港口岸线环境补偿人工沙滩工程理论与实践

依托港口岸线建设环境补偿人工沙滩工程是践行国家生态文明建设战略,实现港、城一体化发展的有益举措。针对人工沙滩建设中的理论和关键技术问题,通过自主研发,取得以下主要创新性成果:1)发展了沙、泥并存下沙滩动力地貌学基础理论;2)形成先进的数值、物理模拟技术;3)提出适用于各种复杂泥沙环境下的人工沙滩设计原则;4)研发了人工沙滩防侵蚀、防泥化的整治与养护措施。研究成果已成功应用于不同复杂泥沙环境下的实际沙滩工程中,实现了良好的经济、社会和生态环境效益,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

大连金州湾人工沙滩建设条件研究

文章通过现场实地踏勘、水力特性试验、波浪潮流数学模型、波生沿岸流数学模型及经验公式计算等多种手段,对大连金州湾沙滩改造工程实施后人工沙滩稳定性及泥化的可能性进行了初步分析。研究结果表明:拟建人工沙滩从选址来说是可行的,岸线可长期保持稳定状态,且无泥化风险。从方案比选来看,两方案动力条件差异不大,采用出水堤对沿岸输沙拦截效果更好。建议在现有基础上适时开展波浪泥沙整体物理模型试验,进一步确定沙滩正常及风暴潮条件下的侵蚀量、沙滩平衡岸线及平衡剖面形态,为设计方提供基础数据。     

港口岸线退岸还海修复工程防波堤方案设计

在港口岸线退岸还海修复整治工程中,为有效保护人工岸滩的稳定性,需在工程海域建设防波堤。以日照港石臼港区原煤堆场岸线退岸还海修复整治工程为例,采用MEPBay模型,对不同防波堤位置长度下岸滩稳定性进行分析,并分析工程建成后泥沙运动情况。计算结果表明:合理的防波堤位置及长度可保持沙滩的稳定性;防波堤短则沙滩南段侵蚀严重,长则沙滩北段侵蚀严重、南侧泥化。     

游艇:澳大利亚人的休闲追求

蓝天白云,大海沙滩,游艇帆歌,优雅环境,构成澳大利亚悉尼海滨一道独特的风景线。悉尼是澳大利亚第一大城市,也是商业、贸易、金融、旅游和文化中心。悉尼拥有全球最大的天然海港──杰克森港,以及超过70个海港和海滩,包括著名的邦迪海滩。不论你是到码头还是海滩或是海滨,游艇,这种内陆极少见到水上交通工具总是映入你的眼帘。     

奇趣珍闻

室内海滩 日本一家公司动用1.54亿美元,在东京湾上修建了一个“室内海滩”。这个举世无双的人造沙滩长100多米,储水3000多吨,能够制造滑浪用的5米高的巨浪,其大其美几可乱真。     

对非自然生态护岸排洪渠改造的探究

本文针对平时无水面、下雨时流量又较大的渠道,着重从排洪安全、污水整治、生态绿化、景观提升、低影响开发等方面分析探究排洪渠改造时应注意的问题。     

天津东疆湾人工沙滩渗流成因分析及修复

天津港东疆港区人工沙滩是建造在淤泥质海岸上的离岸海滩,建设的难度和造价非常高。本文针对滩面出现的渗流问题成因,进行了全面分析,并提出了修复方案,为类似工程提供参考。     

波浪作用下人工沙滩剖面横向输沙试验研究

随着在滩涂之上建设人工沙滩的举措逐渐增多,人工沙滩剖面横向输沙研究有非常重要的现实意义。在与海岸动力相互适应的原岸滩上建造人工沙滩是较为复杂的问题,并且实际工程中的人工沙滩还受到工程措施的影响,剖面形态较难预测。在原海滩上建造人工沙滩较复杂,它适应了海岸的力量;实际工程中的新滩受工程测量的影响,因此其剖面形状难以预测。针对这个问题,采用物理模型试验的方法,针对受挡沙坝及护岸限制的人工沙滩剖面在不同水位及波浪条件下的形态变化进行试验研究,并应用工程中常用的平衡剖面模型对相对稳定的剖面进行计算比较,得出了形成稳定的剖面形态所需要的条件。试验结果验证了初始岸滩坡度1∶15的适用性,得出了当波浪受结构物影响较小时可以形成均衡沙滩剖面的结论。     

