嗜热复合菌群对偶氮染料的脱色特性及其脱毒

偶氮染料所造成的环境污染问题已成为近年来亟待解决的问题.以前期构建的嗜热偶氮染料降解复合菌群为研究对象,探究其在不同初始p H、培养温度、染料浓度及不同结构偶氮染料的脱色特性,并对不同浓度下染料的降解进行动力学分析;通过紫外-可见光扫描、红外光谱扫描及酶活性变化等分析偶氮染料的生物降解情况.此外,还将通过植物毒理性实验来验证偶氮染料降解后的脱毒情况.研究发现,该复合菌群在初始p H为8、温度为55℃的条件下脱色效果最佳,在含400 mg/L直接黑G的脱色培养基中静置培养48 h后,脱色率高达100%;且对直接黑G具有较高的耐受能力,在3 000 mg/L的条件下脱色率仍高达70%;对不同结构的偶氮染料均表现出较好的脱色性能;动力学分析发现其最佳脱色速率与浓度分别为40.597 3 mg g~(-1) h~(-1)、484.337 6 mg/L.通过紫外-可见光扫描及红外光谱扫描分析发现偶氮染料直接黑G在降解前后化学键及表面官能团发生了明显的变化;酶活性分析发现偶氮染料降解酶在降解后显著提高.此外,植物毒理性实验证明经复合菌群降解后的染料代谢产物对植物的毒性大幅度降低,可能被降解为其他低毒性物质.本研究结果表明该复合菌群具有较好的染料脱色降解性能,这将为偶氮染料的无污染化处理奠定理论基础.(图6表4参43)     

负载型纳米Fe-Pd降解水溶性偶氮染料

采用阳离子交换树脂表面为载体,合成了负载型纳米Fe-Pd二元复合金属材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析对该材料进行表征,研究了其对一些水溶性偶氮染料的降解效果.实验表明,该材料对0.05 g.L-1甲基橙、日落黄、酸性橙8、金橙G和活性红2等偶氮染料有较好的降解效果,纳米双金属中Pd含量的增加有利于染料的降解;反应体系初始pH值对染料的降解率影响较大,本研究中,pH 4酸性条件下降解效果最佳;制备的材料在第10次活化后,仍有较好的降解效果;为环境中偶氮染料的降解提供了一种有效的方法.     

菌株Enterobactor sp.S8对不同结构偶氮染料脱色性能的影响

采用一种具有广谱性的高效脱色菌Enterobactor sp.S8对16种不同结构的偶氮染料进行厌氧脱色研究,并将菌株对偶氮染料的吸附脱色和降解脱色两种作用分离开来研究,考察偶氮染料分子中与偶氮键直接相连的芳环上取代基种类对染料降解脱色作用的影响规律.结果表明,菌株Enterobactor sp.S8对活性染料的脱色作...     

代表性二级处理、三级处理和湿地生态修复技术对城镇污水人源干细胞毒性的削减

污水中的难降解污染物往往具有浓度低但毒性强的特点,可以通过多种暴露途径直接或间接对人体健康产生有害影响,因此有必要评估污水处理技术对健康效应的削减效果.本研究选择人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchy-mal stem cells,hBMSCs)体外模型,评估典型二级处理、三级处理和湿地修复技术进水、主要工艺排水的综合毒性,并与发光菌急性毒性测试结果进行比较.水样萃取物对hBMSCs的细胞毒性呈剂量依赖性关系,进水毒性单位(toxicity unit,TU)在0.03～ 0.22范围内,出水TU为0.02 ～ 0.03.二级处理技术对细胞毒性的削减率为59.8％.三级处理过程中经混凝、微滤和反渗透处理后,出水无显著细胞毒性,但经臭氧消毒后最终排水的细胞毒性较进水无显著变化.湿地修复技术对细胞毒性的削减率为49.9％.66.7％ (14/21)水样品对于hBMSCs细胞毒性的TU值高于发光菌急性毒性的TU值.在相对富集倍数(related fold enrichment,REF)20％效应浓度(EC20)下,二级处理和三级处理技术对污水hBMSCs细胞毒性的削减率低于发光菌急性毒性,但湿地修复技术对细胞毒性的削减率高于发光菌急性毒性.结果 提示污水处理厂排水中残留的难降解有机污染物对人源干细胞具有较强的有害效应,为再生水水质安全性评价以及城镇污水资源化技术研发提供参考依据和方法.     

微生物修复石油污染土壤的生态毒性指示

发光菌的相对发光度和植物光合色素含量以及土壤酶活性是土壤石油污染程度和生态毒性强弱的综合反映。为探究不同生物指示方法对石油污染土壤生态毒性的指示效果以及污染土壤在生物修复过程中毒性的变化规律,采用前期筛选分离的三株对石油烃具有良好降解效果的降解菌构建混合菌体系,开展石油污染土壤模拟微生物修复实验。文章首先以明亮发光杆菌为指示生物考察不同修复时期土壤生态毒性,并以高等植物毒性试验以及土壤酶活性试验结果作为辅助证据从生态学角度揭示修复过程中石油污染土壤生态毒性的变化,并分析了以上3种指示方法的一致性。结果表明,该混合菌能高效降解对石油烃污染物,污染土壤经40 d修复后,石油烃污染物浓度从5 000 mg·kg-1降到1 781 mg·kg-1,去除率达到64%。高等植物生态毒性试验、土壤酶活性试验与发光菌生态毒性试验结果呈现良好的一致性,石油污染土壤的生态毒性随着微生物修复过程的进行呈先上升后下降的趋势。具体而言,修复初期的土样对小麦光合色素含量的抑制作用最大,叶绿素a含量相对于对照组降低了39.3%,仅为(1.36±0.04)mg·g-1;土壤过氧化氢酶酶活性与石油烃残留量呈极显著负相关关系(-0.973);污染土壤生态毒性在修复的第8天达到最大,其二氯甲烷/二甲基亚砜浸提液中发光菌的相对发光度为18.1%,与0.187 mg·L-1 Hg Cl2的毒性相当。明亮发光杆菌的相对发光度和小麦光合色素含量以及土壤过氧化氢酶活性能较好地指示石油污染土壤在生物修复过程中的生态毒性,可作为石油污染土壤微生物修复效果的指示生物。     

