论公司法中的国家强制

研究公司法中的国家强制对于公司的组织、设立、变更与终止具有重要意义。公司法中的国家强制是一个体系的、动态的概念,它是指国家在公司法领域中以公共目的为基础的所施加的强制,其中包含了公司法行政、立法、司法等环节,所以,公司法中的国家强制要比公司法中的强制性规范的定义要广阔的多。本文通过对我国公司法中的国家强制的应用和发展趋势的阐述,发现目前国家强制在我国公司法领域中仍存在着一些弊端,并探讨出了如下策略:一是明确国家强制在公司法中的界限,建设科学化和市场化的强制体制;二是以安全高效的标准实现公司法的强制性和任意性规范;三是以公司的自治为重心,平衡公司有限自治与国家强制。     

论公司法中的私人强制与国家强制

公司法的基本理论问题是如何划定国家强制和私法自治的界限,这个问题也是公司立法指导思想的始终困惑。如何把握国家强制与司法自治的利益抗衡,寻求一个合理的标准,成为了公司法中长久争论的话题。     

论公司自治原则及其在我国公司法中的体现

公司自治是公司制度的基本原则之一,也是公司生存的必备条件。在公司自治基础上,国家给予公司的强制是政府对市场经济下公司内部经济关系失灵状态的有效管理,也是保证交易安全与快捷的需要。两者相互对立又相互依存,只有国家强制适度、公司自治有方,共同遵守规则才能达到彼此的协调统一。     

公司法中国家干预的适度性分析

在公司的发展过程中,公司立法对公司自治的保护和约束体现了国家适应社会经济的发展对公司规范进行的干预和调节。在西方国家私法发展较为完善地建立了公司自治基础的前提下,公司立法的主要方面体现为国家对于公司的管制或干预,即对公司自治的约束和限制。而在我国这样一个有着良好的管制传统的国家,如何实现国家对公司自治的适度干预,找到国家强制和私法自治的界限,是一个颇为值得研究的问题。     

私人自治的政治哲学之维

从政治哲学视角来看,私人自治具有个人性与消极性,即为一种个人自由与消极自由,而非集体自由与积极自由。私人自治的原则化实系国家向私人让渡部分立法权,使私人分享立法权,成为立法者,得藉其自主的立法行为创设规律私人关系的规范;国家虽然也要控制私人立法质量,但法定的控制规范较为形式与空洞,私人的立法意志而非国家意志才具有至尊地位。这同时也说明是私人意志而非国家意志才是法律行为发生法律效力的根源。为保障私人自治计,私法中公权力的运作应保持谦抑性,这一品性对民事立法者与司法者提出了多诉诸合意机制而少运用强制工具、慎重设立强制性规范、不以分配正义为念、审慎适用不确定概念或概括条款、对强制性规范奉行严格解释规则、将私法强制性规范区分为权限规范与行为规范、重视司法形式主义的价值等要求。     

公司治理的司法保障——司法介入公司治理的法理分析

司法权力通过诉讼程序介入公司内部治理是公司顺畅运作的外部保障。在本质上,司法介入公司治理就是司法对公司自治进行调节的一种机制。司法介入公司治理应遵循国家干预与公司自治相平衡原则。在放松政府管制潮流下,强化司法介入应是必然选择。     

论合同自由原则的限制

合同自由是合同法的基本原则之一,体现了国家对合同当事人意志的尊重,也体现了私法的意思自治。合同自由原则的出现具有一定的经济基础和思想基础,但是纯粹的、完全的合同自由已经不存在了,合同自由原则受到了来自公法上和私法上的多重限制,对合同自由原则进行限制的目的是为了实现法律上的利益平衡。合同自由原则的限制反映在很多方面,例如合同法其他原则对合同自由的限制、合同法上格式合同制度、强制缔约制度等对合同自由的限制等等。我国合同法既没有明确表示合同自由原则,也没有明确规定合同自由受到限制,因此我国合同法还有待进一步完善,建议在将来的《民法典》中明确规定合同自由原则及其限制。     

公司纠纷的司法救济——公司纠纷与司法救济专题研讨会综述

随着2005年《公司法》的实施，司法在公司实践中的作用不断显现。不过，公司纠纷案件的司法处理也变得更为复杂。《公司法》的司法适用既需要平衡公司自治与司法介入问题，也需要协调公司经营效率与各相关利益主体之间的利益平衡问题，公司纠纷的司法救济已经成为理论界与实务界共同研究与解决的重要课题。为了更好地适用《公司法》等法律，     

物权立法与强制公证

一、强制公证与意思自治原则没有矛盾 强制公证,也称必须公证,指在民商实体法中有关民商事法律行为必须经公证才产生一定法律效力的制度设计.大陆法系国家普遍存在强制公证制度,其价值在于预防纠纷,减少诉讼,降低当事人和国家的诉讼成本.英美法系国家注重事后救济,一般不采取强制公证,因而有统计表明,英美法系国家的诉讼成本要高于大陆法系国家.国际拉丁公证联盟宣传资料所引用的统计数据显示:1994年司法的行政费用占该国国民生产总值的百分比,法国为0.8%,德国和意大利均为1.3%,而美国为2.2%,从中可见国家司法成本的高低.     

