Trade dynamics in Cape Town township informal foodservice – a qualitative and supply chain study

The township cash economy of fast food, takeaways, and prepared meals is collectively termed ‘informal foodservice’. An analysis of a five-township ～3800 microenterprise census, and qualitative supply chain investigation of 50 informal foodservice retailers and 75 consumers revealed a well-established although deeply informal trade predominated by women preparing takeaway foods and conducting street braai (BBQ). The business demonstrates high dependence on the immediate place of operations which includes local input suppliers and selling to a narrow pool of trade from immediate (walking scale) neighbourhoods. Supply chains are short, linked to formal agriculture and wholesale sectors. Informal foodservice is heavily utilised by local residents on a regular basis who spend up to R218 per week on products (potentially 30% of income) from these outlets. These enterprises make a substantial contribution towards satisfying local food demand whilst serving an important social protection and neighbourhood relationship function.     

“脱臼”的零售业物流

零售业物流发展正处于起步阶段,必将加大物流配送中心的建设,包括“第三方物流”等多种形式都有发展的空间,是一个充满前景和希望的产业,势必带来零售业的全面升级。     

Informal retailing through home-based micro-enterprises: The role of spaza shops

The informal trade sector constitutes an important part of the South African economy, with estimated sales of R32 billion in 2002. Its emergence is largely attributed to the divergence between the growth in population, especially the urban population, and employment growth in the formal economy. Growth of informal enterprises, especially in the retail sector, is also thriving on the demand of less affluent households, whose household needs for unsophisticated and affordable products are aptly supplied by the informal sector. The aim of this article is to focus on one of the prominent sub-sectors of informal retailing, namely spaza or tuck shops, defined as small retail businesses which operate from a residential stand or home. Particular attention is paid to the size, role and characteristics of spaza trade in South Africa, which is estimated to account for nearly 3 per cent of South Africa's retail trade.     

The non-globalisation of modern food retailing: the case of the failed Coop Norden merger

ABSTRACT

By discussing the creation and subsequent failure of Coop Norden, set up by the Scandinavian consumer co-operatives in 2002 as a common wholesale and food retail enterprise, this article provides insights into the nature of the Scandinavian food retail sector and co-operative enterprises in an era of globalisation. The article combines recent research on the globalisation of retailing with the academic literature on the economic position and development of consumer co-operative enterprises. The article concludes that the failure of Coop Norden can be seen as the natural consequence of two inherent problems: 1. A flawed vision among co-operative managers on how globalisation would impact retailing and 2. A misalignment between Danish, Norwegian and Swedish co-operative agendas. The article is based on comprehensive studies of the internal co-operative archives in Denmark and Norway.     

现金持有对家族企业市场竞争力的影响——基于CEO来源的视角

当前我国家族企业已陆续进入代际传承的重要阶段,企业CEO也出现了由一代、二代或外部经理人这三种不同来源的安排。不同来源的CEO从现金持有的交易动机、预防动机和代理动机出发,会选择不同的现金持有战略,从而影响企业的市场竞争力。文章以2010-2014年沪深两市A股上市家族企业为研究对象,研究现金持有水平与企业市场竞争力之间的一般关系,并根据家族企业的特殊性和差异性,推断家族企业现金持有是否同样具有竞争优势,还进一步研究家族企业不同CEO来源对现金持有竞争优势的影响。研究发现,家族企业的现金持有能够增强企业的市场竞争力,即家族企业存在现金持有的竞争优势。而且家族企业CEO的不同来源会对企业现金持有的竞争优势产生较大影响,具体说,家族创始人CEO由于维护社会情感财富和代际传承等原因,可能会损害企业现金持有的竞争优势,降低家族企业现金持有价值;家族二代CEO出于二次创业的动力,反而会加强企业现金持有的竞争优势;外部经理人担任CEO为了个人声誉和薪酬,也会显著加强企业现金持有的竞争优势。文章从家族企业这一特殊样本出发,丰富了家族企业现金持有竞争优势的研究,并从家族企业代际传承的视角,独特地研究了不同CEO来源对家族企业现金持有竞争优势的重要影响,同时也扩展了代际传承经济后果的研究。     

