重庆市乡村旅游空间分布特征及优化评价

［目的］探讨乡村旅游的空间分布特征对于优化乡村旅游空间格局具有重要意义，对其进行分析评价，有利于完善区域旅游资源，进而促进其均衡发展。［方法］以重庆市为研究对象，通过最邻近指数分析其乡村旅游景点空间分布特征，采用层析分析法对其乡村旅游进行评价，根据结果提出相应优化措施。［结果］（1）重庆市都市区的最邻近指数最高为0814，其次为渝东北生态涵养发展区为0735，城市发展新区为0697； 渝东南生态保护发展区为0402，可以看出重庆市乡村旅游空间分布总体上呈凝聚分布； （2）重庆市乡村旅游优化评价指标中旅游资源、道路设施、生态环境和综合管理的权重分别是0357 1，0253 6,0230 1和0159 2，得分大于70分以上包括乡村森林覆盖率、公路的便捷性、乡村气候舒适度、保障机制、经济水平、游客容量和客源条件，其他指标得分低于70分，包括服务中心数量、乡村旅游专线、乡村空气质量、农民拥有的道路面积密度、乡村公路等级、文化价值和管理者素质，这些也是重庆市急需优化的方面。［结论］整体上重庆市乡村旅游综合管理水平相对落后，应加强该方面的投入和管理，促进乡村旅游的协调发展。     

桂林市乡村旅游产业智慧化发展评价及指数研究

［目的］智慧化旅游作为旅游业发展的未来趋势，越来越受乡村旅游的关注，乡村旅游智慧化不仅有利于推动区域乡村旅游的转型升级，也有利于实现乡村旅游的持续发展。［方法］文章以桂林市乡村旅游为研究对象，通过构建乡村旅游产业智慧化发展评价指标体系，采用层次分析法确定各个指标的权重，进一步计算发展指数并对其分析。［结果］桂林市乡村旅游智慧化发展要素层中的智慧应用的权重（0353 9）较大，指标层中智慧基础设施中通讯网络的权重（0263 8）较大，智慧应用中自助导游系统的权重（0326 1）较大，智慧管理中车载自动景点导航系统的权重（0295 1）较大，智慧服务中无障碍通道服务的权重（0274 6）较大。而桂林市乡村旅游智慧指数为0371，整体上看发展效果一般，指标层中通讯网络的发展指数（0624）最大，而其他指标作为乡村旅游智慧发展必不可少的组成部分，目前的发展指数较低，有待提高。［结论］桂林市乡村旅游产业智慧化发展仍有待完善，通过加强配套设施的建设，有针对性地发展智慧化发展相对缓慢的乡村，以期能够全面拓展乡村旅游产业智慧化的健康持续发展。     

基于精准扶贫的重庆市乡村旅游发展模式及空间分布格局研究

［目的］发展乡村旅游是推进农村扶贫开发的一项重要措施，在精准扶贫背景下，研究乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局，以期为贫困地区乡村旅游资源的开发利用提供理论参考，也将有利于充分发挥乡村旅游在精准扶贫中的重要作用。［方法］以重庆市14个国家级乡村旅游重点扶贫县为研究区域，系统分析该地区乡村旅游资源的发展模式，采用平均最邻近指数、地理集中指数和平均分布密度，探究境内194个乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局。［结果］（1）重庆市乡村旅游重点扶贫县中，发展模式主要有高科技农业园、农家乐、乡村自然景观和乡村人文景观，其中农家乐是数目最多的类型。（2）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中ANN值均小于1，说明这些地区乡村旅游资源均呈集聚分布。（3）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源分布密度差异较大，其中秀山土家族苗族自治县的平均分布密度最高，为6115个/万km2，酉阳土家族苗族自治县平均分布密度最低，仅为2709个/万km2。［结论］乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源数目还比较少，各地之间存在差异，今后应从发挥产业集聚效应、不断开拓发展模式、提高基础设施建设等方面促进乡村旅游的发展。     

