日美之间的“经济主导型”竞争——兼论中美两国之间的“综合性”竞争北大核心

日美贸易冲突是导致《广场协议》签订的最直接原因，但这一冲突不是单纯的贸易问题，而是“经济主导型”竞争的结果。其根源在于日本对美国市场的“脆弱性依赖”和受“日美同盟”这一结构性权力的约束。《广场协议》的签订并没有缓解两国之间的“经济主导型”竞争，此后美国运用技术民族主义对日本半导体产业进行遏制，阻止了日本企业在半导体产业对美国的高技术超越。这一竞争在20世纪90年代末趋于缓解，主要是因为冷战的终结和日本经济泡沫的破灭，美国不再将其视为主要竞争对手和打压对象。“敲打中国”由此开始取代“敲打日本”，其根本原因是中国的崛起和由此导致的“综合性”竞争。     

日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究

20世纪80年代中后期产生的日本异质论及美国"对日修正主义"是日美经贸摩擦延伸至体制领域的重要表现。它既是冷战结束前后国际政治格局变化和美国国内政治气候变迁的产物,又具有深刻的学术和舆论背景。美国"对日修正主义"者从资本主义发展模式的差异、日本政治经济体制及其相应政策手段的特殊性、美国对日贸易策略等三个方面阐述了其理论观点,在美国舆论界、学术界和决策层中产生了巨大的影响。     

日美之间的“经济主导型”竞争——兼论中美两国之间的“综合性”竞争

日美贸易冲突是导致《广场协议》签订的最直接原因,但这一冲突不是单纯的贸易问题,而是“经济主导型”竞争的结果。其根源在于日本对美国市场的“脆弱性依赖”和受“日美同盟”这一结构性权力的约束。《广场协议》的签订并没有缓解两国之间的“经济主导型”竞争,此后美国运用技术民族主义对日本半导体产业进行遏制,阻止了日本企业在半导体产业对美国的高技术超越。这一竞争在20世纪90年代末趋于缓解,主要是因为冷战的终结和日本经济泡沫的破灭,美国不再将其视为主要竞争对手和打压对象。“敲打中国”由此开始取代“敲打日本”,其根本原因是中国的崛起和由此导致的“综合性”竞争。     

美国是泰国商品的一大市场

美国是泰国商品的一大市场世界冷战虽已结束，但仍有很多地方发生局部战争，或因领土问题，或因宗教纠纷。局部战争的不断，给武器贩卖带来了大好生意。一些国家虽然在贸易上处于入超，但可以在武器贩卖上弥补。例如美国，每年与日本、泰国的商品贸易入超达数千亿美元，却...     

20世纪30年代美国对日本的经济政策

20世纪30年代,经济危机肆意蔓延,美国国内孤立主义盛行,国际形势风云变幻.在这一时代大背景下美国该时期对远东的日本采取了一系列经济政策.主要包括:美国对日本的贸易和投资政策,美国垄断资本家对日本的军事经济建设的重要作用及当时的军事力量对比对美对日经济政策的重要影响.30年代美对日的经济政策具有一定的绥靖主义色彩,是当时形势之产物,是其国家利益使然.     

环球纵横

澳前总理批评美国的亚洲政策澳大利亚前总理霍克最近公开指出,美国对于如何同冷战结束后的亚洲打交道,没有明确的政策。一方面,美国严格限制别国对美国的出口,另一方面却虚伪地要求亚洲国家放宽贸易政策。霍克对于西方国家有关亚洲     

冷战后美日同盟:从"漂流"到强化

作为当今世界上最为重要的一个双边同盟,美日同盟是二战后美国在东北亚地区推进遏制政策的重要工具。冷战结束后,随着美日共同敌人的消失、经贸摩擦的加剧以及日本综合国力的提升,美日非对称性同盟陷入困境之中,处于一种“漂流”状态。20世纪90年代中期以后,美日同盟进行了结构性调整,得到了进一步强化。这一调整是两国政策互动的结果,代表着美日两国要以双边军事同盟体系为核心、以多边安全为补充,在东北亚构筑一种霸权稳定模式的安全秩序。     

亚太经济形势变化与我国面临的机遇及挑战

一、亚太经济发生格局新变化 进入80年代,随着日本经济的发展、日美经济实力对比的变化,亚太经济中出现两大趋势:一是美国贸易逆差严重,贸易保护主义加强;二是日元升值后,日本内需渐趋扩大。美日是亚太经济枢纽,其经贸政策的调整,引起了连锁反应。 (一) 贸易结构的调整:“四小龙”降低对美市场依赖,转向渐趋开放的日本市场,亚太国家“对美出超、对日赤字”的贸易结构将有所变化。     

浅析杜鲁门政府时期美国对远东地区的战略转变

冷战迫使美国重新分析日本在美国全球战略中的地位.美国对日本政策的调整带动了美国对韩国政策的调整,即收缩在韩国的军事力量,回避直接介入朝鲜半岛,主要通过政治、经济援助来稳定韩国的局势.美日韩三国同盟明显体现了“分工理论”.     

浅析葛兰西文化领导权理论

近年来,随着文化问题研究的不断深入和后冷战时代国际社会存在的文化霸权、新殖民主义等问题,相继出现"文化帝国主义"、"历史终结论"、"文明冲突论"和后殖民文化批判等理论。这些理论都重视和强调文化对国家行为和国际关系的影响。尤其是美国运用冷战期间留下来的遏制政策遗产在全球范围内大肆推行文化霸权政策和"文化外交",为了应对这种状况,一些国家纷纷制定保护国家安全和文化安全的文化政策。安东尼奥·葛兰西作为第一批看到文化对国家政权重要作用的学者,所提出的文化领导权至今仍有深刻的启迪。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.