采用自适应FEC的卫星ATM网络的有效带宽估计

该文针对采用自适应FEC(AFEC)的卫星ATM网络,研究了两种用于接纳控制的有效带宽估计方法,由于AFEC码率的动态特性使业务实际的传输速率具有不固定性,因此估计有效带宽时要考虑AFEC的影响,作者首先针对一般卫星时变信道和多码率AFEC情况下的卫星ATM,应用流体近似方法分析了有效带宽的计算,然而该方法要求的条件及计算复杂度均比较高,应用中有局限性。以此方法为基础,作者又提出了采用修正因子的估计方法,数值结果表明采用修正因子的有效带宽估计方法比较简单可靠,适用面较广。     

Optimal design of hybrid FEC/ARQ schemes for TCP over wireless links with Rayleigh fading

In this paper, we investigate interactions between TCP and wireless hybrid FEC/ARQ schemes. The aim is to understand what is the best configuration of the wireless link protocol in order to guarantee TCP performance and channel efficiency. Interactions between TCP and different link layer mechanisms are evaluated by means of an analytic model that reproduces: 1) a Rayleigh fading channel with FEC coding, 2) a generic selective repeat ARQ Protocol, and 3) the TCP behavior in a wired-cum-wireless network scenario. The analytic model is validated-by means of ns-based simulations. The analysis represents a contribution to the optimal design of link layer parameters of wireless networks crossed by TCP/IP traffic. The main findings can be summarized as follows: 1) fully reliable ARQ protocols are the best choice for both TCP performance and wireless link efficiency and 2) optimal values of FEC redundancy degree from the point of view of energy efficiency maximizes TCP performance as well.     

An adaptive FEC scheme for data traffic in wireless ATM networks

A new adaptive forward-error-correction scheme (AFEC) is introduced at the link layer for TCP/IP data traffic in wireless ATM networks. The fading and interference in wireless links cause high and variable error rates, as well as bursty errors. The purpose of the AFEC scheme is to provide a dynamic error-control mechanism by using Reed-Solomon coding to protect the ATM cell payload, as well as the payload type indicator/cell loss priority fields in the ATM cell header. In order to enhance the error tolerance in cell framing and correct delivery, the AFEC scheme functions within a new concept called LANET framing and addressing protection mechanisms. The AFEC scheme has been validated using a simulation testbed of a low-speed wireless ATM network     

Efficient adaptive forward error control schemes for Ka-band satellite systems

Adaptive fade margin is required to counter the severe but varying rain attenuation in K_a-band satellite communications. In a search for a suitable rain countermeasure, the effectiveness of adaptive forward error control (AFEC) schemes is studied. Two AFEC schemes using convolution codes and concatenated codes are proposed and their performances analysed. The schemes can provide progressively adaptive fade margins of 10-1 and 10-4 dB, respectively, in excess of the system's fixed fade margin. To improve the efficient use of shared resources of the system, an AFEC scheme using double coding is introduced and its performance analysed. In this scheme a single codec is used repeatedly, resulting in reduced hardware cost and increased use. By using convolutional code and Golay code the above scheme can provide adaptive fade margins of 10°8 dB and 8°1 dB, respectively. Although concatenated codes have slightly better performance than double codes, the hardware implementation and decoding complexity of the latter are significantly less. Implementation complexity of AFEC resource sharing in the light of code complexity, time frame expansion, link condition monitoring and signalling is discussed in detail.     

Burst error correction in high-speed digital mobile radio communications

In high-speed digital mobile radio communication, transmission performance is severely degraded by frequency-selective fading caused by the delay time spread of multipath propagation. Forward error correction (FEC) is one of the most effective techniques to improve transmission quality. The authors evaluate the effect of FEC on burst errors under frequency-selective fading. The FEC effect with diversity reception and interleaving is also investigated.<>     

前向纠错在高速光网络系统中应用分析研究

前向纠错（FEC）能够较好地提高光网络性能,如增加光通信系统的传输距离,减少光端机发射功率,降低接收机灵敏度等。文中理论分析并比较了FEC在WDM光网络中两种应用形式（带内FEC和带外FEC）的纠错性能特性,满足不同速率高速光网络系统的应用需要,可以采用相应的FEC应用形式。     

End-to-End Performance Analysis of Millimeter Wave Triple-Hop Backhaul Transmission Systems

Frequencies above 10 GHz nowadays may be employed either for backhaul networks of mobile communication access networks or for broadband fixed wireless access networks. Millimeter wave networks can afford large bandwidth by carrying the aggregate traffic through different network nodes. Consequently, many line-of-sight multi-hop transmissions may occur. At these frequency bands, rain attenuation is the dominant fading mechanism that aggravates the outage performance of these networks. The objective of this paper is the presentation of analytical models for the calculation of the end-to-end performance analysis of a triple-hop system with non-regenerative and regenerative relays using the trivariate lognormal distribution along with a physical model for the calculation of the correlation coefficients among the rain fading channels. Moreover, an accurate rain attenuation time series synthesizer based on multi-dimensional first order Stochastic Differential eqnarrays is employed in order to validate the analytical results. Finally, extended numerical results investigate the impact of various operational and geographical parameters, as well as the influence of the arbitrary position of the relays on the outage system performance.     

