高效絮凝剂制备的前期浸取研究

我国油田多采用絮凝剂处理含油污水。为得到高效、廉价的絮凝剂,使用赤泥最优化制备聚合氯化铝铁。通过化学分析法和X射线衍射分析,得出赤泥中铝﹑铁元素含量。正交实验结果表明:影响Fe溶出的因素由强到弱依次为盐酸用量系数﹑反应温度﹑目数和反应时间,最佳浸出条件为目数80～120、液固比5.5、反应温度95℃、反应时间3.5h。     

膨润土颗粒吸附剂的制备及废水中铅离子的处理研究

通过振荡吸附实验,研究了膨润土颗粒吸附材料的制备方法及颗粒吸附材料在含铅离子废水中的吸附特性.结果表明,颗粒化的最佳条件为:膨润土颗粒粒径2mm,焙烧温度550℃,焙烧时间1h.在温度25℃、pH值为6、Pb2+初始浓度为50mg/L、吸附剂用量为8g/L、吸附时间为60min时,吸附剂对废水中Pb2+的吸附去除率达90%以上,吸附剂对Pb2+ 的吸附符合Langmuir吸附方程.     

用变色酸法测定废水中的甲醇

目前西南油气田一些监测站尚不具备用甲醇分析气相色谱法的相应能力,因此通过比色定量分析实验,用变色酸法测定废水中甲醇。研究结果表明:标准溶液在570 nm处吸光度最大;对甲醇含量为8 μg/mL的标准溶液,显色剂最佳用量为0.5 mL。按照实验方法配制标准系列,测定、统计、回归出甲醇标准曲线。该方法对甲醇的最低检出浓度为0.080 mg/L。加标回收结果表明,该方法的准确度和精密度均较好,由此确定了用变色酸法测定废水中甲醇的最佳反应条件。     

盐酸萘乙二胺法测定氮氧化物影响因素

依据HJ 479—2009《环境空气氮氧化物的测定盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法》,塔河油田环境监测站采用盐酸萘乙二胺比色法测定大气中的氮氧化物(NO_x)。得出结论:最主要的影响因素是温度,其次,实验仪器和设备要选用规定的型号、采样后要在短的时间里测定样品的吸光度、实验所用蒸馏水最好用重蒸馏水等。降低上述因素的影响程度,可在分析中更准确、有效地测定出大气中NO_x的含量。     

污泥热解残渣制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究＊

含铝污泥热解或焚烧残渣制备聚合氯化铝的研究,有利于实现污水处理过程投加的铝盐絮凝药剂的回收与高效循环利用,减少污染物排放和资源消耗。针对辽河油田欢三联稠油污水处理污泥的热解残渣具有较高铝含量的特点,开展采用盐酸进行铝溶出及制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究。结果表明:焙烧温度为700～750℃,焙烧时间控制在1h即可。将经过焙烧活化的残渣在常温下进行酸溶,酸溶时间为2～5h,选用25%～30%盐酸,氧化铝与盐酸的摩尔比为1∶1.0～1∶1.2为宜。将溶出的铝溶液制备聚合氯化铝,在常温下采用CaO粉末来调节pH值为3.5,聚合反应时间为1d,即可得聚合氯化铝溶液。     

顶空—气相色谱法测定环境空气和固定污染源废气中的甲醇

建立测定气中甲醇的顶空—气相色谱法联用分析方法。气样中的甲醇在顶空一仪中气化,达到气液平衡,在优化的分析条件下,气相色谱法测定样品中的甲醇。结果:测定环境空气中甲醇的平均回收率91.0%～108%,测定污染源废气中甲醇的平均回收率为82.0%～97.5%。测定环境空气中的甲醇的标准曲线相关系数r0.9 999,测定污染源废气中的甲醇的标准曲线相关系数r0.9 999。本方法采用顶空气相色谱法,溶剂用量少,适于环境空气和固定污染源废气中甲醇的测定。     

KClO3氧化法制备PFS的氧化过程研究

聚合硫酸铁是一种高效无机高分子絮凝剂,在水处理领域中应用极其广泛.本文探索了以FeSO4·7H2O为原料,通过试验选择了以KClO3为氧化剂制备PFS,同时考察了氧化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间以及投料方式等因素对氧化过程的影响.     