河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力测度

［目的］随着乡村旅游的快速发展，旅游环境受到的压力逐渐加大，河南省是我国农业大省，也是乡村旅游发展较早的省份，测度乡村旅游资源环境承载力对河南省发展乡村旅游具有重要的指导意义。［方法］文章通过构建乡村旅游资源环境承载力评价指标体系，采用层次分析法确定指标权重，构建旅游资源环境承载力指数模型对河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力进行分析评价。［结果］(1)利用层次分析法得到的指标权重结果表明自然资源承载力权重值最高，为0424 9，乡村旅游基础设施承载力权重值最低，为0249 5。(2)旅游环境承载力指数表明2011—2016年河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力为轻度超载，整体上处于协调状态。(3)从3个层面来看，自然资源的利用程度较高，为轻度超载； 社会经济发展承载力处于报警状态，人口增长对社会经济增长带来的影响较明显； 基础实施承载力为轻度超载，应加强基础实施的建设。［结论］目前，河南省乡村旅游发展基本处于可持续发展状态。根据研究结果提出针对性的建议，应加强乡村基础设施的建设，适当控制人口增长以减小对环境造成的压力，优化乡村旅游产业结构，促进自然资源、社会经济和基础设施的协调，保证河南省乡村旅游的可持续发展。     

山西省农业生态旅游资源评价研究

［目的］通过分析山西省生态农业自身特色，从资源的自身景观价值、资源条件及生态环境3方面选取评价指标，构建了山西省农业生态旅游资源评价模型，并对其进行评价，以期为山西省生态农业旅游发展提供借鉴。［方法］文章采用层次分析法计算各指标权重，采用加权评分法计算农业生态旅游资源综合得分值，通过专家打分法对山西省14个主要生态农业旅游资源进行评价。［结果］（1）对于评价体系的准则层而言，资源价值和生态环境权重相同，总权重占比达到90%，是评价山西省农业生态旅游资源主要部分，资源条件权重最低； （2）对于评价体系的项目层而言，资源生态质量权重最大，其次是资源科教价值，再次是文化价值； （3）对于评价体系的因子层而言，资源的奇特性权重最大，其次为资源的生态稳定性，两者权重值相差不大，均是评价山西省农业生态旅游资源的重要因子。［结论］山西省主要生态农业旅游资源分布在Ⅱ～Ⅳ级，且Ⅲ级水平最多，尚有很大发展空间。     

郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布及驱动力分析

［目的］从空间角度分析郑州市乡村旅游资源的分布情况，同时深入探讨其驱动力，全面推动区域乡村旅游的发展以及乡村振兴战略的实施。［方法］以郑州市为例，通过洛伦兹曲线、最邻近指数、地理联系率和基尼系数等定量研究方法分析乡村旅游资源空间分布情况，进而选取24个驱动力指标，通过计算相关性系数对驱动力进行分析。［结果］(1)郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布较为集中，主要集中在惠济区、登封市、二七区等市区；(2)但各市区的乡村旅游资源空间分布存在一定的差异，其中中原区、二七区、金水区、惠济区、管城区、上街区的最邻近指数大于1，乡村旅游资源空间分布呈均匀型，巩义市、新郑市、登封市、新密市、荥阳市、中牟县、经开区、高新区、郑东新区、航空港区的最邻近指数小于1，乡村旅游资源空间分布呈凝聚型；(3)郑州市各区的地理联系率均在94%以上，基尼系数均小于0300，说明郑州市整体上乡村旅游资源空间分布较为均衡。(4)郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布与24个驱动力指标均正向相关，其中乡村特有的景观、距离市中心的距离、乡村旅游基础设施、旅游村的数量、农民人均收入、民宿、停车场数量、道路标识系统的完整性和互联网覆盖率与乡村旅游资源空间分布的相关性显著（P<005）。［结论］乡村旅游空间分布受多个驱动力因素的影响，在不同发展时期有所差异，因此有必要优化调控驱动力系统，促进区域乡村旅游资源空间分布的合理化以及乡村旅游的健康持续发展。     

内蒙古高原温带草地畜牧业可持续发展评价

［目的］探讨畜牧业可持续发展，有利于保护区域草原资源和促进经济发展。［方法］以内蒙古高原温带草地为研究对象，通过构建畜牧业可持续发展评价指标体系，采用熵权系数法确定各指标权重，进而通过加权函数法计算可持续发展指数综合评价值。［结果］要素层和指标层中权重存在一定的差异，其中要素层的权重从大到小依次为自然资源（0309）、社会因素（0278）、草原资源（0267）和经济因素（0146），说明自然资源对草原畜牧业可持续发展的影响最大，而自然资源中气温的权重最大（0115），社会因素中草原产权制度的权重最大（0104），草原资源中牧民草场面积的权重最大（0094），经济因素中饲草利用率的权重最大（0072）。而内蒙古高原温带草地畜牧业的可持续发展指数为0428，说明目前该地区的畜牧业可持续发展水平处于中等水平，也就是说仍需进一步加强建设，以达到较高或高水平。［结论］基于评价结果，提出内蒙古高原温带草地畜牧业未来可持续发展的建议，为该区域畜牧业可持续发展指明方向。     

