鄱阳湖枯水水位及流速时空分布模拟

大型通江湖泊鄱阳湖水文节律独特,水位和流速是其生态系统功能维持的关键因子。为探究其水位和流速时空特征,基于EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)模型,利用五河及湖口水文数据、气象数据及湖底高程作为输入条件,模拟出鄱阳湖的枯水水文统计年(2010-07-01~2011-06-30)水位和流速时空变化过程。模拟结果表明:(1)星子等4个站点拟合程度较好(r20.85),达到了复杂湖库水动力模拟的精度。(2)高水位期,湖区水位空间分布无明显差异,水深直接受湖底高程影响,自上游至下游呈逐级递增;低水位期,鄱阳湖水位在空间上出现明显差异,湖区外缘水位至入江水道逐级递减,水深分布空间差异不大,仅入江水道处水深明显高于其他水域。(3)流速也包括一系列时空变化特征,如高水位时期流速小于低水位时期;除大水面时期外,深水道流速大于主湖区;高水位时期上游流速略高于下游,但其他月份,北部入江水道流速均大于南部湖区等。(4)流速与水位关系密切,且不同水位对应流速大小及分布有所差异。鄱阳湖枯水水位和流速模拟分析可为大型湖库枯水水情管理提供科学参考和辅助决策支持。     

三峡蓄水前后宜昌–城陵矶水情多尺度变化特征分析

采用Morlet小波分解重构和频谱分析等方法,对宜昌、枝城、沙市、监利和城陵矶1997~2014年水位和流量及三峡水库2003~2014年入库、出库流量和库水位数据进行了统计分析,探究了各水文站在三峡建坝前后水情的变化特征及原因。结果表明:各观测站的水位和流量沿程递减,水位的年内波动处同一水平,研究河段内上游河段流量年内和年际变化比下游河段剧烈;各水文站水位和流量变化的显著周期为6.05、11.78、21.2、30.29和53个月,各水文站水位1 a周期变化幅度均在2 m以上,其他周期上的变化幅度为0.08~0.82 m;三峡水库蓄水活动对下游水文站水位和流量等水情的影响有限,主要反映在对水情趋势项的影响上,三峡大坝蓄水后,各水文站水位和流量受到一定程度影响,呈波动性递减变化。     

基于常量离子示踪技术的香溪河库湾分层异重流特性研究

2012年9月26日对三峡水库干流及香溪河库湾的水流特性及常量离子进行监测,以分析蓄水期间三峡水库香溪河支流库湾水动力特性。结果表明：香溪河库湾镁离子空间上呈下游低上游高的梯度变化,钠离子呈下游高上游低的梯度变化,河口处水中常量离子的楔形区与流速纵剖面矢量图中流向上游的楔形区的位置和厚度基本一致。监测期间香溪河库湾存在显著的分层异重流特性,在河口处,长江水体从中层倒灌进入香溪河,为中层倒灌异重流;上游水体由香溪河底部流入长江干流,为底部顺坡异重流     

长江中下游岸线利用对防洪累积影响初步研究

在分析长江中下游岸线开发利用现状及存在问题基础上，分别选取武汉河段和扬中河段作为代表性河段，针对桥梁群和码头群两类主要岸线开发利用形式，开展了涉河工程群对河道洪水位及流场累积影响的数学模型计算分析。计算结果表明，群体工程共同作用后将引起河道洪水位和流场的叠加影响，其影响值及影响范围远大于单个工程，当群体工程的影响积累到一定程度，可能对河道的行洪与河势稳定带来不利影响。建议桥梁群应保持合理的密度，码头群应合理控制港区规模，上下游港区间应保持合理的距离，在岸线开发过程中应制定岸线利用规划，规范涉河工程设计，以尽可能减小对防洪的累积影响     

