红霉素肟的合成研究

红霉素A9-肟是第2代新型红霉素的共同中间体。以硫氰酸红霉素为起始原料在酸-碱缓冲溶液中合成红霉素A9-肟,对其合成工艺进行了综述,对合成工艺进行了较详细的研究,开发出了一条全新的合成红霉素肟的工艺路线,使产品转化率高于90%。优化了红霉素肟合成中溶剂配比、盐酸羟胺配比、肟化反应pH值、肟化反应温度等反应条件,做了相应的稳定性实验。改进后的合成路线适合工业化生产。     

新型降胆固醇药物依折麦布的合成工艺研究进展

目的：通过分析已有依折麦布的合成方法,找到适合于工业化的合成路线、方法：对合成路线进行总结结果与结论：方法二路线原料便宜易得,条件温和,后处理简单更加适于工业化生产     

利伐沙班中间体的合成工艺研究

在文献专利路线的基础上,改变反应温度,改变反应溶剂,改变操作步骤,改变反应时间,改变原料,摸索反应、筛选出最佳路线。以环氧氯丙烷和邻苯二甲酰亚胺为原料,让苄基三甲基氯化铵作催化剂,先在异丙醇溶剂中反应生成中间态,浓缩干再以二氯甲烷作溶剂,加入叔丁醇钠闭环得反-3-2-[(2S)-2-环氧乙烷基-甲基]-1-H-异吲哚-1,3(2H)-二酮。采用此条合成优化路线和后处理方法可以得到的产物收率和手性纯度分别为78%和99.4%。     

异丁醛下游产品开发前景看好

生产现状 异丁醛又名2-甲基丙醛，是一种重要的有机化工原料，在目前乙烯联合化工装置的丙烯羰基化合成丁、辛醇的副产物就是异丁醛。其以原料丙烯、一氧化碳在羰基金属钴或铑催化剂存在下合成正、异丁醛混合物，丁醛进一步加氢得到正、异丁醇，其中异丁醛是其中间体产物。丙烯羰基合成正、异丁醛主要路线由于     

1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-4-吡唑甲酸合成工艺的改进

研究优化合成1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-4-吡唑甲酸并寻找到一条适于工业化生产的工艺路线。以3-(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙烯酸乙酯为起始原料,经过酰化、环化和水解生成目标产物1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-4-吡唑甲酸。以三氟乙酸和二(三氟甲基)碳酸酯为酰氯化剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,优化反应温度、反应时间和原料配比,一锅法合成2-二甲氨基次甲基-4,4,4-三氟-3-氧代丁酸乙酯;环化时加入适量氢氧化钠调节反应pH值,同时优化反应温度、反应时间和原料配比,提高反应收率和纯度。该路线低成本,产品产率高、纯度高,且操作简单,适于工业化生产。     

苯并噻唑和溴代芳烃的C-S交叉偶联反应及其在沃替西汀合成中的应用

以苯并噻唑和溴代芳烃为原料,在Cu I的催化下实现了二者的C-S交叉偶联反应,得到2-芳硫基苯胺产物,反应底物适用性广、收率高.偶联产物可用于抗抑郁药物沃替西汀的合成,是此药物合成的新方法.因为不使用贵重的起始原料,也不使用味道较大的苯硫酚,所以本路线成本低、环境友好。     

石油大学合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯的非光气法开发成功

石油大学与胜利油田国际石油开发投资有限公司成功地开发非光气均相催化法合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)新工艺。该工艺以碳酸二甲酯(MDC)和苯胺为主要原料，合成MPC，进一步合成生产聚氨酯原料4，4-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)。目前工业上MDI生产均采用极毒原料的光气法路线。相比之下，该新工艺所用原料、催化剂等都是无毒或低毒化合物，而且中试放大工艺采用全封闭式循环反应模式和压力反应容器。     

1，6—二溴己烷的合成

1，6-二溴己烷是用途广泛的有机化工原料，在制药、农药、制革等方面具有广泛的应用。如用来合成降压药、稳定剂等，是不可缺少的基础原料。用1，6-二溴己烷作为一种起始原料合成对前列腺炎的特殊疗效的药物，在农药方面，用来合成农药中间体辛二腈等；又由于它具有杀菌清毒等作用，所以常用来合成洗涤剂、洗发水、以及餐具，禽舍的消毒液等，在实验室也有广泛的用途。例如可用它来合成聚合物的格氏试剂。     

香兰素的合成方法综述

较详细介绍了香兰素的化学合成路线,重点介绍了用愈创木酚为原料的各种工艺路线,如我国目前采用的亚硝化工艺和国外普遍采用的乙醛酸工艺,还介绍了一些有研究前景的工艺路线,如对羟基苯甲醛法等;对各种工艺的优缺点进行了评价,认为乙醛酸工艺是一条较具发展前途的合成路线。     