基于乡村旅游的阿坝州生态环境可持续发展评价

［目的］基于乡村旅游发展背景，对阿坝州生态环境可持续发展进行研究，通过分析其发展水平及变化趋势，以期对阿坝州生态环境保护及乡村经济社会发展提供科学的参考建议。［方法］基于阿坝州生态环境现状，以经济发展、社会发展、资源利用以及乡村旅游发展4个系统构建评价指标体系，通过熵值法计算各指标权重，通过构建模糊综合评价模型计算2010—2016年的生态环境的可持续发展水平。［结果］阿坝州生态环境可持续发展综合得分在2010—2016年处于不断上升的状态，从2010年的0133增长到2016年的0820，变化幅度明显，阿坝州生态环境可持续性与经济社会发展处于相互协调的良性发展水平。［结论］（1）社会发展可持续水平在4个系统中的权重值最大，通过发展乡村旅游对平衡生态环境承载力具有重要的推动作用； （2）协调经济发展、资源环境开发与乡村旅游开发的关系，是实现阿坝州生态环境系统可持续发展的关键； （3）阿坝州乡村旅游发展在整体生态环境可持续系统中的贡献值逐渐增大，如何通过乡村旅游发展提升经济社会可持续发展水平是阿坝州实现乡村振兴和全面小康目标的重要途径。     

河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力分析

［目的］通过对河南省休闲农业转型升级中影响驱动力各项因素的评价和分析，以期对河南省休闲农业可持续发展提供参考。［方法］以河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力为目标，通过构建评价指标体系，从政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素4个部分组成评价准则层，在此基础上进行具体指标选取，运用层次分析法分析其驱动力。［结果］在准则层中，4个部分的权重分布情况为政策因素（0409 0）＞区位因素（0290 2）＞发展因素（0162 2）＞社会因素（0138 6），指标层权重处于第一层次的有休闲体验需求（0416 2）、乡村振兴战略（0375 4）、产业融合趋势（0368 2）和地区资源特色（0368 1）。［结论］休闲体验需求、乡村振兴战略、产业融合趋势和地区资源特色是目前河南省休闲农业转型升级的主要驱动力； 河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力是由政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素共同组成的一个相互联系相互制约的复杂系统，其中乡村振兴战略和美丽乡村建设等政策对休闲农业的整体规划起到指导作用，区位因素决定了地区间农业资源特色和客源市场的不同以及客源与目的地之间的交通距离，且经济的发展和交通环境的改善促使地区间特色资源的开发，进而促进科技发展、教育水平提高、经营管理完善和休闲体验需求多样化等社会因素，由此形成河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力系统。     

江西省乡村聚落空间分布及评价

［目的］通过江西省乡村聚落发展及演变现状对其空间分布特征进行研究，并从乡村聚落发展优化的角度提出具体建议，对江西省乡村振兴战略实施具有重要的借鉴意义。［方法］运用GIS102操作平台对江西省乡村聚落空间分布情况以乡村聚落密度、乡村规模以及人口密度进行空间等级划分，通过计算最临近点指数、地理集中指数和地理联系率分析其空间分布特征。［结果］江西省市域和县域内的乡村聚落在乡村规模、人口密度以及聚落分布密度上存在较大差异，分布呈现不均衡的特点，且与经济发展和人口密度在空间上的均衡、配合程度较高。［结论］(1)江西省乡村聚落分布密度在空间上存在较大差异，形成以南昌市为中心，包含宜春市、萍乡市和上饶市大部分县域的北部密集区，主要为北部赣江流域下游平原和鄱阳湖平原地区，抚州市南部和赣州市大部分区域乡村聚落分布密度较小； (2)江西省乡村聚落在空间上整体呈集聚型分布且分布不均衡的特点； (3)其乡村规模较大的聚落多分布在上饶、赣州、九江和宜春等地，反映出江西省丘陵区和山地区的乡村聚落规模较大。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。