解读《关于加强水上搜救工作的通知》

近年来,随着经济社会发展,水上旅游、海洋经济等涉海、涉水活动日益增多,水上搜救工作与人民群众生产生活愈来愈密切。2019年11月,国务院办公厅印发《关于加强水上搜救工作的通知》(简称《通知》),为进一步促进我国水上搜救工作发展、增强水上搜救整体能力指明了方向、提供了遵循。为便于社会各界更好地理解相关内容,贯彻落实好《通知》的各项要求,本刊特邀交通运输部应急办公室主任、中国海上搜救中心副主任李国平对《通知》进行解读。     

我国内河水上搜救应急体系建设的探讨

我国内河航运发达，水上交通事故也频频发生。然而，内河水上搜救应急体系建设相对滞后。从内河水上应急搜救现状入手，分析水上搜救存在的主要问题，阐明推动我国内河水上搜救应急体系建设的必要陛，并提出推进水上搜救应急体系建设的对策。     

三峡库区水上联合搜救机制亟待健全

水上应急搜救演习作为检验应急反应、组织协调和现场指挥能力，提高水上搜救能力和水平，促进水上交通安全管理的重要手段，越来越受到国家和地方各级政府、港航部门和航运企业的重视。几年来，我国先后在珠江、黄海、长江口、渤海、南海、东海水域进行了六次大规模水上联合搜救演习。国务院《国家海上搜救应急预案》的颁布实施，使海上搜救行动更加规范化、程序化和科学化。实践表明，适时组织应急搜救演习，对有效提高危机应对能力，避免和减少人命财产损失具有极其重要的作用。水上应急搜救演习作为检验应急反应、组织协调和现场指挥能力，提高水上搜救能力和水平，促进水上交通安全管理的重要手段，越来越受到国家和地方各级政府、港航部门和航运企业的重视。几年来，我国先后在珠江、黄海、长江口、渤海、南海、东海水域进行了六次大规模水上联合搜救演习。国务院《国家海上搜救应急预案》的颁布实施，使海上搜救行动更加规范化、程序化和科学化。实践表明，适时组织应急搜救演习，对有效提高危机应对能力，避免和减少人命财产损失具有极其重要的作用。     

海上辖区搜救工作初探

海上搜救是保障海上安全的“最后一道防线”。我国于1985年加入《1979年国际海上搜寻救助公约》,有承担公约赋予的海上搜救责任和对海上遇险人命及时救助的国际人道主义义务。台州市海上搜救中心于2002年9月成立以来,为搜救工作作出了贡献,但也存在不少问题和不足,特提出建议和对策。     

建立海上搜救信息网络的探讨

我国海上搜救工作起步晚,信息网络建设滞后,给海上搜救工作造成很大的限制.为提高搜救管理的工作效率,建议我国海上搜救部门建立水上网络电子海图及船舶信息查询数据库.     

海事部门在水上搜救工作中的法律风险及防范

水上搜救工作是法律、法规赋予海事部门的一项重要职责,海事部门接到水上险情报告后,应当立即组织救助。然而,由于水上环境的特殊性,海事部门不可能保证所有搜救成功。一旦搜救失败,海事部门是否要承担责任?存在什么法律风险?不但专门从事水上搜救的海事人员不清楚,海事部门的决策者也存在误解。从行政法的视角来分析海事部门在水上搜救工作中的法律风险,引出"注意义务"的概念,并提出控制和防范对策,力求降低海事部门被追究责任的风险。     

常州水上搜救能力亟待提高

近年来,常州市水上搜救中心认真落实搜救工作的要求,建立健全应急反应机制,强化搜救基础性工作建设,协调社会各方力量,认真履行职责,不断提高水上险情的应急处置能力。根据水上搜救中心办公室数据统计,2006年常州市水上搜救中心实施水上救助12起,救助遇险人员31人、救助成功率达93.7%;2007年组织协调搜救行动22起、救助遇险人员105人,救助成功率96.3﹪;2008年实施水上救助49起,救助遇险人员231人、救助成功率达96.7%。虽成绩显著,但也存在一些问题,如何采取切实有效的措施,提升长江常州段水上搜救能力,是一个值得研究的课题。     

水上应急搜救演练综合评估模型及应用

在水上突发事件应急搜救演练管理的过程中,评估是一项复杂而重要的工作,它是依据前期对于搜救风险关键因素的识别和分析,以及可靠的调查数据来对评估目标进行合理分级与排序的系统化过程。因此水上应急搜救综合评估不仅是水上突发事件的预防、救援和应对的基础,更是提出科学决策的重要依据。     