氟代苯甲酸的合成

氟代苯甲酸是合成药物和农药极其重要的中间体，应用广泛。目前合成工艺存在主要问题是收率低、成本高。现介绍采用氟代甲苯为原料，以醋酸为溶剂的氧化合成工艺，该工艺路线短、产物精制容易，收率高，是可行的工业生产路线。     

金属-有机骨架材料的制备及应用进展

金属-有机骨架材料(简称MOFs)是近年来发展迅猛的一种具有三维孔结构的新型高分子材料,由有机配体和金属离子通过配位键自组装形成,具有较大的比表面积和较好的吸附性能。回顾了MOFs材料的研发历程,系统地介绍了MOFs材料水/溶剂热合成、微波合成、超声合成的原理和制备方法,分析了其优点和存在的不足。讨论了MOFs材料在储氢、CO2吸附、有毒化合物吸附、催化、荧光等方面的研究进展,认为未来的研究方向是开发新的MOFs材料合成工艺,进一步提高结构稳定性,拓展其应用领域。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4的研究新进展

磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)具有价格低廉、对环境友好、热稳定性高、比容量大等优点,成为目前锂离子电池正极材料的研究热点.对LiFePO4的制备方法和改性研究进行了综述,介绍了一些常用的表征方法.     

聚四氢呋喃生产应用及市场前景

聚四氢呋喃是一种性能优异的高分子材料，主要用于生产新型合成纤维氨纶，且在非纤领域中的应用潜力巨大。简要介绍了聚四氢呋喃的合成工艺、生产现状、应用领域方面的一些情况，对聚四氢呋喃近期的市场需求进行了分析，并对国内相关的生产企业提出了发展建议。     

Dancing robots: integrating art,music, and robotics in Singapore’s early childhood centers

In recent years, Singapore has increased its national emphasis on technology and engineering in early childhood education. Their newest initiative, the Playmaker Programme, has focused on teaching robotics and coding in preschool settings. Robotics offers a playful and collaborative way for children to engage with foundational technology and engineering concepts during their formative early childhood years. This study looks at a sample of preschool children (N = 98) from five early childhood centers in Singapore who completed a 7-week STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) KIBO robotics curriculum in their classrooms called, “Dances from Around the World.” KIBO is a newly developed robotics kit that teaches both engineering and programming. KIBO’s actions are programmed using tangible programming blocks—no screen-time required. Children’s knowledge of programming concepts were assessed upon completion of the curriculum using the Solve-Its assessment. Results indicate that children were highly successful at mastering foundational programming concepts. Additionally, teachers were successful at promoting a collaborative and creative environment, but less successful at finding ways to engage with the greater school community through robotics. This research study was part of a large country-wide initiative to increase the use of developmentally appropriate engineering tools in early childhood settings. Implications for the design of technology, curriculum, and other resources are addressed.     

The role of senior management in opportunity formation: Direct involvement or reactive selection?

Research Summary : Much research suggests that entrepreneurial opportunities in established firms result from bottom‐up initiative in a diverse workforce, senior management's main role in the entrepreneurial process is to select among opportunities generated in the bottom‐up process, and it should refrain from directly getting involved in this process. We develop an alternative and more active view of the role of senior management in the opportunity formation process in which senior management intervenes in the entrepreneurial process to resolve coordination and collaboration problems across initiatives and decide on resource allocation. We proffer rival hypotheses concerning the effect of such senior management involvement in the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, we hypothesize that the positive relations between bottom‐up initiative/employee diversity and opportunity formation are positively (negatively) moderated by such direct involvement by senior management. We examine these ideas using two matched data sources: a double‐respondent survey of CEOs and HR managers and employer–employee register data. We find support for the view that senior management involvement positively moderates the relations between bottom‐up processes/diversity and opportunity formation. Managerial Summary : What are the processes through which entrepreneurial opportunities emerge in established companies? Research has pointed to diversity and bottom‐up initiative, but our understanding is limited with respect to what senior managers should do to optimally promote entrepreneurship in such companies. In one view, senior management should keep a distance and limit their involvement to picking the best opportunities out of those they are presented with in the bottom‐up process. In contrast, we argue that given bottom‐up initiative in the context of a diverse workforce, senior management should play a more direct role in the entrepreneurial process. The reason is that senior‐management involvement at early stages of the opportunity formation process is required to handle the management challenges arising from diversity and bottom‐up initiative. Overall, our study suggests that firms that wish to seize the potential benefits (in terms of entrepreneurial opportunities) of having a more diverse workforce and more bottom‐up initiative need senior managers that directly engage in the entrepreneurial process.     

