高级氧化技术降解水体中抗生素的研究进展

抗生素是一类用于阻止和治疗微生物传染性疾病的人用和兽用药物,在人类和动物疾病治疗领域以及水产养殖业有着广泛的用途。近年来,抗生素作为一种新型污染物不断排入水体并且在水体中持续存在,对水生态环境以及人类健康造成了威胁。化学和生物等降解技术引起广泛关注,其中高级氧化技术(AOPs)由于其具有适用范围广、反应速率快、氧化能力强等特点,被成功应用到自然水体和污水中抗生素等多种有机污染物的降解。基于近年来的研究成果,综述了几种常见AOPs对抗生素的降解过程和机理,对比分析了对抗生素的降解效果,最后展望了AOPs应用于抗生素降解的研究方向和挑战。     

高级氧化法去除水中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展

药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)由于其对环境及人体具有潜在影响,受到国内外越来越多的关注。高级氧化技术(AOPs)对于处理PPCPs极具发展前景。本文概括了药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的概念和种类,并对几种高级氧化技术处理PPCPs的基本原理和处理效果做了较为详细的阐述并提出进一步可能的研究方向。     

Lagrangian Sampling for Emerging Contaminants Through an Urban Stream Corridor in Colorado1

Abstract: Recent national concerns regarding the environmental occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) have catalyzed a series of recent studies. Many ECs are released into the environment through discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and other sources. In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey and the City of Longmont initiated an investigation of selected ECs in a 13.8‐km reach of St. Vrain Creek, Colorado. Seven sites were sampled for ECs following a Lagrangian design; sites were located upstream, downstream, and in the outfall of the Longmont WWTP, and at the mouths of two tributaries, Left Hand Creek and Boulder Creek (which is influenced by multiple WWTP outfalls). Samples for 61 ECs in 16 chemical use categories were analyzed and 36 were detected in one or more samples. Of these, 16 have known or suspected endocrine‐disrupting potential. At and downstream from the WWTP outfall, detergent metabolites, fire retardants, and steroids were detected at the highest concentrations, which commonly exceeded 1 μg/l in 2005 and 2 μg/l in 2006. Most individual ECs were measured at concentrations less than 2 μg/l. The results indicate that outfalls from WWTPs are the largest but may not be the sole source of ECs in St. Vrain Creek. In 2005, high discharge was associated with fewer EC detections, lower total EC concentrations, and smaller EC loads in St. Vrain Creek and its tributaries as compared with 2006. EC behavior differed by individual compound, and some differences between sites could be attributed to analytical variability or to other factors such as physical or chemical characteristics or distance from contributing sources. Loads of some ECs, such as diethoxynonylphenol, accumulated or attenuated depending on location, discharge, and distance downstream from the WWTP, whereas others, such as bisphenol A, were largely conservative. The extent to which ECs in St. Vrain Creek affect native fish species and macroinvertebrate communities is unknown, but recent studies have shown that fish respond to very low concentrations of ECs, and further study on the fate and transport of these contaminants in the aquatic environment is warranted.     

典型广谱抗生素的污染现状和处理技术研究进展

典型广谱抗生素是一类对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在威胁的新型污染物,其污染现状及相关处理技术受到国内外越来越多的关注。本文概述了典型广谱抗生素在环境中的污染现状,并介绍了几种针对低浓度抗生素污染原水的处理技术,包括离子交换、吸附法、膜滤法及化学氧化法等,为微污染水源中抗生素的处理提出进一步可能的研究方向。     

Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices--a review

Over the past few years, antibiotics have been considered emerging pollutants due to their continuous input and persistence in the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. They have been detected worldwide in environmental matrices, indicating their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment methods. To prevent this contamination, several processes to degrade/remove antibiotics have been studied. This review addresses the current state of knowledge concerning the input sources, occurrence and mainly the degradation and removal processes applied to a specific class of micropollutants, the antibiotics. In this paper, different remediation techniques were evaluated and compared, such as conventional techniques (biological processes, filtration, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane processes and combined methods. In this study, it was found that ozonation, Fenton/photo-Fenton and semiconductor photocatalysis were the most tested methodologies. Combined processes seem to be the best solution for the treatment of effluents containing antibiotics, especially those using renewable energy and by-products materials.     

饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA控制技术研究进展

N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）作为一种新发现的饮用水消毒副产物,由于其具有高致癌风险,已逐渐成为水环境化学研究领域的一个热点。本文介绍了饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的相关背景,分析了光降解、生物降解、臭氧氧化、高级氧化技术、吸附法、反渗透膜法及金属催化等各种NDMA去除工艺,探讨了各种工艺的特点以及对NDMA的去除性能。     

水体中氟乐灵的生物毒性和去除研究进展

作为一种在全球范围内广泛使用的二硝基苯胺类除草剂,氟乐灵对环境和人体健康的潜在危害越来越受到人们的关注.本文首次总结了水体中氟乐灵的来源、生物毒性、毒性机理以及饮用水处理中去除氟乐灵的物理、化学和生物方法.传统单独的加氯消毒、生物膜工艺等通常难以高效去除水体中的氟乐灵,而以紫外线和臭氧为基础的高级氧化技术（AOPs）由于能产生具有强氧化能力的羟基自由基而对水体中痕量氟乐灵有较好的去除效果.最后在此基础上,对今后的研究方向进行了展望,提出改进饮用水中微量氟乐灵的毒性检测和去除工艺亟待解决的问题.     

重金属废水处理技术研究进展

总结近年来重金属废水主要处理技术,指出重金属废水污染治理与重金属的回收利用相结合是未来治理的发展之路,也是技术开发与应用的方向。     

绿色水处理技术的应用与发展

采用绿色水处理技术是实现水资源可持续发展、环境保护和生态安全的重要措施。文章列举了膜分离、绿色氧化、绿色絮凝以及超声波、微波、电磁场等环保水处理技术,以及在国内外的研究应用现状探讨了绿色水处理技术的发展趋势。     

“第一类污染物”防治需求的紧迫性及其对策措施

"第一类污染物"是指会对人体健康产生长远不良影响的污染物,包括8种重金属和类金属。已经证实,工业源重金属超量排放严重,使水土及生态环境遭受到"第一类污染物"的严重污染,面临的"第一类污染物"防治形势更加紧迫。本文在重金属污染现状与治理需求分析的基础上,通过长期调研,针对重点行业提出了6项综合防治措施,建议从源头严格控制排放总量,对重点企业进行监管与治理,总结与创新重金属修复新技术等,旨在推动第一类污染物的污染防治。     

高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用

概述了高级氧化技术的基本原理和发展历程,介绍了臭氧氧化、二氧化氯氧化及光催化氧化等典型的高级氧化技术及其在水处理中的应用进展情况。结合目前油田水处理中出现的新问题,如硫酸盐还原菌含量高、有机物浓度高、微生物易于繁殖以及结垢严重等现象,对高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用前景进行了论述。同时提出应进一步加强对油田采出污水杀菌、油田水的灭藻和除泥、油田地面水体油污染控制等方面的研究。     

水环境中抗生素的污染现状及其去除方法研究进展

抗生素是用于防治人类和动物病菌性疾病,以及促进动物生长的一大类化学品.基于目前国内外大量使用抗生素的情况,本文针对抗生素对环境水体造成的污染,从环境水体中抗生素的来源入手,分析了抗生素在环境水体中的残留与污染水平.并讨论了目前国内外抗生素去除的研究情况,主要对常规处理技术、化学氧化、吸附3种手段进行了分析,最后对抗生素...     

汽车排气污染影响因素分析

目前,汽车排气污染已成为城市空气污染的主要因素。江苏油田通过对汽车尾气的现场监测,以及尾气治理中的一些问题分析,总结出影响汽车尾气中污染物浓度的六大因素,并提出相应的解决措施。     

Dust storms: recent developments

Dust storms have a number of impacts upon the environment including radiative forcing, and biogeochemical cycling. They transport material over many thousands of kilometres. They also have a range of impacts on humans, not least on human health. In recent years the identification of source areas for dust storms has been an important area or research, with the Sahara (especially Bodélé) and western China being recognised as the strongest sources globally. Another major development has been the recognition of the degree to which dust storm activity has varied at a range of time scales, millennial, century, decadal, annual and seasonal.     