利用炼化RO浓水再生阳离子树脂研究

对几种树脂的吸附容量开展进水浓度梯度实验.考察常见干扰因子对树脂吸附的影响情况·并使用现场水样考察了实际情况下的树脂可重复利用性,筛选出适用于本实验的树脂。使用NaCl对饱和树脂进行再生.寻找浓度和用量对树脂再生效果的影响。最终,使用炼化反渗透(RO)浓水对饱和树脂进行再生,分析得出可以使用炼化RO浓水再生树脂的结论。     

顶空-毛细管气相色谱法分析气体样品中的甲醇

采用顶空-毛细管气相色谱技术建立了测定气体样品中甲醇的方法,并利用正交设计法研究了顶空实验条件,优化了顶空炉箱温度和加热平衡时间。在最佳实验条件下,甲醇的方法检出限为0.04 mg/L,线性范围为0.16~7.92 mg/L。其加标回收率为94.5%~102.5%,相对标准偏差为1.39%~7.55%。当采样体积为20 L时,方法的最低检出限为0.01 mg/m3。该方法能够满足污染源及无组织排放的气体样品中甲醇的测定需求。     

活性炭吸附兰州市污水最佳条件的优化

针对兰州市柳沟河的水质特点,分析优化出活性炭吸附水中有机污染物的最佳工艺条件。采用正交试验法研究活性炭用量、吸附温度、吸附时间、振荡强度对吸附效果的影响,并确定最佳工艺条件为活性炭用量为0.3 g、吸附温度为35℃、吸附时间为1.5 h、振荡强度为100 r/min。优选出的最佳工艺条件可为污水处理厂、给水处理厂及各工矿企业处理各种水质中的有机污染物提供一定参考。     

Effect of sequentially combining methanol and acetic acid on the performance of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal

A sequentially combined carbon (SCC) source using methanol and acetic acid was investigated for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a wastewater treatment process consisting of an anoxic zone, an oxic zone and a final settling tank. The anoxic zone was divided into two separate anoxic zones to feed methanol in the first anoxic zone and acetic acid in the second anoxic zone. Methanol and acetic acid, each as the sole carbon source, were also tested for comparison. The use of SCC was superior in nitrogen removal with all combined COD ratios of methanol/acetic acid tested, yielding 95.8-97% efficiency (less than 1 mg N/l in the final effluent). The highest phosphorus removal of above 92% (final effluent concentration of 0.12 mg P/l) was achieved when only acetic acid was used at a quantity equivalent to 50 mg COD/l. However, when SCC was used, the acetic acid dosage of 50 mg COD/l could be reduced down to 20 mg COD/l when 30 mg COD/l was replaced by methanol; this resulted in a final effluent phosphorus concentration of 0.6 mg P/l. Additional benefits of SCC included the excellent sludge settling properties compared to the use of methanol or acetic acid alone.     

Recovery of phosphate from calcinated bone by dissolution in hydrochloric acid solutions

In this study, the optimum conditions of dissolution of calcinated bone in HCl solutions with different concentrations are investigated. Recovery of phosphate from calcinated bone by dissolution with hydrochloric acid solutions was investigated in a batch reactor, it was observed that a 32% hydrochloric acid solution can dissolve the calcinated bone effectively. Using the Taguchi fractional design method, it was found that the optimum process conditions, at which 67.2% P₂O₅ dissolution was reached, were as follows: Reaction temperature: 318 K, solid-to-liquid ratio: 1/5 (g ml⁻¹), acid concentrations:32 (% w/v), stirring speed:400 min⁻¹ and reaction time: 60 min.     