长江干流滨江水体As空间梯度变化与健康风险评价

重金属污染是世界各国河流面临的重要问题。长江是中国第一大河流,其在提供水资源、调蓄洪水及维持生态平衡等方面发挥重要作用。因此,有必要对其重金属污染状况进行研究。As是重要的致癌重金属,也是长江水体重要污染物之一。沿长江从上游至下游取水样,对长江滨江水体As空间梯度变化进行研究,并评价其健康风险。结果显示:As浓度整体呈从上游至下游增加的趋势。与已有研究比较显示,长江As浓度呈减小趋势。但As在一些点位(如芜湖市、池州市、东至县、常州、无锡、崇明岛等地区点位)存在较大致癌风险,需要引起特别关注。水体温度、离子浓度可能是影响水体As毒性的重要因子。研究结果可为长江水环境污染治理与保护提供基本依据。     

澎溪河回水区水体叶绿素a含量与流速相关关系研究

以三峡库区支流澎溪河回水区为特征区域，研究三峡水库回水区水动力条件对水体富营养化的影响。根据三峡水库的调蓄过程，在175 m高水位、小流量、低污染负荷和145 m低水位、大流量、高污染负荷两种设计条件下模拟澎溪河水体断面平均高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）浓度和叶绿素a（Chl a）含量。研究表明：澎溪河回水段从上游到下游的CODMn、TN、TP浓度有增加的趋势，在接近河口处有趋同于长江水污染物浓度的趋势。145 m低水位的大流量、高污染负荷设计条件下Chl a含量较高，在弯道下游和河道水面开阔的高阳、双江大桥断面的流速减缓区段，出现Chl a含量峰值。拟合澎溪河水体流速及Chl a含量相关关系，在枯丰两种设计条件下建立水体流速(V)与Chl a含量(S)的相关关系式，分别为S=0186 0〖DK〗·V-0353 6(相关系数r2=0838 0)和S=10844 9〖DK〗·V-0293 9(相关系数r2=0825 4)。模拟结果表明：加大水体流速有利于抑制Chl a含量。通过改变水动力条件控制水体富营养化具有可行性     

水库渗漏水流溶解氧与水温沿程恢复的试验研究

水库底层低温低氧水从坝体下泄或渗漏,可能对下游生态产生不利影响。通过对湖北温峡水库下游温峡河225 km河段的野外试验,测量溶解氧、水温等指标的日变化和沿程变化,开展复氧试验研究阶梯深潭结构和沙洲对溶解氧的影响,并取样分析大型底栖无脊椎动物的沿程分布。结果表明,流速对水温与溶解氧日变化规律无明显影响。试验河段水温和溶解氧恢复很快,经过17 km的河段,水温从123℃升高至300℃,且溶解氧饱和度基本达到饱和。河宽对水温恢复起重要作用,对溶解氧影响较小,对复氧速度基本无影响。流量通过改变淹没程度影响阶梯深潭的复氧能力。溶解氧在沙洲下游存在横向分布,滞水区溶解氧高于左右汊道。溶解氧是水库下游水生态的控制因素,物种多样性随溶解氧的升高而增加     

长江沿岸主导产业的类型转换与格局演化——基于省级以上开发区的考察

主导产业对于地区产业发展方向、产业结构构成乃至在全国区域产业分工中所处地位和作用的影响重大.以长江沿岸省级以上开发区为考察对象,利用缓冲区分析、文本挖掘等方法对2006和2018年沿岸0～5、5～15和15～ 30 km距离区间以及上中下游主导产业的类型转换与格局演化进行分析.结果 发现:(1)制造业始终占据沿岸核心地位,高污染产业逐渐退出长江近岸,"化工围江"现象有所改善,产业升级态势明显.(2)优势主导产业分布更趋稳定,具备打造世界级产业集群的潜力,同时产业类型更趋多元,战略性新兴产业增长迅速.(3)产业布局总体呈现由长江向外逐层递减,由下游至上游逐级递减的格局,但表现出一定程度的区域平衡态势.(4)上中游和下游主导产业类型分布呈现出梯度差异演化,具备产业转移条件,同时存在一定的产业竞争风险.     