Integrated treatment and recycling of stormwater: a review of Australian practice

With the use of water approaching, and in some cases exceeding, the limits of sustainability in many locations, there is an increasing recognition of the need to utilise stormwater for non-potable requirements, thus reducing the demand on potable sources. This paper presents a review of Australian stormwater treatment and recycling practices as well as a discussion of key lessons and identified knowledge gaps. Where possible, recommendations for overcoming these knowledge gaps are given. The review of existing stormwater recycling systems focussed primarily on the recycling of general urban runoff (runoff generated from all urban surfaces) for non-potable purposes. Regulations and guidelines specific to stormwater recycling need to be developed to facilitate effective design of such systems, and to minimise risks of failure. There is a clear need for the development of innovative techniques for the collection, treatment and storage of stormwater. Existing stormwater recycling practice is far ahead of research, in that there are no technologies designed specifically for stormwater recycling. Instead, technologies designed for general stormwater pollution control are frequently utilised, which do not guarantee the necessary reliability of treatment. Performance modelling for evaluation purposes also needs further research, so that industry can objectively assess alternative approaches. Just as many aspects of these issues may have impeded adoption of stormwater, another impediment to adoption has been the lack of a practical and widely accepted method for assessing the many financial, social and ecological costs and benefits of stormwater recycling projects against traditional alternatives. Such triple-bottom-line assessment methodologies need to be trialled on stormwater recycling projects. If the costs and benefits of recycling systems can be shown to compare favourably with the costs and benefits of conventional practices this will provide an incentive to overcome other obstacles to widespread adoption of stormwater recycling.     

农村生活污水深度处理适用技术

农村污水治理是改善农村人居环境的重要内容之一,介绍了3种适用于农村水质敏感地区的污水处理技术:间歇曝气活性污泥法、生态处理技术、膜生物法,并对3种污水处理技术的优缺点进行了比较分析。     

Inputs of nutrients and fecal bacteria to freshwaters from irrigated agriculture: case studies in Australia and New Zealand

Increasing demand for global food production is leading to greater use of irrigation to supplement rainfall and enable more intensive use of land. Minimizing adverse impacts of this intensification on surface water and groundwater resources is of critical importance for the achievement of sustainable land use. In this paper we examine the linkages between irrigation runoff and resulting changes in quality of receiving surface waters and groundwaters in Australia and New Zealand. Case studies are used to illustrate impacts under different irrigation techniques (notably flood and sprinkler systems) and land uses, particularly where irrigation has led to intensification of land use. For flood irrigation, changes in surface water contaminant concentrations are directly influenced by the amount of runoff, and the intensity and kind of land use. Mitigation for flood irrigation is best achieved by optimizing irrigation efficiency. For sprinkler irrigation, leaching to groundwater is the main transport path for contaminants, notably nitrate. Mitigation measures for sprinkler irrigation should take into account irrigation efficiency and the proximity of intensive land uses to sensitive waters. Relating contaminant concentrations in receiving groundwaters to their dominant causes is often complicated by uncertainty about the subsurface flow paths and the possible pollutant sources, viz. drainage from irrigated land. This highlights the need for identification of the patterns and dynamics of surface and subsurface waters to identify such sources of contaminants and minimize their impacts on the receiving environments.     

含硅无机高分子絮凝剂的研究进展

含活性硅酸的无机高分子絮凝剂(Si-IPF)是近几年发展迅速的新型、高效无机高分子絮凝剂的代表。文章对国内外si-IPF的研制开发情况进行了分析评述，为今后发展提出了几点建议：(1)加强制备新工艺研究，积极探索制备高浓度si-IPF的最佳工艺条件，提高产品的稳定性和絮凝效果。(2)加强絮凝作用机理研究。找出提高Si-IPF稳定性及提高Si-IPF中对絮凝效果起实际作用的有效成分含量的具体方法。(3)开展应用研究，开发满足不同水质的多功能新产品，并确定其最佳应用条件和适用范围。     

玻纤废水污染控制技术及其进展

玻纤废水不同于普通化工废水，其危害严重且治理难度大。针对我国玻璃纤维废水污染日益严重的现状，介绍了玻纤废水的来源、水质特征及生化特性，概述了玻纤废水处理常用的物理法、化学法和生物法，及其应用现状和发展方向，并指出物化-生化法组合工艺将成为今后玻璃纤维废水处理的主要方法。