输入条件简化方法在研究岸滩冲淤演变规律中的应用——以青岛石老人海滩为例

为了更好地了解岸滩的动力过程,本文以青岛石老人海滩为研究区域,通过波流耦合模型对其附近的水动力场进行了精准的数值模拟。以简化潮汐和波浪条件作为地貌演变模型的输入条件,基于数值模拟的结果探讨了该地区影响地貌演变规律的主控因素。研究结果表明:基于输入条件简化的地貌模型能够很好地反映出海滩在多因素作用下的动力过程,研究区域内的波浪作为地貌变化的主控因素占有极大的优势。本文的研究成果可以为研究区域或其他岬湾海滩的岸滩保护和沙滩规划管理提供理论依据和技术支持。     

拦沙堤与潜堤的布置形式对砂质海滩的影响

文中以日照港石臼港区东作业区煤码头岸线退岸还海修复整治工程为例,探讨了拦沙堤和潜堤的不同布置形式,对工程水域波浪潮流泥沙以及形成砂质海滩剖面的影响。拦沙堤可一定程度上减小泥沙输移,且海滩在拦沙堤的环抱下更接近自然平衡岸线的弧度,使淤积环境变弱。而潜堤可一定程度上减小沙滩的侵蚀程度,且对泥沙外移有一定的拦截作用。在实际的工程实践中,合理的布置潜堤和拦沙堤,可有效减少岸滩冲淤,维持稳定的海滩形态。     

我国水运工程科学研究的现状

经过近年来的快速发展,我国的水运工程科学研究已经达到了较高的水平,但距离工程实际的需求还有很大差距,与国外同行业相比有很多不足。文章总结了淤泥质海岸泥沙运动规律,粉沙质海岸泥沙运动规律,海岸动力及沙质海岸泥沙运动规律,山区河流航道整治技术,平原河流航道整治技术,通航枢纽建设关键技术,水工构造物检测、评估与加固技术,环境保护技术,淤泥质海岸港口适航水深应用技术和水动力数值模拟软件包TK-2D等10个方面的研究现状。总结了现场调查和有关资料分析,理论分析研究,物理模型试验研究和数值模拟研究等4种研究手段的发展现状。目的是促进核心技术的形成,提高为重大工程服务的能力和水平,增强国际竞争力。     

Review of Countermeasures against Beach Erosion on the Taiwanese Coast

Beach erosion is one of the most significant coastal preservation problems in the world. This study first briefly addresses the influences of human activity on beach erosion. The seriousness of beach erosion in Taiwan has received considerable attention since the 1960s, following rapid population growth and economic development in the coastal areas. Hard solutions of stabilized structures against beach erosion in Taiwan at that time are reviewed based on their effectiveness in protecting property and their ability to produce a landscape that harmonizes with the adjacent coastal environment. Soft coastal defense solutions implemented recently in coastal regions in Taiwan are introduced and their benefits are discussed. This study concludes that various methods designed to prevent wave- and current-induced beach erosion should be based on analyses of nearshore hydrodynamics, sediment transport, coastal processes, and physiographic features of beaches.     

Managing Beach Amenities to Reduce Exposure to Coastal Hazards: Storm Water Pollution

Despite posted warnings and educational campaigns warning about the health risks associated with storm water pollution, swimmers continue to swim in coastal areas polluted by storm water runoff. This study uses a simple spatial model of beach visitation to show how beach amenities and storm drains influence the way in which beach goers choose to locate themselves at beaches in Santa Monica Bay, California. The estimated models indicate that passive means of preventing exposure to marine pollution (e.g., posted signs) could be made significantly more effective if combined with the active management of other beach amenities. Similar methods also could be used to reduce risks to swimmers from other hazards including riptides and boat traffic.     

The First Step for the Environmental Management of Australian Beaches: Establishing an Effective Policy Framework

Beach management and coastal management are interwoven and scale-dependent activities in Australia. Present coastal policies are broad and designed for large, national, and statewide scales. They specify ecologically sustainable development as the overarching goal for coastal management and provide the context for beach management. On smaller scales, an approach focusing on the reduction of geomorphic hazards as the basis of beach management was established by the Coastline Hazard Policy, with nonhazard aspects of beach management such as ecological, economic, and social concerns assuming secondary importance. Although beach management can occur effectively under these coastal management arrangements, better guidance is required to make this process as effective and efficient as possible. This guidance - the policy framework - could be better developed for beach management and better integrated with existing coastal management arrangements. While this policy development is not strictly necessary to achieve positive outcomes from beach management, it is necessary to effectively guide implementation of the existing broad coastal policies. Effective goals for beach management are yet to be thought out and clearly articulated in Australia. A good start would be to couple the present goals of ecologically sustainable development and hazards reduction into a coherent goal for beach management. A specific policy for beaches should be developed given the importance of beaches in Australia.     