洋山海域工程前后水动力特征分析

洋山海域自2002年建港工程以来,先后封堵了北岛链三个过水汊道,使得海域附近水动力结构发生显著变化。采用工程前后大量水动力实测资料,并结合数值计算结果,对洋山海域工程前后的水动力特征进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:工程后大部分海域涨潮流速降低,但小洋山前沿除外;整个海域落潮流速度增加,但地形急剧缩窄的东口门区域增幅并不显著。讨论认为,地转偏向力显著增强了海域北部区域特别是小洋山前沿海域的涨潮流速,是小洋山岛屿前沿海域涨潮流速工程后维持不变的重要原因;受南岛链不规则岸线的影响,地转偏向力对落潮流影响不显著。工程后各汊道的封堵使得落潮流外泄不畅而发生壅水,使得工程后涨潮时段海域水位低于工程前,没有壅水现象发生。工程后的涨、落憩流时段均形成了较大范围、较长时段的弱流场。     

瓯江河口潮汐特征变化及其原因分析

利用瓯江河口沿程4个长期潮位站的监测数据,结合潮流数学模型,计算分析1960~2014年各站年均高、低潮位,年均涨落潮历时特征值,得出瓯江河口近54 a来潮汐特征变化过程,分析相关影响因素,探讨河口潮汐特征变化原因。结果表明:瓯江河口下游的龙湾站多年来潮汐特征尚无明显趋势性变化;河口中上游的温州、梅岙和花岩头站趋势性变化明显且变化规律基本一致,整体表现为高潮位上升、低潮位下降、潮差增大,涨潮历时延长、落潮历时缩短的特征,时空格局上,上游站位潮汐特征变幅大于下游站位,低潮位变幅大于高潮位变幅。原因分析表明,流域来水对河口潮汐特征的影响不明显;堤线调整和围垦工程等人类活动主要引起工程局部河段潮位变化;河口高强度的采砂活动应是温州、梅岙、花岩头站潮汐特征变化的主因。瓯江河口不同河段因受径流、潮流、人类活动等因素的影响程度不同,其潮位特征沿程的变化特点也不同,需要在河口工程设计、防洪减灾与河口治理等方面予以关注。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

我国南方地区50 a冬季降水和相对湿度特征分析

根据中国地面气候日值数据集资料，利用气候趋势系数、气候倾向率等方法，研究了我国南方地区冬季50 a降水和湿度的时空变化特征，并运用基尼系数对降水均匀性的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明：降水和相对湿度分布皆自西北向东南递增，最大中心位于长江以南附近内陆区域，最小值基本位于高原。降水强度整体呈现增加趋势，在沿长江附近区域以及云南部分地区增强明显，最大气候倾向率为1.0 mm/d/10 a左右，有明显的突变时间，为1979年；降水量呈微弱的增加趋势，其中云贵和川渝局部区域降水量呈减少趋势，为-3 mm/10 a左右，没有明显的突变时间；降水日数在长江以南局部区域及云贵区域显著减少，其中云南的西南地区为最小气候倾向率-10 d/10 a，明显突变时间为1980年；相对湿度表现出一定的局地增减趋势，长江以北（南）主要呈微弱增加（减少）趋势，云南南部减小趋势显著；相对湿度和降水呈明显的正相关，其中与降水量和降水日数相关系数高达0.784、0.753。降水量基尼系数的空间分布与降水分布相似，只是降水分布的大（小）值中心为基尼系数小（大）值中心，不同年代及冬季不同月份的降水量基尼系数大（小）值区域范围有所增减。总的来看，我国南方冬季中部和东部大部分区域为降水均匀区，西南高原区域为不均匀区。 关键词： 南方地区；冬季；降水；相对湿度     