The New Unionism and the New Bargaining Agenda: UNISON–Employer Partnerships on Workplace Learning in Britain

A model of new unionism has been developed which is characterized by features such as the servicing of members as customers and a shift to co‐operative industrial relations. The UNISON–employer partnerships in workplace learning in the UK initially appear to fit such a model. This paper outlines the model of new unionism and cautions against interpreting these partnerships as evidence of its development. The paper concludes that this initiative is organized within a collective framework and may provide a basis for the development of workplace trade union activism rather than being indicative of its decline.     

Legitimacy and the Value of Early Customers

To overcome resource constraints and achieve exponential growth, a new venture must rely on early customers of its products to communicate value and commitment to others. For this reason, founders of new ventures focus more on early customers as a key element of their founding strategy than on other elements. But when do early customers really add value to new ventures? Scholars have used legitimacy theory to examine the benefits of gaining acceptance and conveying firm quality through conforming to social norms and following similar methods and forms. It has been argued that, independent of the customers of products and services, observable legitimacy characteristics of a new organization function as signals and are used by critical external constituents to infer the quality of the firm. This research, however, sheds little light on the manner in which firm legitimacy influences how potential customers respond to the existence of early customers. The current study therefore proposes that, depending on types of legitimacy (cognitive, regulative, and normative), early customers may have a different impact on subsequent firm performance. While a young firm may reduce information asymmetry that hampers their attractiveness to customers and other external stakeholders via the costly signal of obtaining early customers, the signal fit argument suggests that discrepancy between a signal and the characteristics of the signaler can lead to unreliable quality and lower signaling value. Legitimacy is critical because, when legitimacy is absent, early customers may not serve as an effective signal for the new venture. This study therefore explores the extent to which the signaling effect of early customers depends on these three types of legitimacy. This study employs the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) public database, a panel study of 4928 new businesses founded in the United States in 2004. Four surveys (baseline, first follow‐up, second follow‐up, and third follow‐up) were conducted using self‐administered Web survey and computer‐assisted telephone interview methods. In this study, the independent variables include early customers and the three types of legitimacy (cognitive, regulative, and normative) as well as a set of control variables. All independent variables were measured at the founding of the businesses in the KFS baseline survey. Dependent variables in this study include second‐year revenue, third‐year revenue, and fourth‐year revenue as measured in the KFS first, second, and third follow‐up surveys, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression and Heckman sample selection model is used to analyze the data. Results show that early customers are beneficial to new ventures, and the benefits of early customers to firm performance are higher when there is cognitive legitimacy from a capable founding team and regulative legitimacy from paying federal Social Security and Medicare taxes. Surprisingly, while incorporation improves performance for new ventures, the benefit of having early customers relative to not having early customers is lower, not higher, when the firm is incorporated than when the firm is not incorporated. Early customers have the same benefit regardless of the presence of normative legitimacy through the presence of a network with suppliers. This study therefore offers insights into the role of early customers at founding. Early customers can be very useful for founders with significant experience, and it may be a good strategy to seek them out. However, it appears that there are specific conditions under which pursuing early customers may not be an effective strategy. Founders can make strategic decisions not to pursue early customers if there are no anticipated payoffs.     

Nature of the R&D/Marketing co-operation in the design of technologically advanced new industrial products

Many studies have consistently reported that success in industrial new product innovation is linked with the degree of interfacing between R&D and Marketing in the early stages of the product development process. However, very little evidence of such an interface has been reported in advanced technology firms and the relevant literature provides little empirical material on the matter.
Based on a pilot study of 23 new product projects in ten firms in the U.K. it is argued that, in many instances, firms are missing a fundamental issue in the R&D/Marketing cooperation. Too often, the interface is limited to the identification of general market need for a particular new product idea.
The paper emphasises the fact that the interface should provide the means for an efficient product design procedure between R&D and Marketing. This design link should, in turn, profit both the engineering design of the product and its future marketability. The paper also outlines the advantages and the problems inherent in the exercise and proposes a framework for implementation.     

Materials experience as a foundation for materials and design education

An important body of research has developed in recent years, explaining ways in which product materials influence user experiences. A priority now is to ensure that the research findings are adopted within an educational context to deliver contemporary curricula for students studying the subject of materials and design. This paper reports on an international initiative to develop ‘materials experience’ as a formal subject of study, complementary to traditional technical and engineering approaches to materials and design education. General learning objectives for materials experience are established, followed by specific attention to three kinds of experience that arise during user–material–product interaction: gratification of senses, conveyance of meanings, and elicitation of emotions. For each of these kinds of experience, a specially devised active learning exercise is explained in detail. In combination, these exercises are argued to deliver a good foundation for student appreciation and action on designing for material experiences in product design. The paper concludes with recommendations for how to responsibly redress the imbalance that exists in materials and design education, by transitioning from a culture of ‘imparting knowledge about materials’ to a culture of ‘generating experience with materials’.