乡镇企业成长过程中的管理问题初探

我国乡镇企业正面临着第二次创业。阻碍乡镇企业成长的主要问题是其成长过程中对复杂性的管理。在乡镇企业成长过程中，复杂性表现在企业的外部环境和内部组织两个方面。乡镇企业对复杂性的管理存在的很多问题，尤其的“任人唯亲”和“机会主义扩张”的原则，严重阻碍了乡镇企业的进一步成长。有效管理复杂性的途径就是要提高对复杂性问题的管理能力，这种能力的提高是以提升企业知识积累能力和组织学习能力为前提，以提高简化复杂性的能力为基础的。     

青岛商战

十几年前,百盛、佳世客、家乐福作为首批进入青岛的商业占尽上风,令本土企业自叹不如。十几年间,他们与拼死挣扎、优胜劣汰的本土企业共同组成青岛的商业神话,而第二轮进入青岛的乐购、乐天却纷纷折戟。巨大反差的背后,还有很多人们想不到的问题……     

Determinants of energy use in the informal food sector

Although enterprises in the informal food sector require energy to transform, cook and process food, energy-use patterns in this sector are not well understood by policymakers and the local-level authorities who regulate their trading activities. This paper reviews relevant literature and presents empirical data collected in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa on the use of traditional and modern energy sources by informal food sector operators. Our sample includes male- and female-operated enterprises in the urban centres of three African countries where the informal food sector is important, not only for providing the convenience of affordable and readily prepared meals, but also as a source of income for women and men in developing countries. Multiple fuel-use and energy-stacking strategies are common among informal food enterprises and policy needs to acknowledge this if it is to intervene in ways that will benefit both enterprises and regulators.     

The prospects for informal small businesses in KwaMashu

Government and business interest in the informal sector has been aroused by the sector's perceived ability to provide employment and thus lessen the politically destabilizing effects of unemployment. In the light of research carried out in a black township near Durban, the possible effects of deregulation on the development of the informal sector are examined. It is suggested that, since the sector's principal role was found to be to supplement an often meagre formal sector wage and there were few opportunities for capital accumulation, deregulation alone would be insufficient to promote growth of the sector.     

珠三角水乡旅游开发经营模式初探——以中山市民众镇裕安村为例

如何进行有效的管理和开发,是水乡旅游生存和发展的关键。文章结合珠江三角洲的地域特色,通过对裕安村进行实地考察和访谈,得出一种新型的珠江三角洲水乡旅游开发经营模式,以此丰富水乡旅游开发的理论研究,并为珠江三角洲水乡旅游与社会的和谐发展提供指导。     

Informal trading in Soweto

Informal sector trading is re‐examined five years after initial investigations in Soweto. Structural changes in informal trading are manifestations of rising unemployment in the formal economy. More important is the widening differentiation between business enterprises at the apex of the informal spectrum with substantial turnover and employment opportunities through to most informal enterprises operating at ‘survival’ levels. These results confirm the domination of the laws of supply and demand in informal trading and emphasize the free market character of the sector.     

Ownership concentration and financial policy of China's listed firms

This study examines the role of ownership concentration, measured by the top-five shareholders' equity ownership, in shaping corporate finance policies in China. Among privately-owned enterprises (POEs), ownership concentration has negative and positive effects on their debt and cash reserves, respectively, consistent with controlling shareholders' incentives to stave off business failures and ride out adverse future circumstances. These effects are more pronounced if POEs have high market-to-book, suggesting that growth opportunities heighten their controlling shareholders' desire to avoid debt and hoard cash. Although ownership concentration has similar effects on debt and cash in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), these effects in SOEs appear to reflect management discretion or conservatism. Our evidence suggests that ownership concentration is a key driver of corporate finance in an emerging market, but private and state ownership concentrations have seemingly similar but qualitatively different consequences.     

