Design of smallest size two-dimensional linear-phase FIR filters with magnitude error constraint

This paper presents an online procedure that produces the smallest feasible size of two-dimensional FIR filters with prescribed magnitude error constraint. The procedure uses the mean square normalized error of constrained and unconstrained least-square filters to produce the initial and the subsequent sizes that converge to the smallest feasible one in a few iterations, where the constrained least-square filters are defined as the least-square filters satisfying the magnitude error constraint. The procedure finally returns a smallest size filter that satisfies the magnitude error constraint and has least total squared magnitude error. Design examples of diamond-shaped, rectangular, and elliptic filters are provided, and comparisons with an exhaustive search are given.     

Design of transimpedance low-pass filters

The input of a transimpedance filter is a current signal, while its output is a voltage signal. In this article, a design method for a transimpedance filter is introduced. Also, the topologies and calculation methods of the parameters of three biquadratic transimpedance low-pass (LP) filter circuits are presented in detail, according to the value of Q which is low or medium or high. As for the high-order filter, it can be designed by transimpedance LP biquad section as first stage cascaded with voltage-mode LP filters. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the design, a design example of a high-order transimpedance LP filter is given.     

Design of two-dimensional digital filters via spectral transformations

Complex maps, with domains and codomains consisting of rational transfer functions, have often been used in designing two-dimensional (2-D) digital filters. Such maps, commonly known as spectral transformations, have the important property of carrying a stable rational transfer function to another stable rational function. This paper presents a unified framework for designing 2-D stable digital filters from prescribed magnitude-response specifications using spectral transformations such that the magnitude response of the resultant approximation is sort of a "best" approximation of the given specification. It is shown that there are two basic strategies for such designs, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The design procedures are illustrated with practical examples. Further, it is also shown that all earlier results on 2-D filter design using spectral transformations follow as special cases of the general theory presented here.     

Design of two-dimensional nonrecursive filters based on frequencytransformations

Presents a simple and efficient method to design 2-D zero-phase nonrecursive filters based on frequency transformations. The method involves the formulation of an error along the desired contour in a quadratic form. It is shown that the method results in scaling-free transformation coefficients     

Performance of ad hoc routing using directional antennas

This paper evaluates the tradeoffs involved in using directional antennas in ad hoc routing. Although problems with utilizing directional antennas have been visited in the past, the research has been confined mostly to medium access control. To determine whether directional antennas are beneficial to ad hoc networks, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of directional antennas on the performance of routing protocols as well. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of DSR (dynamic source routing) using directional antennas. We identify several issues that emerge from executing DSR (originally designed for omnidirectional antennas) over directional antennas. Using insights gained from simulations, we propose routing strategies that adapt the routing protocol to directional communication. Our analysis shows that by using directional antennas, ad hoc networks may achieve better performance. However, scenarios exist in which using omnidirectional antennas may be more appropriate.     

四方向上的任意角度扇形数字滤波器的设计

具有任意角度（扇形所围成的角度）和任意方向（扇形所取方向）的扇形数字滤波器在图像数据压缩和地质、地震等方面的数据处理中有着广泛的应用。目前，大多数的工作多集中于水平及垂直方向的９０°扇形数字滤波器的设计，因而有必要研究任意方向上的任意角度的扇形数字滤波器的设计。本文介绍利用ＭｃＣｌｅｌｌａｎ交换法设计具有垂直，水平及±４５°方向上的任意角度的扇形数字滤波器的设计方法，垂直水平方向上的扇形滤波器的设     

基于氮化镓的导模共振滤波器仿真分析

根据严格耦合波理论和等效介质理论,提出了针对C波段、基于半导体材料氮化镓的亚波长导模共振滤波器结构及设计方法。详细探讨了在强调制光栅的高占空比作用下,光栅周期和入射波角度对滤波器反射谱共振波长的影响。在保持滤波效果为高衍射率(共振波长峰值反射率达到99.5%以上)、低旁带和窄线宽的条件下,利用其对入射波角度的敏感性,结合仿真数值提出了一种通过 MEMS(微机电系统)平面反射镜调谐入射角角度(0~4.07°),从而线性地控制共振波长输出(调谐范围为36 nm),实现峰值半宽高低于0.8 nm的C波段可调滤波器。     

Design of two-dimensional half-plane recursive digital filters with octagonal symmetry

A design method for two-dimensional (2-D) half-plane recursive digital filters is proposed. Constraints in the parameters of the designed transfer function are imposed to ensure octagonal symmetry in the magnitude response. Optimization algorithms are used to minimize thel _p norm. The stability of these filters is checked easily by evaluating a small number of predetermined inequalities. Twelve designs are presented to show the characteristics and efficiency of the method proposed.The research reported in this paper was suppored by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under Grant A7397.     

Design of linear phase FIR filters using fractional derivative constraints

In this paper, the designs of linear phase FIR filters using fractional derivative constraints are investigated. First, the definition of fractional derivative is reviewed briefly. Then, the linear phase FIR filters are designed by minimizing integral squares error under the constraint that the ideal response and actual response have several same fractional derivatives at the prescribed frequency point. Next, the fractional maximally flat FIR filters are designed by letting the number of fractional derivative constraints be equal to the number of filter coefficients. Finally, numerical examples are demonstrated to show that the proposed method has larger design flexibility than the conventional integer derivative constrained methods.     

