GIS支持下的岷江上游流域景观格局分析

在GIS技术支持下，利用2000年遥感资料，在土地利用分类基础上编制景观类型图；运用生态学与景观生态学的基本原理，选取景观斑块数、变异系数、分维数、分离度、破碎度等反映景观空间格局的指数，从景观斑块特征、景观形状、景观异质性以及景观的空间分布等方面对岷江上游流域的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明：①草地与林地构成了研究区景观的主体，二者面积占研究区总面积的95.12%，草地因其面积最大而成为整个景观的基质；②研究区幅员辽阔，以藏、羌族为主的少数民族居民喜好聚居等特点，使得耕地、城乡居住建设用地出现小聚居、大散居格局，其分离度与破碎度均较大；③因研究区海拔高差大，整个景观格局呈现出明显的垂直分布特征，从山谷到山顶依次按照城乡居住建设用地—耕地—林地—草地—水域—未利用地的顺序分布。     

基于景观指数和马尔科夫模型的铜梁县土地利用分析

以重庆市铜梁县为研究区域，以三期TM/ETM+遥感影像为主要数据来源，在获取大量数据的基础上，结合景观生态学理论研究了1993~2007年铜梁县土地利用的景观格局，运用马尔科夫模型对土地利用/覆被变化过程及数量转化情况进行分析并对其未来变化趋势进行预测。结果表明：1993~2007年铜梁县景观形状趋于复杂，斑块破碎度降低，景观异质程度下降，景观类型有向单一化或非均衡化发展的趋势；林地减少较快而建设用地增加较快，减少的林地主要转化为园地和耕地，增加的建设用地主要来自于园地和耕地。研究表明，将景观指数、马尔科夫模型结合进行土地利用/覆被变化的研究，能更有效地分析土地利用的格局和过程，取得较好的效果.     

淮河流域生态景观格局变化研究

基于淮河流域1980、1995和2010年的3期数据,划分出水田、旱地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用用地7种景观类型。对流域范围内生态景观格局变化进行研究,并分析1980-1995和1995-2010两个时期的景观转移情况。结果表明:多年来,淮河流域的景观斑块数量总体呈增加的趋向,其中大斑块的数量逐渐减少、小斑块的数量明显增加;同时,斑块类型在景观中呈均衡化趋势分布。流域旱地和水田的景观面积变化最大且有明显的相关关系,其余景观类型变化幅度略有波动;研究区域的景观斑块破碎度增加、景观多样性逐渐增强,但景观形状趋向于不规则;城市建设、工业发展、人口迁徙等人类活动对流域景观的影响显著。     

不同地貌类型区城镇扩展对土地利用景观格局的影响——以四川名山县为例

基于RS和GIS的支持,以名山县为研究案例,分析与探讨西部经济以农业为主地区城镇扩展的时空特征和不同地貌类型下土地利用景观格局,以期为城镇规划及区域城镇可持续发展提供决策支持。结果显示:1975～1999年土地利用类型在不同地貌区的分布格局变化显著。林地面积大幅减少,分布区域向海拔较高地区收缩。居民及建设用地在低丘区增长较快,城镇用地大幅增加,成为影响研究区景观格局的重要要素。农业生产活动向地势较高的区域扩展,中丘区成为农业生产的主要场所,水田和旱地成其主要土地利用方式。高丘区旱地分布面积占首位;园地在低山区分布面积有所增加。1999～2005年基本维持1999年景观格局,居民及建设用地继续增长,尤其在低丘区表现明显;低丘和中丘区斑块总数减少,各景观要素平均斑块面积增加,形状指数和分维数降低;高丘、低山区水田、旱地减少,园地面积增加。     

