MP-Start：基于带宽测量的分阶段TCP慢启动机制

针对TCP慢启动机制门限值参数难于设置以及突发流量引起网络抖动的问题，提出了一种基于带宽测量及分阶段实施的TCP慢启动改进算法。该方法利用在线网络带宽测量技术，探测出网络带宽，从而根据网络状态的动态变化实现慢启动门限值的动态更新，同时，采用分阶段方法调节拥塞窗口的增加，在拥塞窗口大于门限值一半时，拥塞窗口增幅为门限值和拥塞窗口差值的一半，逐步迭代逼近门限值，使拥塞窗口在连接启动和过渡到拥塞避免阶段增加幅度比较小，而在中间阶段窗口增加幅度比较大。有效避免了多个分组丢失现象的发生，实现了连接的平滑接入和过渡到拥塞避免阶段；为提高改进算法的性能，设计了一种灵活的参数化的模型和自适应参数设置方案。大量仿真实验结果表明MP-Start能在多种网络环境下有效改善网络性能，如降低分组丢弃数、减少数据传输时间、降低共享链路分组队列长度、保持连接的传输平滑性。     

SCPS-TP协议在卫星通信系统中的应用研究

将空间互联网协议SCPS-TP用于卫星通信系统中,并以SCPS-TP所使用的Vegas拥塞控制策略为基础,借鉴了TCP Hvbla协议慢启动阶段拥塞窗口增长策略,同时对发生丢包及超时情况的拥塞窗口和慢启动阈值的变化进行了修改,从而提出了一种更适合于卫星通信链路应用的改进型Vegas方法.对该方法在GEO卫星通信系统链路中的应用进行了NS2软件仿真,并与TCP Vegas和TCP NewReno方法进行比较与分析.结果表明,该改进型Vegas拥塞控制策略的平均吞吐量较TCP Vegas有15%的提高.     

TCP Vegas-O:一种新的基于延迟估计的TCP Vegas改进算法

针对TCP Vegas会出现慢启动过早结束、拥塞窗口过小导致带宽利用率下降的问题,以及在与Reno等基于丢包来判断拥塞的算法竞争带宽时的公平性差等问题,文中分别就慢启动和拥塞避免阶段进行了相应的改进,最后将其结合.仿真结果表明,该算法对慢启动过早结束、带宽公平性等TCP Vegas协议的缺陷有了明显的改善,特别是在高带宽时延乘积网络中.     

MPTCP中一种减缓缓存阻塞的重传策略

MPTCP中子流间的性能差异、受限的缓存区将导致接收端缓存区阻塞,影响MPTCP整体性能.综合考虑子流的延迟、丢包率、拥塞控制窗口和慢启动门限,提出一种新的重传策略RTX-DLCS.仿真证明该策略能有效减缓缓存区阻塞,提高MPTCP吞吐量.     

网格计算中的TCP拥塞控制

目前IP网络所应用的TCP拥塞控制机制是基于1988年Jacobson所设计的算法(慢启动和拥塞避免),虽然TCP在许多不同类型的网络中应用得很好,但在网格计算中,现有的TCP拥塞控制算法已不能有效工作。本文分析了TCP传统算法在网格计算中的缺陷,并提出在网格计算中使用新的TCP拥塞控制算法——一个新的带宽增减算法。     

因特网路由器拥塞控制算法

近年来因特网上业务量爆炸性增长使网络日益拥塞。为了使网络从拥塞中解脱出来，在ＴＣＰ配置中采用了慢启动和拥塞回避的策略。虽然在发送端ＴＣＰ可以进行拥塞的检测和回避，但因为只有路由器才能对不同时间段的业务量进行统一的考查，所以最有效的拥塞检测和回避是在路由器中实现的。具有ＷＲＥＤ功能的路由器通过监视平均队列长度的变化可以检测早期的拥塞。     

网格计算中的TCP拥塞控制

目前IP网络所应用的TCP拥塞控制机制是基于1988年Jacobson所设计的算法(慢启动和拥塞避免），虽然TCP在许多不同类型的网络中应用得很好，但在网络计算中。现有的TCP拥塞控制算法已不能有效工作。本分析了TCP传统算法在网格计算中的缺陷，并提出在罔格计算中使用新的TCP拥塞控制算法———个新的带宽增减算法。     

一种异构网络TCP拥塞控制算法

针对互联网中端对端带宽、时延和丢包率等的差异性日益加剧,导致TCP传输性能严重退化,该文提出一种链路自适应TCP拥塞控制算法(INVS)。INVS在拥塞避免阶段初期采用基于指数函数的凸窗口增长函数,以提高链路利用率;在窗口增长函数中引入了自适应增长因子实现窗口增长速率与链路状态相匹配;采用了自适应队列门限的丢包区分策略以提高无线环境下TCP的性能。性能分析和评估表明,INVS提高了TCP拥塞控制算法的吞吐量、公平性、链路利用率和RTT公平性。     

