to the context of impulse radio ultra wideband (IR-UWB). In particular, we present the construction of three families of minimal-delay and totally-real distributed algebraic space-time (ST) codes suitable for IR-UWB. The first family encodes adjacent symbols and is based on totally-real cyclic division algebras. The second family encodes the pulses used to transmit one information symbol and permits to achieve high performance levels with lower complexity. Both families of codes achieve full rate, full diversity with non-vanishing determinants for various number of relays. These schemes can be associated with pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and hybrid pulse position and amplitude modulation (PPM-PAM). The third family of codes is information-lossless and does not require any pulse repetitions. It is specific to M-PPM-M'-PAM with M ges 3 and for all values of M'. Simulations performed over realistic indoor UWB channels are provided to verify the theoretical results.     

无线光通信中的定长数字脉冲间隔调制

针对脉冲位置调制(PPM)需要符号同步和数字脉冲间隔调制(DPIM)符号长度不固定所引起的问题,提出了一种新的定长数字脉冲间隔调制(FDPIM)。给出了相应的编码结构,并分析了平均功率效率和带宽需求。在弱湍流信道模型下推导了定长数字脉冲间隔调制的误包率,并与开关键控(OOK)、脉冲位置调制和数字脉冲间隔调制等调制方式进行了比较分析。结果表明,定长数字脉冲间隔调制的误包率劣于脉冲位置调制和数字脉冲间隔调制,但明显优于开关键控的误包率。虽然定长数字脉冲间隔调制的带宽要求较高,但不需要符号同步,相对于脉冲位置调制系统,实现的复杂性大大简化;相对于数字脉冲间隔调制,其符号长度固定,不会出现因符号时隙个数不固定所引起的调制器等待或缓冲器溢出问题。     

半导体光放大器中SPM效应对光脉冲传输性能的影响

为了研究半导体光放大器（SOA）中自相位调制（SPM）效应对光信号传输性能的影响,从SOA中光脉冲的传输方程出发,采用数学推导的方法,分析了SPM 效应的产生机理,得到了光脉冲经SOA 放大后的时域和频域变化特性,并针对无啁啾和带啁啾光脉冲两种情况进行了仿真研究。结果表明:SPM 导致了光脉冲时域波形的倾斜和频谱的红移,并且随增益的变大倾斜和红移的程度增强;啁啾系数的符号决定了频谱是红移还是蓝移。     

Media‐based single‐symbol generalized spatial modulation

Single‐symbol generalized spatial modulation (GSM) improves upon the limitation of spatial modulation (SM) by reducing the number of required transmit antennas to achieve high data rates. In this paper, we investigate the application of media‐based modulation (MBM) based on radio frequency mirrors to single‐symbol GSM, with the aim of improving error performance. The theoretical average bit error probability of the proposed scheme is derived, employing a lower bound approach and used to validate the Monte Carlo simulation results. Finally, the effect of optimal and suboptimal mirror activation pattern selection employing Euclidean distance and channel amplitude coupled with antenna correlation is investigated for the proposed media‐based single‐symbol GSM system. The Monte Carlo simulation results obtained demonstrate a significant improvement over the conventional SM, GSM, and media‐based SM (MB‐SM) schemes in terms of error performance and spectral efficiency.     

Analytical evaluation technique of self-phase-modulation effect onthe performance of cascaded optical amplifier systems

We propose an approximate analytical evaluation technique of self-phase-modulation (SPM) in cascaded optical amplifier systems. The effect of SPM on optical pulse distortion is represented by the increase in the α-parameter of the transmitter. The waveform distortion is approximated by assuming that the pulse is transmitted over a dispersive fiber without nonlinearity. This technique greatly reduces the calculation time, and is especially useful in designing cascaded amplifier systems, evaluating theoretical maximum transmission distance     

Superposition of DQPSK over inverse-RZ for 3-bit/symbol modulation-demodulation

We successfully demonstrated overwriting of differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) on inverse return-to-zero (RZ) pulses for simple 3-bit/symbol operation at a 10-Gb/s symbol rate (30-Gb/s bit rate). We adopted cross-gain modulation (XGM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for inverse-RZ generation, which allows both low and high levels of RZ optical signal to have a finite pulse energy in a bit time slot. We verified a wide tolerance of 20% of the bit-slot for time slot alignment between amplitude-shift keying and differential phase-shift keying modulation in the proposed scheme. We also demonstrated wide dynamic range characteristics at the extinction ratio for both 2- and 3-bit/symbol operation, compared to the conventional scheme. The proposed scheme allows a cross-modulation penalty, due to the intensity to phase modulation, of less than 1.5 dB in 2-bit/symbol and less than 5 dB in 3-bit/symbol operation.     

16-QAM BICM-ID in fading channels with imperfect channel state information

We analyze the impact of imperfect channel state information (CSI) on the performance of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) over fading channels. We develop a general, accurate and efficient theoretical error-free feedback bound (EF bound) to analyze the asymptotic bit-error rate (BER) of BICM-ID with imperfect CSI, and predict the BER floor due to channel estimation error. The convergence to the EF bound and the accuracy of the BER floor prediction are verified by simulation with various sets of code and channel parameters. These results are canonical, in that they apply to a variety of system configurations. Pilot symbol assisted modulation is used as a particular example for Rayleigh-fading channels.     

Analysis of optical regeneration utilizing self-phase modulation ina highly nonlinear fiber

Efficiency of optical regeneration utilizing self-phase modulation (SPM) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNF) is analyzed. The regeneration capability with respect to timing and amplitude of signal pulses are obtained by synchronous modulation and narrow-band filtering together with the SPM in HNF. This is a lumped version of inline soliton control. It is also shown that such a regeneration is effective in suppressing impairments caused by intrachannel four-wave mixing in highly dispersed pulse transmission