不同地貌类型区城镇扩展对土地利用景观格局的影响

基于RS和GIS的支持，以名山县为研究案例，分析与探讨西部经济以农业为主地区城镇扩展的时空特征和不同地貌类型下土地利用景观格局，以期为城镇规划及区域城镇可持续发展提供决策支持。结果显示：1975 ~ 1999 年土地利用类型在不同地貌区的分布格局变化显著。林地面积大幅减少，分布区域向海拔较高地区收缩。居民及建设用地在低丘区增长较快，城镇用地大幅增加，成为影响研究区景观格局的重要要素。农业生产活动向地势较高的区域扩展，中丘区成为农业生产的主要场所，水田和旱地成其主要土地利用方式。高丘区旱地分布面积占首位；园地在低山区分布面积有所增加。1999~2005 年基本维持1999年景观格局，居民及建设用地继续增长，尤其在低丘区表现明显；低丘和中丘区斑块总数减少，各景观要素平均斑块面积增加，形状指数和分维数降低；高丘、低山区水田、旱地减少，园地面积增加.     

长江上游典型山区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化分析

基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的技术方法,以长江上游典型山区巴州区为例,分析了1991-2004年间土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)在数量、结构、类型和空间分布上的特点。通过ArcView软件,选取最大斑块指数、面积加权平均形状指数、散布与并列指数、景观多样性、均匀度等指数,计算出土地覆盖变化值和景观格局分析指标,并对该区域土地利用变化和空间景观结构变化进行研究。研究结果表明:①13年间,耕地和水域面积分别减少59.47 km2和9.77 km2,建设用地和林地分别增加58.08km2和7.51km2;②在结构变化上,耕地主要向林地转变,建设用地的增加主要源于旱地、水田和林地的转变,林地的变化主要是林地内部自身的结构调整;③耕地和林地是该区域的主导景观类型,景观格局正朝着多样性、均匀化方向发展,并针对这种状况,提出了土地可持续利用建议。     

河流廊道的城市景观生态意义分析——以四川省邛崃市为例

为更好地理解河流廊道对城市景观生态的意义，研究计算了四川省邛崃市景观类型多样性空间聚类特征和河流廊道景观格局特征。结果表明：（1）局部空间自相关指数Getis Ord Gi*显示研究区土地利用景观类型多样性存在高值聚类区，其形状与研究区河流廊道分布格局近似。（2）河流廊道主要与农田和林地景观毗邻，其两侧300 m缓冲区内主要景观类型为农田和林地，且林地破碎度小；而道路廊道主要与农田和建设用地毗邻，其两侧缓冲区内主要景观类型为农田和建设用地，其景观更为破碎化。（3）地形因素对研究区西部山区土地利用景观格局影响较大，景观类型多样性统计热点区域分布于西部河流台地。邛崃市河流廊道在提高该地区土地利用景观类型多样性中起到积极作用，需要保护邛崃市河流廊道景观多样性，加强河流与自然景观的连通性     

基于ANN-CA模型的港口城市景观格局变化与预测研究——以胶州湾西岸区为例

研究港口城市景观格局变化规律对港口城市土地利用规划和产业布局具有借鉴和指导意义。以胶州湾西岸所在区域为例,基于ANN-CA模型和景观生态学理论,对2025年土地利用情况进行仿真预测,利用景观格局指数深入分析1995～2025年胶州湾西岸景观格局变化规律及其驱动因素。结果表明:胶州湾西岸耕地、草地和水域面积趋于减少,城镇、港区和临港用地面积所占比例大幅度增加至16.19%、7.72%和22.20%,非建设用地逐渐向港口和城市建设用地转化;景观结构总体趋于复杂化,前期景观的优势度下降,分离破碎化程度上升,景观丰富度和异质性增强,斑块分布更加均匀,后期景观优势度转而上升,分离破碎程度逐渐减小,景观多样性和均匀度趋于降低;社会经济和港口产业的迅猛发展是推动胶州湾西岸土地利用和景观格局变化的主要因素,随着港城矛盾逐渐凸显,港口和临港用地扩张趋于饱和。故提出加快区域内港口及其临港产业向外转移和提高土地利用集约程度的建议。     