公民意识、公司价值和企业捐赠行为研究

管理者在企业经营过程中,往往面临经济利益与社会道德的价值冲突,这是研究企业捐赠时难以回避的一个重要问题。本文通过引入投资者效用函数,从“股东”角度出发对企业捐赠行为建模,并对其进行经验检验。结果表明虽然慈善捐赠减少了公司的现金流量,并导致每股收益下降,但由于企业得到投资者的价值认同,因此依然能够在资本市场上实现较高的公司价值。此外,舆论对捐赠价值先机的放大效应还会对企业捐赠动机造成一定的负面影响,因此培育正确和理性的公民意识是对企业捐赠进行激励的重要保障。     

Informal moneylenders in the Limpopo,Gauteng and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa

The article provides a critical analysis of the informal (unregistered) money-lending business and how it has served as a survival strategy for black South Africans. Using data obtained from 657 informal (unregistered) micro-moneylenders in three South African provinces, namely the Eastern Cape, Gauteng and Limpopo, an analysis is undertaken to highlight how the business is organised, conducted and marketed, and how income generated from it. Provincial spatial variations and similarities relating to this economic activity are noted. Finally, the article aims at highlighting of the informal microlenders' responses to affiliation to the Micro Lenders Association and registration with the Micro Finance Regulatory Council.     

深圳食盐零售环节的问题与对策研究

本文主要首先对深圳食盐零售网点现状进行了剖析,发现深圳食盐在零售环节存在着终端组织不高、小门店数量多、批零企业存在着信息共享度低等五个方面问题。针对上述问题,提出政府应积极推动零售现代化、推进批发体制改革、加强对零售网点进行监督、对市民的碘盐知识宣传,以及推进食盐零售许可证工作。     

日本零售企业进入海外市场的动机、经营绩效与撤退原因

在零售商业的国际化过程中，日本零售企业扮演了重要角色．日本零售企业进入海外市场的动机与决策过程因进入市场、进入时期及业态形式的不同而不同，同时，日本零售企业在海外市场的经营绩效也是不容乐观的，并出现了大量的撤退案例。研究日本零售企业进入海外市场的动机及经营绩效不佳的原因，不仅对日本零售企业制定跨国经营战略具有参考价值，而且对包括进入国家或地区在内的全体零售企业制定零售经营战略也具有借鉴意义．     

浅析深圳本土零售业

中国零售行业全面对外资开放已有两年,零售市场竞争则更加激烈。深圳作为外资零售企业最早进入的城市之一,其本土零售业发展迅速,已培养出华润万家等国内零售巨头。但是,在内外资零售企业的激烈竞争之下,深圳本土零售企业又将何去何从?本文将就此进行分析。     

乡镇集体企业产权特征的演变

近些年来，乡镇集体企业的发展一直是被广泛关注的，乡镇企业在发展过程所表现出的波折归根结底是由乡镇集体企业自身的产权特征决定的。二十几年来，乡镇集体企业面临的市场环境发生了巨大的变化，而适合二十年前市场背景的产权制度已经越来越成为乡镇集体企业继续发展的障碍，于是乡镇集体企业在转轨的经济体系内部实现了制度变迁，在这一制度变迁过程中，以乡村政府和企业经营者为主导的乡镇企业核心层利益相关者之间的博弈和利益分割对产权改革的路径选择具有决定性的影响。     

制约我国零售企业营销创新的因素分析

当前,我国零售市场竞争相当激烈。为了在激烈的市场竞争中占据优势地位,零售企业必须积极开展营销创新。然而,我国零售企业营销创新效果并不理想,本文分析了制约我国零售企业营销创新的主要障碍及原因。     

The changing role of fairs in the long eighteenth century: evidence from the north midlands1

Despite the recent interest of historians in retailing and distribution, little attention has been paid to fairs. It has often been assumed that by 1800 they were mainly occasions for entertainment. Using a range of sources and focusing mainly on the north midlands, this article argues that many fairs remained significant during the eighteenth century for agricultural marketing, some business and financial transactions, and retailing. By the early nineteenth century, rapidly changing economic conditions, coupled with changed attitudes, threatened these traditional roles and fairs had to adapt or face inevitable decline.