基于GIS的水上搜救研究

GIS通过对空间信息进行存储、描述、分析、输出,能够在海上搜救中为搜救工作提供技术辅助,在提高水上搜救效率层面引入了新的研究方向,可以为建设准确、快速、经济的搜救体系提供助力,有助于提升海上搜救成效,增强水上安全稳定性,筑牢海上安全防线。     

浅谈现代移动通信定位技术在海上搜救中的应用

手机定位技术在沿海水上搜救工作中初步发挥了作用。文章对建立沿海水上搜救与移动通信联动机制进行了有益的探讨。     

Public opinion and the environment: Ecology,the coastal zone,and public policy

Abstract

In a public opinion survey conducted in Santa Barbara county, California, respondents were interviewed regarding their feelings on coastal zone development, within a context of broader environmental and political issues.

A high degree of expressed concern for the environment was found, but the data also indicate a widespread reluctance to allocate a greater share of personal income to improve environmental quality.

Among the issues dealt with are citizen views on environmental problems, the effectiveness of government in the environmental field, offshore oil drilling, and coastal zone development.

The results show that on each of the issues analyzed, a person's education, age, and the extent of his political participation are the major factors which determine his concern for the environment. Additional variables appear to have some significance in determining attitudes toward local environmental projects and perceptions of government.

Offered are implications of the findings for the future of organized action on environmental problems.     

Specialization and economic impact of the ports of Montreal,Quebec, Saint John,and Halifax

Specialization in cargoes and forelands is defined for the ports of Montreal, Quebec, Saint John, and Halifax using a variation of the location quotient. Economic impact is also defined using the location quotient. All ports are shown to have some degree of specialization; whereas, Saint John and Halifax have relatively greater economic impact. It is suggested that the four ports should be encouraged to develop their specializations. However, are the benefits to the shipping industry in following such a policy outweighed by the losses to the local economies because investment in certain ports does not take place?     

Specialization and economic impact of the ports of Montreal, Quebec, Saint John, and Halifax

Specialization in cargoes and forelands is defined for the ports of Montreal, Quebec, Saint John, and Halifax using a variation of the location quotient. Economic impact is also defined using the location quotient. All ports are shown to have some degree of specialization; whereas, Saint John and Halifax have relatively greater economic impact. It is suggested that the four ports should be encouraged to develop their specializations. However, are the benefits to the shipping industry in following such a policy outweighed by the losses to the local economies because investment in certain ports does not take place?     

Synoptic transects on the distribution of trace elements (Hg,Pb, Cd,Cu, Ni,Zn, Co,Mn, Fe,and Al) in surface waters of the Northern- and Southern East Atlantic

Surface seawater samples were taken in the framework of the GEOTRACES program on “POLARSTERN” expedition ANT XXIII/1 in the Eastern Atlantic in 2005 to study the distribution of the trace elements Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), Zn (zinc), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), and Al (aluminium). With the exception of Hg, results were compared to earlier datasets from 1989 to 1990. The particulate fraction averaged over the transect was calculated to be 49% for Cd, 23% for Mn and 50% for Fe indicating a release of these TEI's (trace elements and their isotopes) from a leachable SPM fraction in the stored and acidified samples.Total Pb concentrations ranged between 5 and 20 pmol kg^? 1 in 2005 with highest values in the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone). In 1989 Pb concentrations were twice as high in the region of the ITCZ, while by a factor of 10–15 higher values were obtained in the North Atlantic.Total Cd and Co are dominated, by different seasonal upwelling regimes (Equatorial upwelling, Guinea Dome, Angola Dome).Total Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Al show nearly identical concentrations in 1990 and 2005. For total manganese and aluminium strong maxima (3–4 nmol kg^? 1 and 55 nmol kg^? 1 respectively) are observed between 23°N and 0°, while the Fe maximum (6–9 nmol kg^? 1) is located at 7°N. Total Hg concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 4.5 pmol kg^? 1.     

节能环保型抗沉式铝合金游艇的研制

叙述了南太湖区域某企业新近研制了一艘集节能、环保、环境友好型为一体的抗沉式铝合金游艇,其上的关键技术包括:游艇抗沉措施、降温系统的工作原理和实效、以及铝合金船体制作的焊接技术要求和强度计算原则等。     

Hydrology, sediment yield, erosion and sedimentation rates in the estuarine environment of the Ria de Vigo, Galicia, Spain