Adaptive two-stage FEC scheme for scalable video transmission over wireless networks

In this paper, we present a two-stage forward error correction (FEC) scheme with an enhanced link-layer protocol especially for multimedia data transmission over wireless LANs. At the application layer, packet-level FEC (stage-one) is added across packets to correct packet losses due to congestion and route disruption. Bit-level FEC (stage-two) is then added to both application packets and stage-one FEC packets to recover bit errors from the link layer. Then at the link layer, header-CRC/FEC is used to enhance protection and to cooperate with the two-stage FEC scheme. The proposed scheme thus provides joint protection across the protocol stack. We explore both its bandwidth efficiency and video performance for the highly efficient and scalable MC-EZBC video codec using the network simulator ns-2. Our results show that the proposed scheme can effectively increase application-layer throughput, reduce both end-to-end transmission delay and application bandwidth fluctuation, and significantly improve video performance.     

GPON系统OLT接收侧FEC解码电路的设计

前向纠错(FEC)在通信系统中有着广泛的应用.在吉比特无源光网络(GPON)系统中,上行带宽是以动态方式进行分配的,光线路终端(OLT)接收侧要求能够支持RS(255,239)及其缩短码的解码.文章采用一种"变换时钟域+RS全码解码"的方法,通过基于双端口随机存储器(DPRAM)的时钟域变换后,再进行RS全码解码.采用这种方式能够以较低的硬件复杂度完成FEC解码.     

FEC in optical communications - A tutorial overview on the evolution of architectures and the future prospects of outband and inband FEC for optical communications

The recent establishment of the 10/40 Gbps technology in DWDM optical links heralds a new era of bandwidth abundance, in response to an explosive growth of services provided through the Internet. Forward error correction (FEC) is one of the key-enabling elements in this long-awaited achievement. Borrowed from the wireless world, FEC was initially introduced in wavelength-division multiplex (WDM) optical-systems to combat amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), a form of noise native in optical amplifiers (OAs). These first generation FEC systems have been associated with a coding-gain of approximately 6 dB. However, as transmission rates gradually scaled towards 10 Gbps, other optical-impairments gained in significance, primarily nonlinear (NL) effects but also chromatic-dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD). FEC turned out to be invaluable in mitigating these impairments as well     

Transmission of video telephony images over wireless channels

In this paper, the effects of digital transmission errors on H.263 codecs are analyzed and the transmission of H.263 coded video over a TDMA radio link is investigated. The impact of channel coding and interleaving on video transmission quality is simulated for different channel conditions. Fading on radio channels causes significant transmission errors and H.263 coded bit streams are very vulnerable to erros. Powerful Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes are therefore necessary to protect the data so that it can be successfully transmitted at acceptable signal power levels. FEC, however, imposes a high bandwidth overhead. In order to make best use of the available channel bandwidth and to alleviate the overall impact of errors on the video sequence, a twolayer data partitioning and unequal error protection scheme based on H.263 is also studied. The scheme can tolerate more transmission errors and leads to more graceful degradation in quality when the channel SNR decreases. In lossy environments, it can improve the video transmission quality at no extra bandwidth cost.Part of this paper was presented at IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging, San Jose, CA, USA, January 1996.     

Error control for multimedia communications in wireless sensor networks: A comparative performance analysis

The emerging multimedia applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) impose new challenges in design of algorithms and communication protocols for such networks. In the view of these challenges, error control is an important mechanism that enables us to provide robust multimedia communication and maintain Quality of Service (QoS). Despite the existence of some good research works on error control analysis in WSNs, none of them provides a thorough study of error control schemes for multimedia delivery. In this paper, a comprehensive performance evaluation of Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), Erasure Coding (EC), link-layer hybrid FEC/ARQ, and cross-layer hybrid error control schemes over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSNs) is performed. Performance metrics such as energy efficiency, frame Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), frame loss rate, cumulative jitter, and delay-constrained PSNR are investigated. The results of our analysis show how wireless channel errors can affect the performance of multimedia sensor networks and how different error control scenarios can be effective for those networks. The results also provide the required insights for efficient design of error control protocols in multimedia communications over WSNs.     