A Review of Beach Bye-Law Usage in Supporting Coastal Management in Ireland

Coastal areas are commonly the focus of a range of human activities and uses. Beaches are one example of multi-use coastal environments, accommodating activities linked to leisure and recreation, amenity, conservation and business, often simultaneously. Ireland is no different in this regard, as its beach resources provide a range of goods and services of societal value. Ireland has 16 coastal counties and their associated local authorities have a beach management remit, a role that can present a number of challenges. The use of beach bye-laws is one option to support management of beach environments by local authorities. Local authority personnel tasked with beach management from each coastal local authority were surveyed to assess the actual and potential role of beach bye-laws in contributing to more effective management of beach environments and to broader coastal management. Usage of beach bye-laws varied across local authority areas and evidence suggested that the efficacy, use, and implementation of beach bye-laws differed from county to county. Beach bye-laws offer potential but interaction with other initiatives as part of a wider program for coastal management may yield improved results.     

几种典型海滩平衡剖面模型中参数意义的探讨

海滩平衡剖面是海岸近岸过程研究的一个重要概念,在海岸工程中有应用价值。通过分析认为粤东后江湾的海滩剖面处于动态平衡状态。应用Dean、Bodge和Lee等3种海滩平衡剖面模型对后江湾的海滩剖面数据进行拟合,并从地形动力学的角度对拟合结果进行了分析解释,结果表明3个模型中的参数分别包含有波浪周期或波长、剖面变化渐近深度、海滩反射性等物理意义。这可为海岸工程设计确定近岸水下地形轮廓提供重要的依据。     

Development of Beach Analysis Tools for Caribbean Small Islands

Beach erosion presents a hazard to coastal tourism facilities, which provide the main economic thrust for most Caribbean small islands (CSIs). Ad hoc approaches to addressing this problem have given way to the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach, which recommends data collection, analysis of coastal processes, and assessment of impacts. UNESCO's Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean (COSALC) project has provided most CSIs with an opportunity to monitor their beaches and collect over 10 years of data. Research has been directed at integrating these data with geographic information systems (GIS) and other information technologies to develop a prototype beach analysis and management system (BAMS) for CSIs. This article presents the results of phase I development of this effort, which includes the development of tools for integrating spatial and non-spatial coastal data, estimating long-term beach erosion/accretion and sand volume change trends at individual beaches, identifying erosion-sensitive beaches, and mapping beach erosion hazards. The Southeast Peninsula, St. Kitts, is used as a case study to develop these tools and demonstrate system functionality.     

广州港船舶污水收集与处理

构建资源节约型、环境友好型的现代化港口,是我国沿海港口在新时期重要发展理念。以优化广州港水生态环境为指向,通过对广州港污水处理设施现状分析,以及未来港口产生的船舶污水量的预测,提出适宜广州港的船舶污水收集及处理方案。     

Classification of Beach Erosion Vulnerability on the Yucatan Coast

Beach erosion can have important socioeconomic and environmental consequences, particularly in tropical regions where tourism is a significant source of income. Although caused by natural processes, erosion is often aggravated by disorderly anthropogenic modification of the coast and extreme events. In Yucatan, Mexico, increasing urban development and deficient coastal management strategies as well as hurricanes have affected beach stability. This has highlighted the need for adequate coastal planning and policies that ensure the protection of key coastal ecosystems, such as beaches and sand dunes. To address this, a methodology to classify the coast according to its vulnerability is presented in this work. This methodology assumes that morphological features are indicators of beach evolution and the processes driving it and that these can be associated with different levels of vulnerability. The features considered are beach width, dune vegetation, anthropogenic pressure, and shoreline orientation, which were analyzed through aerial images and a multicriteria evaluation. It was observed that the most vulnerable areas are found near the most developed parts of the coast, where narrow beaches with little dune vegetation dominate. It is expected that this index will be of use to coastal planners and decision makers, particularly in the identification of critical zones.     

法国日安东连岛沙洲沿岸海滩剖面经验平衡（英文）

Beaches along the eastern branch of the Giens double tombolo are subject to coastal erosion. Prediction of the behavior of the beach profile configuration in response to natural and anthropogenic changes using the concept of equilibrium beach profile(EBP) could be useful in finding the most suitable measure to address the erosion problem. Field investigation data of 11 beaches along the eastern tombolo were supplied for this study, and a nonlinear fitting technique was applied to estimate the best parameter values of seven empirical formulations of the relevant EBP. All of the observed beach profiles could be described by a single function, but a single EBP was inadequate to represent all of the beach profiles observed. The variation found could be explained in terms of longshore variation of bathymetry, sediment size, and wave parameters. Analysis of the validity of the EBPs revealed that a representative EBP of each beach is governed by different equilibrium parameters.