大带宽时延积网络TCP Vegas自适应慢启动算法

TCP Vegas具有比TCP Reno更好的带宽利用能力和稳定性,但是在带宽时延积较大的网络中,TCP Vegas会出现慢启动过早结束、拥塞窗口过小的问题,降低了传输效率.文中在分析慢启动结束的原因和条件的基础上,提出一种对临时性排队时延进行估计,将其排除后再进行慢启动结束条件判断的TCP Vegas慢启动算法,对不同网络条件有自适应能力.仿真结果表明本算法能有效避免慢启动过早结束,使TCP性能明显改善.     

下一代传输协议SCTP拥塞控制方案浅析

文章介绍了一种新的传输层协议SCTP（流控制传输协议）,该协议的拥塞控制算法主要建立在TCP协议基于窗口的和式增加、积式减少机制之上,由慢启动、拥塞避免、快速重传和快速恢复四个核心算法构成,并且把TCP协议对SACK的可选支持变成必须支持的功能．使其在部分网络失效或者存在突发流量的情况下仍然能够正常工作。     

一种拥塞感知的TFRC协议慢启动算法

 本文分析了TFRC(TCP-Friendly Rate Control)协议在慢启动阶段采用类似TCP协议的倍增发送速率机制存在的问题,提出了一种利用回路响应时间(Round Trip Time,RTT)来自适应调节慢启动阶段速率的算法.通过分析实际RTT值和EWMA(Exponentially Weighted Moving Average)处理后的平均RTT值来感知网络当前的拥塞状况,以调节发送速率的激进程度.仿真实验表明,该方法对TFRC协议具有明显的改进作用,减少了慢启动阶段结束时的报文丢失率,提高了协议的传输平稳度和吞吐量,从而能更有效地适应多媒体流的传输要求.     

Analysis of source policy and its effects on TCP in rate-controlledATM networks

This paper provides an analysis of the source policy in the rate-based congestion control scheme developed by the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Forum for available bit rate service and derives approximate analytical closed-form expressions to describe the rate increase process. These approximations are used to analyze the impact of the source algorithm on the TCP slow-start process operating over a rate-controlled ATM network. The results show that the increase in TCP congestion window ramp-up time is noticeable when the round-trip delay is small. The results are verified by simulation     

TCP with sender-side intelligence to handle dynamic, large, leaky pipes

Transmission control protocol Westwood (TCPW) has been shown to provide significant performance improvement over high-speed heterogeneous networks. The key idea of TCPW is to use eligible rate estimation (ERE) methods to intelligently set the congestion window (cwnd) and slow-start threshold (ssthresh) after a packet loss. ERE is defined as the efficient transmission rate eligible for a sender to achieve high utilization and be friendly to other TCP variants. This work presents TCP Westwood with agile probing (TCPW-A), a sender-side only enhancement of TCPW, that deals well with highly dynamic bandwidth, large propagation time/bandwidth, and random loss in the current and future heterogeneous Internet. TCPW-A achieves this goal by adding the following two mechanisms to TCPW. 1) When a connection initially begins or restarts after a timeout, instead of exponentially expanding cwnd to an arbitrary preset sthresh and then going into linear increase, TCPW-A uses agile probing, a mechanism that repeatedly resets ssthresh based on ERE and forces cwnd into an exponential climb each time. The result is fast convergence to a more appropriate ssthresh value. 2) In congestion avoidance, TCPW-A invokes agile probing upon detection of persistent extra bandwidth via a scheme we call persistent noncongestion detection (PNCD). While in congestion avoidance, agile probing is actually invoked under the following conditions: a) a large amount of bandwidth that suddenly becomes available due to change in network conditions; b) random loss during slow-start that causes the connection to prematurely exit the slow-start phase. Experimental results, both in ns-2 simulation and lab measurements using actual protocols implementation, show that TCPW-A can significantly improve link utilization over a wide range of bandwidth, propagation delay, and dynamic network loading.     

卫星TCP/ATM传输中的明确窗口指示拥塞控制策略研究

卫星ATM是近年来卫星通信领域的一个研究热点,TCP业务在卫星ATM中的传输是其中一个重要的研究课题.由于在TCP协议中主要是通过对窗口的控制来实现拥塞控制,而卫星信道传输的长延时特性大大降低了TCP层拥塞控制的效率.本文提出一种基于UBR传输的明确窗口指示拥塞控制策略,仿真结果表明在效率、公平性、VBR背景传输下的性能等各方面,取得了比目前广泛使用的Reno TCP更好的结果.并且该算法实现简单,交换机实现零信元丢失的缓冲区很小并且与TCP源连接的数目无关.     