Design of two-dimensional digital filters using singular-valuedecomposition and balanced approximation method

It is shown that the singular-value decomposition (SVD) of the sampled amplitude response of a two-dimensional (2-D) digital filter possesses a special structure: every singular vector is either mirror-image symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to its midpoint. Consequently, the SVD can be applied along with 1-D finite impulse response (FIR) techniques for the design of linear-phase 2-D filters with arbitrary prescribed amplitude responses which are symmetrical with respect to the origin of the (ωΨω₂) plane. The balanced approximation method is applied to linear-phase 2-D FIR filters of the type that may be obtained by using the SVD method. The method leads to economical and computationally efficient filters, usually infinite impulse response filters, which have prescribed amplitude responses and whose phase responses are approximately linear     

Design of highly selective two-dimensional recursive fan filters byrelaxing symmetry constraints

Shows for the design of quadrantally symmetric 2-D fan filters that it is unnecessarily restrictive to prescribe exact quadrantal symmetry, which requires that the denominator of the Z-transform transfer function be product-separable. Superior approximately symmetric fan filter designs can be achieved using nonseparable denominators     

Design of linear or minimum-phase fir filters by constrained chebyshev approximation

Constrained Chebyshev approximation is a known mathematical problem, and Remes' type algorithms for finding the solution have been described. It is shown in this paper that the classical Parks-McClellan program can be converted into a general program for constrained approximation. The program can serve for the design of both linear and minimum phase FIR digital filters.     

Design of two-dimensional FIR digital filters by McClellantransform and quadratic programming

A quadratic programming (QP) approach for determining the coefficients of the McClellan transform is presented for the design of 2-D FIR digital filters. Three features of the proposed method are as follows. First, the transform parameters are determined by minimising the integration of the squared errors along the desired contour. Second, a set of linear constraints are incorporated into the QP formulation such that the conventional scaling problem of the transform can be avoided. Third, the optimal cutoff frequencies of a 1-D prototype filter are obtained directly from the QP solution. Several design examples, including fan filters, elliptic filters, diamond filters and bandpass filters, are illustrated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the QP method     

Intra-frame loss concealment based on directional extrapolation

A spatial loss concealment algorithm for reconstruction of the lost blocks in the I-frames of a video sequence is proposed. The algorithm is carried out in three steps. In the first step an edge directional analysis on the boundaries of the lost blocks is carried out. In the second step, the lost pixels are approximated from the available neighboring blocks of that boundary. In the third step, the derived approximations of all available boundaries are combined for final reconstruction of the lost pixels. Experimental results over an H.264/AVC codec show an improvement of about 0.5-1 dB over a similar spatial loss concealment algorithm. The subjective quality of loss concealed pictures is also evaluated through SSIM measure.     

Design of zero-phase recursive 2-D variable filters with quadrantal symmetries

The digital filters with adjustable frequency-domain characteristics are called variable filters. Variable filters are useful in the applications where the filter characteristics are needed to be changeable during the course of signal processing. In such cases, if the existing traditional constant filter design techniques are applied to the design of new filters to satisfy the new desired characteristics when necessary, it will take a huge amount of design time. So it is desirable to have an efficient method which can fast obtain the new desired frequency-domain characteristics. Generally speaking, the frequency-domain characteristics of variable filters are determined by a set of spectral parameters such as cutoff frequency, transition bandwidth and passband width. Therefore, the characteristics of variable filters are the multi-dimensional (M-D) functions of such spectral parameters. This paper proposes an efficient technique which simplifies the difficult problem of designing a 2-D variable filter with quadrantally symmetric magnitude characteristics as the simple one that only needs the normal one-dimensional (1-D) constant digital filter designs and 1-D polynomial approximations. In applying such 2-D variable filters, only varying the part of 1-D polynomials can easily obtain new desired frequency-domain characteristics.     

Design of active transimpedance band-pass filters with different Q values

Transimpedance filter is a filter which realises a transimpedance transfer function. In this paper, the design methods for transimpedance band-pass filter are presented. The circuit topologies and parameter calculation formulas of three bi-quadratic transimpedance band-pass filter topologies with LQ, MQ and HQ are proposed respectively. High order transimpedance filter can be obtained by realising a bi-quadratic transimpedance filter first and then cascaded with voltage mode bi-quads. A high order transimpedance filter design example is given, the simulation and the measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed transimpedance filter design method.     

低敏感度大动态范围全集成滤波器的设计

本文以网络综合理论为基础,利用信号流图和全差分运算放大器,给出了一种低敏感度大动态范围全集成滤波器的设计方法,并通过一个六阶Butterworth低通滤波器的设计实例加以说明.仿真结果表明了文中所提出的方法的有效性和实用性.     

Design of two-dimensional recursive filters with arbitrary support using quarter-plane design algorithms

In this note we examine reversible mappings between recursively computable two-dimensional digital filters with arbitrary regions of support and associated filters with quarter-plane support. These mappings allow quarter-plane design algorithms to be used to design more general recursive filters. This treatment applies equally to rectangularly sampled and hexagonally sampled systems.