The aim of this study is to provide a budget study with calculated erosion rates. Three methods have been used to calculate sediment yield and denudation rates in the Ria de Vigo: (1) measurements of sediment loads, (2) measurements of sediment accumulation rates at the coast, (3) theoretical calculations of potential denudation. Sediment loads and water discharge were measured over a period of 14 months from May 1997 to July 1998. Two of the tributaries entering the Ria de Vigo were monitored for 12 more months, from May 2000 to May 2001, to observe changes in discharge and sediment loads. This period corresponded with atypical precipitation, with peak monthly values (600 mm) three times higher than those on record.Water rating curves are typically exponential. Suspended and dissolved loads vary for different rivers, showing values of 1.5 to 130 mg/l during 1997/1998. For 2000/2001, these values are twice as high. Suspended load versus discharge relationships for 1997/1998 were logarithmic, but data from 2000/2001 does not fit the same equation. Dissolved loads are several times higher than suspended loads in almost all cases. Dissolved load concentrations vary more widely with discharge than suspended loads. This is probably due to local pollution and contamination from marine spray in areas closer to the sea.Second, erosion rates and bed load sediment yields were calculated from accumulation rates at the Ramallosa Complex. Well-preserved estuarine and tidal sediments, associated with the Minor River, have accumulated in this area during the Holocene. ¹⁴C ages allow calculation of sedimentation rates (SR) for two intervals. The lower interval extends from 2001 to 484 years BP and yields an SR of 1.12 mm/a. The upper interval extends from 484 years BP to the present and has an SR of 3.3–4.4 mm/a. These differences may be explained by basin dynamics as the beach progressively encloses the area and also by human interference. From sedimentary facies analysis it is concluded that 90% to 95% of the accumulated deposits were transferred to the basin as bed load. Muddy deposits (mostly marshes) are better developed at the upper part of the sediment pile, and inner areas, indicating a progressive shallowing and filling up of the basin. Most of suspended load is exported to the ria, whereas the Ramallosa Complex acts as a sediment sink for bed load derived material.Calculated potential erosion rates using Ahnert's [Am. J. Sci. 268 (1970) 243] equation show lower values than those estimated from river load concentrations. Potential erosion rates for the Minor River are higher than for the Lagares River which contrast with mechanical denudation rate values from river loads during 1997/1998 which are higher for the Lagares River. During 2000/2001 MDR values were higher than those of the potential erosion rates for both rivers, in line with the extremely high precipitation. Higher values in the Lagares could be in part due to human interference.     

对巷道变形、破坏及支护的探讨

针对甘肃金川一矿区矿井下采用喷锚网联合支护的矮墙半圆拱断面巷道的变形、破坏特点,结合金川地应力状况,分析了矮墙半圆拱巷道的应力分布特点、变形、破坏原因,并提出相应措施,并取得了良好的效果。     

深化船员培训、考试体制改革 提高船员综合素质

文中指出了《中华人民共和国船员培训管理规则》(交通运输部2009年10号令)为我国船员培训体制的改革奠定了基础,分析了我国目前船员培训、监管和考评体系改革的必要性,并通过对英国的职业教育模式和美国、菲律宾的船员考试监管模式的分析,提出了我国船员培训体制改革的新构想和船员考试、评估模式改革的新思路。     

Monitoring trace elements (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) in deep and surface waters of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bay of Biscay, Basque Country)

Deep water samples (in contact with the sediment) were collected at eight different points of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bay of Biscay, Basque Country), both at low and high tides, during four sampling campaigns (May, September and December 2005 and March 2006). Superficial water was also sampled in March 2006. Temperature, pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity corresponding to each sample were measured in situ at each sampling point using a multiparametric probe. The physico-chemical parameters found are typical of highly stratified estuaries, with an acceptable oxygenation level. After filtering and acidifying the samples, they were analysed by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) to simultaneously determine the total concentration of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. Concentrations in the μg kg^− 1 level were found in all cases (c_Cr and c_Ni, 1–10; c_Al, c_As and c_Zn, 10–50; c_Cu and c_Mn, 10–100 and c_Fe, 100–400 μg kg^− 1). A probable net input of Al, Cr, Mn and Zn via the main (Nerbioi-Ibaizabal) and some of the tributary rivers (Galindo, Asua and Gobela) was identified. Evidence of a common source of Al and Zn to the estuary was found. Correlation analysis of data revealed connections between variables (concentration of Cu, Fe and As with salinity, as well as c_Al with c_Zn, c_Cu with c_Fe, c_As with c_Fe, and c_As with c_Cu). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of data allowed the samples to be grouped according to sampling campaign, with two principal components accounting for 62% of the total variance. In addition, plots of element concentration against salinity suggested a conservative behaviour for As, Cu and Fe and a non-conservative one for Cr. Not clear mixing behaviour was observed for the rest of elements.     

浅谈湛江VTS中心监控的现状与雷达站、CCTV、AIS的建设

分析湛江VTS监控现状,提出存在的问题和相关VTS雷达站的扩建、CCTV、AIS建设的建议,更进一步完善VTS对湛江港的监控功能。