Improving TCP performance with fast adaptive congestion control during soft vertical handoff

Recently, the research on the interworking between 3G cellular networks and WLANs is actively being constructed. To integrate these two technologies, there are many issues such as the network architecture, mobility management, and security which should be solved. During vertical handoff, some undesirable phenomena may mistakenly trigger TCP congestion control operations and thus degrade TCP performance. In this paper, we propose an approach that can quickly estimate available bandwidth when a mobile node (MN) handoff occurs. A sender updates the adaptive slow-start threshold (ssthresh) and congestion window size (cwnd) to improve TCP performance during soft vertical handoff in hybrid mobile networks. Our scheme requires only minor modifications of the transport layer of the end hosts. Simulation results show that our scheme effectively improves the TCP performance.     

一种适合数据链的TOP拥塞控制策略

传统因特网传输控制协议（TCP）主要针对有线网络设计，无法应对数据链网络中突发干扰、高误码率、拓扑高动态变化引起的拥塞和吞吐率下降等问题。提出一种适合数据链网络的拥塞控制策略，利用主动探测结果来设定拥塞窗口大小，采用反馈机制进行动态拥塞控制，通过网关节点的缓存和转发来实现快速重传。仿真结果表明，与典型拥塞控制机制相比，提出的策略可明显改善数据链网络的传输性能。     

ISDN frame relay and its congestion control

Frame relay is a new ISDN (integrated services digital network) packet mode bearer service which is expected to provide an efficient means of information transport using high-speed transmission media. Several new applications requiring high bandwidth, such as file transfer, video and packetized voice, are suitable candidates to use this streamlined protocol. However, as there are no control frames present within the network for traffic flow management, congestion may arise during periods of peak offered loads. Efficient congestion control mechanisms are needed to make the frame relay effective. In this paper, after a brief discussion of the frame relay protocol, we consider the congestion problem in networks using this protocol and evaluate the performance. Specifically, we consider static and dynamic window flow control methods and develop models to determine the throughput under various load conditions. The throughput of the static window flow control model is determined by computing the frame loss probability and the virtual retransmission time, which is the time between arrivals of retransmitted frames at the destination. The frame loss probability is calculated by modelling the bottleneck resource as a finite state Markov chain. The results are validated by simulation. Furthermore, to analyse the dynamic interactions between the virtual circuits and their effect on the throughput and delay characteristics, we develop a simulation model which incorporates a dynamic window congestion control mechanism. It is shown that when the offered load is high, the performance of dynamic window flow control is superior to that of static window flow control.     

Performance Improvements of Mobile SCTP in Integrated Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

The complementary characteristics of cellular networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs) make it attractive to integrate these two technologies. In this integrated heterogeneous environment, mobile stream control transmission protocol (MSCTP) is ideal to support vertical handover (VHO) between them by enabling a mobile client to freely switch between IP addresses acquired in different networks. In this paper, we show that the MSCTP-based VHO scheme suffers from poor throughput performance during WLAN to cellular forced VHOs. We propose a novel error recovery scheme called Sending-buffer Multicast-Aided Retransmission with Fast Retransmission (SMART-FRX) to improve performance during VHO by multicasting the buffered and new data over both WLAN and cellular links when handover losses occur. In addition, we propose a new analytical model for SCTP that takes into account the congestion window, the round trip time, the slow-start and congestion avoidance processes. By comparing numerical results from the proposed analytical model with simulation results, we demonstrate that our analytical model is able to predict the SCTP throughput accurately, with or without the SMART-FRX scheme. The analytical model provides a useful tool that can be extended to study the performance of SCTP in other applications. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed SMART-FRX scheme can improve the SCTP throughput performance significantly in WLAN to cellular forced VHO situations.     

一种无线网络中基于ARQ的拥塞控制方法

提出了一种适用于无线网络的基于多拒绝自动请求重传（ARQ）算法的拥塞控制方法。谊方法结合随机早探洲（RED）算法，通过ARQ发送窗口和分割队列长度以及重传率进行拥塞控制。仿真表明，这种方法能预测链路拥塞，反馈链路拥塞程度，提高链路吞吐率。     

一种基于ECN的无线TCP拥塞控制机制

针对无线异构链路环境中传统TCP拥塞控制机制效率较低的问题,本文提出一种基于ECN的多级反馈算法。该算法在ECN的基础上可以根据RTT动态地给网络划分等级并进行概率反馈,改变了ECN的二元特性,有效提高了无线数据传输效率。仿真结果表明该算法可降低丢包率,减少拥塞次数,提高吞吐量。