Predictions of in situ solid/liquid distribution of radiocaesium in soils

Previous work has demonstrated that plant uptake of radiocaesium (RCs) is related to the activity concentration of RCs in soil solution, which is linked to the soil/soil solution distribution coefficient, K(D). The solid-liquid distribution of RCs is generally studied in soil suspensions in the laboratory and there are few reported measurements for in situ soil solutions. From a data set of 53 different soils (contaminated with either 134CsCl or 137CsCl) used in pot trials to investigate grass uptake of RCs, we analysed the variation of in situ K(D) with measured soil properties. The soils differed widely in % clay (0.5-58%), organic matter content (1.9-96%) and pH (2.4-7.0, CaCl2). The K(D) varied between 29 and 375,000 L kg-' (median 1460 L kg(-1)). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the log K(D) and pH (p < 0.001), log %clay (p < 0.01) and log exchangeable K (p < 0.001) (overall R2 = 0.70). The in situ K(D) values were further compared to K(D)S predicted using an existing model, which assumes that RCs sorption occurs on specific sites and regular ion-exchange sites on the soil solid phase. Sorption of RCs on specific sites was quantified from the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) measured for each soil and the soil solution concentrations of K+ and NH4+. The in situ log K(D) correlated well with the predicted K(D) (R2 = 0.85 before plant growth, R2 = 0.83 after plant growth). However, the observations were fivefold to eightfold higher than the predictions, particularly for the mineral soils. We attribute the under-prediction to the long contact times (minimum 4 weeks) between the RCs tracers and our experimental soils relative to the short (24 h) contact times used in RIP measurements. We conclude that our data confirmed the model but that ageing of RCs in soil is a factor that needs to be considered to better predict in situ KD values.     

Kinetics of dissolution of Chernobyl fuel particles in soil in natural conditions

Kinetic of fuel particles dissolution under natural environmental conditions has been investigated using the data on (90)Sr speciation in soils collected from 1995 to 1997 within the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 50 km zone. The dependency of fuel particles dissolution constants on the soil acidity (pH = 4-7) has been obtained on the basis of large and statistically reliable experimental data. Results show that between 2 and 21% of (90)Sr activity is associated with weathering resistant fuel particles. Therefore, these particles would not influence the radiological situation in the near future. The map of the main agrochemical characteristics and the map of the fuel particles dissolution constants have been created for the 30-km zone territory. According to the prognosis of dynamics of fuel particles dissolution in the investigated zone, a radiological situation along the fuel paths of radioactive fallout in present time reached a stable state. An increasing in absolute contents of (90)Sr mobile forms in neutral soils will be observed in the next 10-20 yr. However, the difference between the maximum level of mobile forms contents and their existing contents will not exceed 20%.     

Concentration and characterization of plutonium in soils of Hubei in central China

To study the Pu concentration and isotope ratio distributions present in China, the ^239+240Pu total activities and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in core soil samples from Hubei Province in central China were investigated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The activities ranged from 0.019 to 0.502 mBq g⁻¹ and the ^239+240Pu inventories of 45 and ∼55 Bq m⁻² agree well with that expected from global fallout. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the soil ranged from 0.172 to 0.220. The ratios are similar to typical global fallout values. Hence, any close-in fallout contribution from the Chinese nuclear weapons tests, mainly conducted in the 1970s, must have either been negligible or had a similar ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratio to that of global fallout. The top 10 cm layer of the soil contributes ∼90% of the total inventory and the maximum concentrations appeared in the 2-4 cm or 4-6 cm layers. It is suggested that climatic conditions and organic content are the two main factors that affect the vertical migration of plutonium in soil.     

Present status of 222Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The (222)Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168BqL(-1). The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111+/-7)BqL(-1) and a median of (36+/-3)BqL(-1). A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of (222)Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed (222)Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100BqL(-1). Three uranium series radionuclides ((238)U, (234)U, and (226)Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Diffusion of Lead-free Soldering in Electronics Industry in China

The EU directives on e-waste management (WEEE and RoHS) have drawn the attention of electronics producers around the world to the environmental benign technologies in recent years. One of the technological challenges to the electronics manufacturers is the adoption of the lead-free soldering system. This article studies the diffusion of lead-free soldering technology among the electronics producers in China, and finds out the relevance of clusters for the diffusion of environmental benign technological innovation among firms. Four agents, as key promoters, were identified within the production network –leading global brand-name companies, the OEM companies who provide integrated manufacturing service, the suppliers of lead-free components, and specialized consultant companies. The conclusion is that industrial cluster facilitates communications among all agents for the diffusion of innovation, whereas, the incentives for firms within the cluster, to collaborate for innovation, comes from outside.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.