有限公司强制分配股利之诉的法理基础

多数股东滥用权利决定长期不分配股利政策的情形下,多数股东的股利分配权遭受实质侵害,法律应当给予救济。强制分配股利之诉作为可能的一种救济途径,是司法在尊重公司自治之基础上对权利滥用与公司法基本规则被损害时的必要矫正措施。相比于其他救济方式,强制分配股利之诉不仅具有实体法的正当基础和现实可行性,在特定场合下也具有其制度优势。     

流浪乞讨与管制--从贫困救助看中央与地方权限的界定

随着《收容遣送办法》的废止,个人自由权利与社会治安秩序之间的现实冲突比过去更为突显。应转变中央和地方关系的传统思维,在允许地方更多自主权和选择权的同时,更充分地保障公民个人的宪法基本权利。无论是中央和地方关系的法律界定,还是公民权利的宪法保障,都要求建立独立的司法机构以审查地方立法的有效性。     

当前广东拐卖妇女儿童犯罪的特点、原因及对策

近年来,广东一些地区拐卖妇女儿童犯罪屡禁不绝,愈演愈烈.拐卖妇女儿童犯罪是一种十分野蛮的犯罪活动,它严重侵害了妇女儿童最基本的人身权利,极大地危害了社会秩序,败坏了社会风气.本文通过分析其犯罪特点及原因,进一步提出相应对策.     

论抵押与留置担保权的竞合条件及其效力

抵押权与留置权在同一标的物并存的情况下,哪一个应优先受偿的问题,是一个重要然而在法律中尚未明确的问题。本文提出并论证了抵押权与留置权在同一标的上竞合而主体不同的状态下,留置权应优先于抵押权受偿的观点。     

Up and Down,Old and New: Values and Value Systems of MPs and Voters in France

MPs are often criticised as being homogeneous. This is well known in terms of social background or gender, but the criticism also holds for values and norms. MPs are said to share normative agreements on the essential points and demonstrate differences on second-order issues. This criticism is even more widespread regarding the new politics based on the cultural divide, notably vis-à-vis politicians from the extreme right as far as immigration, European integration or globalisation are concerned. In this contribution, these criticisms are addressed by investigating the degree of normative agreements and disagreements of French MPs. Furthermore, the differences both in old and new politics between MPs on the one hand and the electorate as a whole and their supporters on the other hand are evaluated. It is concluded that MPs are definitely not all the same and the degrees of difference among MPs or with the electorate are far from being those expected.     

Elderly widows and widowers and their coresidents in late 19th- and early 20th-century England and Wales

This article examines the family and household patterns of widowers and widows in England and Wales between 1891 and 1921 in terms of the proportion of widowers and widows who lived with never- or ever-married children, servants, or inmates, with nonrelatives only, or on their own. The absence of marked change between 1891 and 1921 in the frequency with which elderly widowers and widows lived with a married or never-married child are in line with the Laslett [J. Fam. Hist. 12 (1987) 263.] expectation that family patterns evolve only slowly, certainly much slower than the forces of political and economic change. Where changes can be detected, as in the decline in frequency of coresidence with servants or inmates, these changes were experienced by the younger as well as the older widowed and by married people. Apparently, the residence patterns of the elderly widowed changed due to the introduction of means-tested old-age pensions in 1910. A second investigated is the extent to which the socioeconomic environment influenced the residence patterns of the widowed in a given time period. The effect in general proves to be weak with little difference between one environment and another in the frequency with which widowers coresided with their children and evidence of gender balancing of the household (relatively more widows living with sons and more widowers with daughters) visible only in agricultural environments.     

Habermas and Deleuze on Law and Adjudication

This article stages an encounter between Habermas and Deleuze on law, rights, and adjudication. Most of the article is spent developing Habermas’s concept of adjudication as the application of communicatively generated norms. This application, I argue, involves a complex temporality that is at once retrospective and non-creative. Deleuze is used to critique this concept of adjudication in favor of one based on concrete situations and the creation of new problems. In so doing, I will develop Deleuze’s notorious, and notoriously hostile, remarks on human rights and philosophies of communication by relating them to discourse ethics and to the positive conception of law and judgment that can be drawn from his work.

Crime Volume and Law and Order Culture

The literature on public opinion about crime and justice has neglected the exploration of macro‐ or community‐level influences on individual‐level attitudes. A key macrofactor that may be related to individual level attitudes is the volume of violent crime. High crime rates can facilitate the development of a culture of “law and order,” a response that may be a practical or instrumental attempt to control crime. The present paper tests the hypothesis that persons residing in nations marked by a high volume of crime will be more likely to adhere to elements of a law and order culture. It employs data from the International Social Science Program (N = 15,024). Controls are taken from major theoretical perspectives on public opinion about crime as well as demographic factors. The results from a hierarchical linear model support the hypothesis that individuals residing in nations with high crime rates are more likely than others to support law and order ideologies. The findings extend the support for this relationship from research based on the US alone to other industrialized societies.     

刍议询问和质询的异同及运作程序

询问和质询两者的相同点是：它们都是人大的监督形式,都要按一定的法律程序提出,都要在会议期间作出答复或说明。两者在性质、目的、对象、问题的内容和范围、答复或说明的场合、答复或说明问题的法律性质和范围、运作程序、法律效力和法律后果等方面存在不同。     

全球化与法理学的变革和更新

全球化进程深刻地改变着法的存在方式、价值取向和发展方向 ,也必然引起法理学的理论变革与更新。本文以法律本体论、法律价值观、法律人格观、法律发展观、法治观等五个法理学的基本论题为主题 ,分析或展望全球化所可能引起的法理学的理论变革和更新。