阳极溶出伏安法连续测定底泥中的总镉和总铅

样品经盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解后，用1＋1盐酸溶解残渣，以高氯酸做支持电解质，采用阳极溶出伏安法的标准加入法，测定样品中的总镉和总铅，取得满意结果。     

光催化氧化处理低浓度含醇废水实验

室内实验了TiO2紫外光催化氧化处理废水中的低浓度甲醇。通过对TiO2催化剂活性及添加方式、溶液pH、紫外光强与催化剂加量等参数优化,在TiO2加入浓度为300mg/L和120 W紫外灯照射条件下,对6.8L甲醇浓度为2.77%的低浓度含醇废水持续处理70min后,废水中的甲醇去除率可达98.31%。该实验为进一步处理低浓度含醇废水提供了方法依据。     

Durability of conventional concretes containing black rice husk ash

In this study, black rice husk ash (BRHA) from a rice mill in Thailand was ground and used as a partial cement replacement. The durability of conventional concretes with high water–binder ratios was investigated including drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, depth of carbonation, and weight loss of concretes exposed to hydrochloric (HCl) and sulfuric (H₂SO₄) acid attacks. Two different replacement percentages of cement by BRHA, 20% and 40%, and three different water–binder ratios (0.6, 0.7 and 0.8) were used. The ratios of paste volume to void content of the compacted aggregate (γ) were 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6. As a result, when increasing the percentage replacement of BRHA, the drying shrinkage and depth of carbonation reaction of concretes increased. However, the BRHA provides a positive effect on the autogenous shrinkage and weight loss of concretes exposed to hydrochloric and sulfuric acid attacks. In addition, the resistance to acid attack was directly varied with the (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃)/CaO ratio. Results show that ground BRHA can be applied as a pozzolanic material and also improve the durability of concrete.     

Optimization of esterification of fatty acid rubber seed oil for methyl ester synthesis in a plug flow reactor

To date, non-food vegetable oil has been considered as the primary source for biodiesel production. Rubber seed oil has high acid value (34 mgKOH/g) and can be used for biodiesel synthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate esterification of fatty acid, which derived from rubber seed oil, in a plug flow reactor system at high temperature and low methanol consumption. Response surface methodology was applied for design experiment and optimization of esterification reaction. Temperature, methanol consumption, and sulfuric acid were chosen as variables to examine their influence in a conversion to methyl ester. At 140°C, at 5:1 methanol to fatty acid ratio (by mole), H₂SO₄ 1.5 (%v/w), and space time 20 min, the conversion to methyl ester attained 98.2%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for analysis and to confirm the formation of methyl ester. Methyl ester was characterized for biodiesel fuel properties in accordance to ASTM standard.     

二安替比林甲烷分光光度法测定氯化镁中钛的含量

用盐酸溶解氯化镁样品,以抗坏血酸和焦磷酸钠共同作掩蔽剂,在酸性介质中用二安替比林甲烷分光光度法测定氯化镁中钛的含量,给出了合理的实验条件.     

Effect of air supply on the performance of an active direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) fed with neat methanol

Unlike the situation in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) fed with dilute liquid methanol solution, the required water in anode for a DMFC fed with neat methanol is entirely transported from cathode. In this study, the water concentration in anode catalyst layer of such a DMFC operating with fully active mode is theoretically analyzed, followed by the experimental investigations on the effects of air flow rate and operating temperature on cell performance. The results revealed that the air flow rate has a strong impact on cell performance, especially at larger current density. Overmuch air causes rapid decline of cell performance, which results from the dehydration of membrane and lack of water in the anode reaction sites. Raising temperature induces faster reaction kinetics, while undesired stronger water dissipation from the DMFC. In practice, the stable cell resistance can be used as a criterion to help the DMFC to achieve a high and sustainable performance by finely combining the air flow rate and operating temperature.