洞庭湖区景观镶嵌结构和分形特征研究

利用1980、1990、2000年三期TM影像，应用遥感、地理信息系统技术和景观生态学相结合的方法研究了洞庭湖区景观镶嵌体的结构和形态特征。结果表明：洞庭湖区景观格局与动态特征以耕地、水域、居住建设用地变动为主；各种景观类型的分维数各不相同，分维数的大小依次是：耕地﹤未利用地﹤建设用地﹤水域﹤林地﹤草地，其中建设用地的分维数最接近于1.5，处于最不稳定状态，草地和林地分维数年际波动不大，处于最稳定的状态，耕地随着时间的推移，分维数不断降低；同一种景观类型的分维数在不同地貌条件下也存在差异，其中耕地、水域和居住建设用地的分维数随海拔增加呈增加趋势，草地和林地的变化则表现为相反，这种差异反映了地貌、地势、区位条件和人类活动对于同一景观类型的斑块形态的影响。     

近15年来长江源区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

长江源区是我国重要的水源涵养区,也是高海拔地区生物多样性最集中的地区和生态变化最为敏感的地区。基于1986年TM和2000年ETM+卫星遥感数据和野外实地调查,采用GIS软件和景观生态空间分布格局分析方法,对长江源区近15年来土地利用类型的时空变化进行了研究。结果表明：1986～2000年,源区林地和湿地面积减少54.2 %和42.69 %,建设用地、耕地和未利用土地面积分别增加120 %、43.83 %和21.1 %。全区土地利用的空间位置转换面积大于其数量变化,土地利用类型总变化的面积大小依次是草地＞未利用土地＞湿地＞水域＞林地＞耕地＞建设用地。土地利用动态转化过程以草地转化为未利用土地、湿地转化为草地和未利用地逆转为草地为主要特征。15年里景观破碎化程度加剧,分维数和多样性指数增加,优势度降低,景观异质性增强。长江源区脆弱的生态体系对土地利用变化响应强烈,造成水土流失与沙漠化程度加剧,导致大范围高寒草甸、草原植被退化,湿地萎缩。气候变化和人类经济活动是导致研究区土地利用变化的主要因素。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

我国南方地区50 a冬季降水和相对湿度特征分析

根据中国地面气候日值数据集资料，利用气候趋势系数、气候倾向率等方法，研究了我国南方地区冬季50 a降水和湿度的时空变化特征，并运用基尼系数对降水均匀性的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明：降水和相对湿度分布皆自西北向东南递增，最大中心位于长江以南附近内陆区域，最小值基本位于高原。降水强度整体呈现增加趋势，在沿长江附近区域以及云南部分地区增强明显，最大气候倾向率为1.0 mm/d/10 a左右，有明显的突变时间，为1979年；降水量呈微弱的增加趋势，其中云贵和川渝局部区域降水量呈减少趋势，为-3 mm/10 a左右，没有明显的突变时间；降水日数在长江以南局部区域及云贵区域显著减少，其中云南的西南地区为最小气候倾向率-10 d/10 a，明显突变时间为1980年；相对湿度表现出一定的局地增减趋势，长江以北（南）主要呈微弱增加（减少）趋势，云南南部减小趋势显著；相对湿度和降水呈明显的正相关，其中与降水量和降水日数相关系数高达0.784、0.753。降水量基尼系数的空间分布与降水分布相似，只是降水分布的大（小）值中心为基尼系数小（大）值中心，不同年代及冬季不同月份的降水量基尼系数大（小）值区域范围有所增减。总的来看，我国南方冬季中部和东部大部分区域为降水均匀区，西南高原区域为不均匀区。 关键词： 南方地区；冬季；降水；相对湿度     

Kinetics of dissolution of Chernobyl fuel particles in soil in natural conditions

Kinetic of fuel particles dissolution under natural environmental conditions has been investigated using the data on (90)Sr speciation in soils collected from 1995 to 1997 within the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 50 km zone. The dependency of fuel particles dissolution constants on the soil acidity (pH = 4-7) has been obtained on the basis of large and statistically reliable experimental data. Results show that between 2 and 21% of (90)Sr activity is associated with weathering resistant fuel particles. Therefore, these particles would not influence the radiological situation in the near future. The map of the main agrochemical characteristics and the map of the fuel particles dissolution constants have been created for the 30-km zone territory. According to the prognosis of dynamics of fuel particles dissolution in the investigated zone, a radiological situation along the fuel paths of radioactive fallout in present time reached a stable state. An increasing in absolute contents of (90)Sr mobile forms in neutral soils will be observed in the next 10-20 yr. However, the difference between the maximum level of mobile forms contents and their existing contents will not exceed 20%.     

