优化操作降低汽油加氢装置重汽油辛烷值损失

2012年11月,兰州石化公司50×104t/a轻汽油醚化装置建成投产后,为保证装置原料,1.8 Mt/a催化汽油加氢装置进行了轻重汽油的分割调整,虽然满足了醚化原料要求,但造成加氢重汽油辛烷值损失不断增大.为此,1.8 Mt/a催化汽油加氢装置对工艺操作条件进行了优化,实施措施后加氢重汽油辛烷值达到86.1(研究法),较优化前提高了1.12个单位,达到了预期目标.     

催化轻汽油醚化技术提升油品质

运用催化轻汽油醚化技术,能有效的提升汽油质量,使汽油的辛烷值得到提高,也增加了汽油的氧含量。它利用来自汽油中的叔碳烯烃与甲醇进行醚化反应生成醚类化合物。催化会使汽油的烯烃含量降低,同时提高汽油辛烷值和降低蒸汽压,还能将低价值的甲醇转化成高价值的汽油组分。     

DSO技术在催化汽油加氢装置性能和评价

100万吨/年催化汽油加氢装置采用中国石油石油化工研究院的催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫专利技术(DSO技术),以本公司的催化汽油为原料,进行深度加氢脱硫,生产满足国V排放标准的汽油[1]。通过性能标定,轻汽油终馏点77℃≤80℃,硫含量8.5mg/kg≤10mg/kg,满足作为轻汽油醚化原料的条件,加氢后轻重混合汽油终馏点200℃≤202℃,硫含量7.8mg/kg≤10mg/kg,辛烷值91.6,满足汽油国V质量标准要求。     

石化轻汽油醚化项目环境风险管理研究

轻汽油醚化单元涉及蒸汽压高、易挥发的轻质馏分和有毒、易挥发的甲醇物质,其项目建设存在较大的环境风险。以某催化汽油醚化项目为例,对石化轻汽油醚化项目可能存在的火灾危险、有毒有害风险、污水及固体废物排放污染风险以及噪声污染风险等方面的环境风险源、风险程度及需要采取的技术措施进行分析,提出石化轻汽油醚化项目应从总体上对有关环境风险进行判断,并从项目建设期的项目建设地址、工艺及设施设备配置,以及项目运营期的风险管理方面制定相应的风险策略和应对措施。结果表明,探讨石化轻汽油醚化项目环境风险管理问题,可以引起更多有关人员的关注,采取措施后可降低和消灭环境事故的发生。     

工艺参数对降低催化裂化汽油烯烃含量的影响

探讨了催化裂化装置各种主要工艺参数对汽油产品中烯烃含量的影响及机理,提出了在2500 kt/a催化裂化装置上,通过逐渐调整操作参数,降低催化裂化汽油烯烃含量的措施。通过提高催化剂活性、降低反应温度、降低原料预热温度、提高烃分压、提高第二反应区催化剂藏量、注入终止剂、提高剂油比、延长反应时间、提高汽油终馏点等措施,可以有效降低催化裂化装置汽油产品中烯烃体积分数8.1个百分点。     

原料加氢预处理对催化装置的影响

一催化装置和二催化装置从2009年12月13日开始配炼蜡油加氢装置的精制蜡油,实现了蜡油加氢处理与催化裂化装置联合优化生产,本文就催化原料加氢预处理对催化生产操作、汽油硫含量和产品分布的影响进行分析,提出催化裂化与蜡油加氢装置联合生产的优化措施。生产数据表明,催化原料加氢预处理后,汽油硫含量满足汽油质量升级要求,催化产品分布良好。     

我国丁二烯产能即将过剩

丁二烯是一种重要的石油化工基础有机原料和合成橡胶单体,在石油化工烯烃原料中的地位仅次于乙烯和丙烯,在合成橡胶和有机合成等方面具有广泛的用途,可以合成顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、SBS、ABS树脂等多种橡胶产品,此外还可用于生产己二腈、己二胺、尼龙66、1,4-丁二醇等有机化工产品,以及用作粘接剂、汽油添加剂等,用途十分广泛.     

DCC重汽油结焦性评价

以焦化汽油作为参比对象，采用静态和动态两种评价方法，对催化裂解装置主分馏塔一级冷后汽油在加氢脱硫过程中的结焦性进行了评价。从静态挂片结焦增重、动态反应前后动态测试管出口油样温差、烯烃减少幅度等方面的情况来看，催化裂解装置主分馏塔一级冷后汽油的结焦倾向小于焦化汽油。     

第二代催化汽油选择性加氢技术的应用

介绍了第二代催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术(RSDS-Ⅱ技术)在催化汽油选择性加氢装置中的应用。标定结果表明,以硫含量460～470μg/g、烯烃含量40%左右的催化裂化汽油为原料,采用RSDS-Ⅱ技术后,产品硫含量小于50μg/g,研究法辛烷值损失小于1.0。RSDS-Ⅱ技术具有非常好的脱硫选择性,是生产低硫清洁汽油的重要技术。     

CGP-C专用催化剂在呼和浩特MIP催化装置上的应用

中石油呼和浩特催化装置采用MIP工艺,设计加工能力为280万吨/年,2017年10月开始装置三旋压降升高,为保证装置安全运行至检修期,改善产品分布,2017年12月开始使用催化剂长岭分公司开发的专用剂CGP-C。应用结果表明,在原料性质相当的情况下,装置汽油产率提高,柴油产率降低,汽油烯烃含量降低,辛烷值基本不变,三旋压降未继续上升,三旋回收效率提高,保证了装置的平稳运行。     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.