Diurnal variations in rain attenuation on Ku band earth–space paths

This paper presents analytical results of the diurnal variations in Ku band rain attenuation along earth–space paths at four locations in Southeast Asia and proposes a new model that can predict rain fade in a short period of every 2 h daily. Data from four radiometers and four rain gauges over a 3 year period were analysed to obtain the characteristics of diurnal variations in rain attenuation and rainfall as well as cumulative attenuation distributions in every 2 h interval. The results of this analysis are applied to develop an intensive prediction model using the knowledge of rainfall and attenuation statistics. This model is tested with the measured data and is found to be useful for the design of a more efficient Ku band satellite system especially between 99 per cent and 99·9 per cent link availability in an area of heavy rainfall. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rain Rate Statistics and Fade Distribution of Millimeter Waves in Indian Continents

For any communication service operating in the Microwave/ Millimeter wave region, statistical information characterising the attenuation due to rain along satellite slant path would be required for the design of satellite communication links and for the broadcasting network above 20 Ghz. It is necessary to have a prior knowledge of the probability of exceeding different levels of rain attenuation in order to design appropriate fade margins into systems and establishing estimates of the year to year variability of rain fade margin for particular geographic regions of India so that the communication system reflects the extremes of these variabilities. Direct measurement of beacon signals from geostationary satellites have been a mean to determine the above information and experiments can be pursued with satellite such as INSAT. [1] Attenuatiuon of Millimeter Waves by rainfall restricts the path length of a communication system. A knowledge of the rain attenuation at such frequencies is therefore desirable in designing a reliable communication system. Signal level fading over line-of-sight links strongly depends on the hop length, frequency and climate. For short hops, the probability of occurance of deep fades becomes diminishingly small. However, since an extended hop length is possible for regions with little rain activity, clear weather fading can affect the link reliability in a similar way ti a rain.[2]     

Performance of Fade Mitigation Techniques in a Fixed 48 GHz HAPS Network

The 48 GHz band has been allocated world-wide for fixed service with HAPS. High-capacity broadband access networks can be implemented in this band. The main drawback is the troposphere effects on the propagation, particularly rain attenuation, that may limit the link availability. In this paper, the performance of HAPS-ground links working in this band is analysed by means of simulation. Experimental slant-path propagation data, gathered at 49.5 GHz, are used in the simulations, so that attenuation levels and their temporal evolution may be considered realistic. The simulated system is defined in ITU-R Rec. F-1500. Only urban coverage links are simulated, as the propagation data correspond to a 40° elevation link. The use of Fade Mitigation Techniques (FMT) is shown to be useful to improve the link performance. The improvement is evaluated for two different FMTs: Power control and adaptive coding. Results are presented regarding link availability and other parameters related to the particular FMT, as well as outage dynamics.     

基于BP网络的卫星通信雨衰预测模型

电磁波的降雨衰减对卫星通信链路具有很大的影响。在分析基于BP算法的多层前馈网络具有逼近任意连续非线性函数的能力和降雨率与降雨衰减的非线性关系的基础上,提出并建立了基于BP神经网络的卫星通信降雨衰减预测模型,根据某地区的实测数据进行训练和预测,并与ITU-R模型进行了对比。结果显示神经网络模型具有较小的误差,为降雨衰减预测提供了一种更加准确有效的方法。     

Video quality protection for real time video streams over wireless networks

Received video quality is dependent on the available link rate and the packet loss ratio, which are correlated in a busy network link. Even low packet loss ratios (PLRs) can significantly reduce the video quality. In this paper, a packet level parity Forward Error Correction (FEC) is applied to the video stream in order to reduce the video PLR. A constant gross data rate is assumed, such that adding a FEC leads to a decrease in effective video data rate. The FEC block is truncated at the end of each video VOP, such that there are no inter-VOP dependencies for FEC correction. An algorithm is proposed to optimize the FEC length, based on the Quality of Experience as modelled by the ITU-T R G.1070 standard. It is shown that the optimization algorithm can significantly increase the video quality, without increasing the gross data rate. The algorithm has been evaluated both analytically and through simulations, which confirm the very significant increases in subjective video quality.     

Optimization and Adaptation of Error Control Algorithms for Wireless ATM

A common problem of all wireless digital datatransmission systems is the bit error rates of the radiosubsystem, which can be several orders of magnitudehigher than for a wire- or fiber-based technology. Forward error correction (FEC), automaticrepeat request (ARQ), and interleaving are used as meansto improve throughput and bandwidth efficiency. Thispaper presents some considerations on the optimization and adaptation of these algorithms with focuson recent wireless ATM developments. The optimization,with respect to the target bit error rate and themapping of the wireless connection quality to the ATM quality of service (QoS) concept, is discussedin detail. In addition to the theoretical evaluation,which is verified by extensive simulations, we presentcomprehensive architecture and implementation considerations on the design of an adaptiveerror control system for a wireless ATMnetwork.     

Concatenated coding for DS/CDMA transmission in wirelesscommunications

We investigate the use of forward-error correction (FEC) as well as concatenated coding for reliable data transmission in asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communications over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The FEC scheme combines antenna diversity with low complexity concatenated codes which consist of a Reed-Solomon outer code and a convolutional inner code. Under this concatenated coding scheme, we analyze the average bit-error rate performance and capacity tradeoffs between various system parameters under a fixed total bandwidth expansion and concatenated codes constraint requirements