Predictions of in situ solid/liquid distribution of radiocaesium in soils

Previous work has demonstrated that plant uptake of radiocaesium (RCs) is related to the activity concentration of RCs in soil solution, which is linked to the soil/soil solution distribution coefficient, K(D). The solid-liquid distribution of RCs is generally studied in soil suspensions in the laboratory and there are few reported measurements for in situ soil solutions. From a data set of 53 different soils (contaminated with either 134CsCl or 137CsCl) used in pot trials to investigate grass uptake of RCs, we analysed the variation of in situ K(D) with measured soil properties. The soils differed widely in % clay (0.5-58%), organic matter content (1.9-96%) and pH (2.4-7.0, CaCl2). The K(D) varied between 29 and 375,000 L kg-' (median 1460 L kg(-1)). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the log K(D) and pH (p < 0.001), log %clay (p < 0.01) and log exchangeable K (p < 0.001) (overall R2 = 0.70). The in situ K(D) values were further compared to K(D)S predicted using an existing model, which assumes that RCs sorption occurs on specific sites and regular ion-exchange sites on the soil solid phase. Sorption of RCs on specific sites was quantified from the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) measured for each soil and the soil solution concentrations of K+ and NH4+. The in situ log K(D) correlated well with the predicted K(D) (R2 = 0.85 before plant growth, R2 = 0.83 after plant growth). However, the observations were fivefold to eightfold higher than the predictions, particularly for the mineral soils. We attribute the under-prediction to the long contact times (minimum 4 weeks) between the RCs tracers and our experimental soils relative to the short (24 h) contact times used in RIP measurements. We conclude that our data confirmed the model but that ageing of RCs in soil is a factor that needs to be considered to better predict in situ KD values.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

Concentration and characterization of plutonium in soils of Hubei in central China

To study the Pu concentration and isotope ratio distributions present in China, the ^239+240Pu total activities and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in core soil samples from Hubei Province in central China were investigated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The activities ranged from 0.019 to 0.502 mBq g⁻¹ and the ^239+240Pu inventories of 45 and ∼55 Bq m⁻² agree well with that expected from global fallout. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the soil ranged from 0.172 to 0.220. The ratios are similar to typical global fallout values. Hence, any close-in fallout contribution from the Chinese nuclear weapons tests, mainly conducted in the 1970s, must have either been negligible or had a similar ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratio to that of global fallout. The top 10 cm layer of the soil contributes ∼90% of the total inventory and the maximum concentrations appeared in the 2-4 cm or 4-6 cm layers. It is suggested that climatic conditions and organic content are the two main factors that affect the vertical migration of plutonium in soil.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Diffusion of Lead-free Soldering in Electronics Industry in China

The EU directives on e-waste management (WEEE and RoHS) have drawn the attention of electronics producers around the world to the environmental benign technologies in recent years. One of the technological challenges to the electronics manufacturers is the adoption of the lead-free soldering system. This article studies the diffusion of lead-free soldering technology among the electronics producers in China, and finds out the relevance of clusters for the diffusion of environmental benign technological innovation among firms. Four agents, as key promoters, were identified within the production network –leading global brand-name companies, the OEM companies who provide integrated manufacturing service, the suppliers of lead-free components, and specialized consultant companies. The conclusion is that industrial cluster facilitates communications among all agents for the diffusion of innovation, whereas, the incentives for firms within the cluster, to collaborate for innovation, comes from outside.