不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能

为了考察不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR生物降解性能,采用已驯化的混合菌群作为接种液进行偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色试验。结果表明,微氧条件下(静置敞口培养),偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色效果最佳,染料脱色主要发生在菌体的对数生长期。混合菌群对pH、温度适应范围较广,pH为3.32~9.18,温度在20℃~37℃范围内均可以获得较好脱色效果,脱色率均在80%以上。微氧条件下酸性大红GR降解历程表明,偶氮基整个共轭系统被破坏,生成了一种新的结构,使原有的某些精细结构在二阶导数光谱中得以表现,由此探讨其生物降解机理。     

有机污染物对发光菌和鱼的毒性相关性研究

研究有机污染物对不同水生生物毒性的种间关系有助于探讨有机污染物对水生生物的毒性作用模式。本文应用1 470种有机化合物对发光菌的毒性数据和949种有机化合物对鱼的毒性数据,研究有机化合物对发光菌和鱼的种间毒性作用模式。结果表明,有机化合物对发光菌和鱼的毒性呈正相关,但种间相关性较差。通过计算毒性比率TR值表明多数类别有机化合物具有相似的种间毒性作用模式。基线和弱惰性化合物对发光菌和鱼的毒性均与辛醇水分配系数log Kow具有良好的线性关系,这说明基线和弱惰性化合物在发光菌和鱼体内的残余量CBR值均为一个常数。这些化合物对发光菌和鱼具有相似的毒性作用模式和生物吸收过程。另外,一些亲水性化合物的log TR值具有较大的种间差异,即对发光菌和鱼的毒性效应具有较大的种间差异,表明亲水性化合物对发光菌为反应型化合物,而对鱼为麻醉型化合物。有机化合物对发光菌和鱼的毒性种间相关性通过引入疏水性参数得到了一定的改善,这表明这些亲水性化合物毒性效应的种间差异有一部分归因于有机化合物在发光菌和鱼体内的生物富集不同,而不是由于与生物分子的反应性不同。这些亲水性化合物相对于鱼的腮和皮肤更容易通过发光菌的细胞膜,与生物分子发生化学反应,从而具有较高的毒性效应。Log Kow大于7的化合物对发光菌和鱼均具有较低的毒性,说明有机化合物在生物体内的富集能力对有机化合物剩余毒性的判别起着重要作用。     

测定环境污染物对青海弧菌发光强度抑制的微板发光法研究

以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensissp.—Q67)为检测生物,以VeritasTM微孔板光度计为发光强度测试设备,建立了测定环境污染物对发光菌发光强度抑制毒性的微板发光测试新方法.系统地研究了pH值、菌密度、反应时间等实验条件对发光强度的影响.应用该方法成功地测定了7种取代酚环境污染物对Q67的发光抑制毒性效应.提出应用非线性迭代最小二乘拟合法模拟环境污染物对Q67毒性的剂量-效应曲线(DRC),拟合效应与实验结果之间的相关系数均大于0.99.通过拟合的DRC参数,准确地计算了污染物的半数效应浓度EC50.对比有关文献方法,微板发光法具有更简便快捷,节省试剂药品,便于多次平行测定从而提高准确度等优点.     

超声强化铋掺杂氧化铟降解偶氮染料废水

本实验利用溶剂热法合成了铋掺杂氧化铟催化剂,利用XRD、EDS和SEM对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征.研究表明,铋离子已经掺杂进氧化铟的晶格中.掺杂后的催化剂粒径为纳米级,且具有良好的球形形貌.本文以偶氮染料直接大红废水为目标降解物,分别考察了不同催化剂对该染料废水的降解性能以及铋掺杂氧化铟催化剂的投加量、染料的浓度、溶液的p H、超声频率和超声功率对该染料的降解性能.在本实验条件下,催化剂投加量为7.5 mg、染料浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)、pH值为6、超声频率为45 kHz、功率为100 W时,对染料废水的去除效果最优,总去除率可达83.7%,比空白实验的去除率提高将近5倍.     

响应面法优化一株链霉菌对偶氮染料AR30的降解脱色条件

以一株对偶氮染料红30(AR30)具有较强降解脱色作用的菌株Streptomyces sp.FX649为研究对象,在单因素实验基础上,选择染料初始浓度、培养时间、pH与培养温度为主要因素,采用Box-Benhnken组合实验和响应面分析法对降解条件进行了精确优化.经实验修正,获得了最佳降解脱色条件,即在染料浓度110 mg.L-1、培养时间36 h、pH 7.3与培养温度31.3℃时该菌对染料AR30的降解脱色率为95.1%.     

Degradation of azo dyes in water by Electro-Fenton process

The degradation of the azo dyes azobenzene, p-methyl red and methyl orange in aqueous solution at room temperature has been studied by an advanced electrochemical oxidation process (AEOPs) under potential-controlled electrolysis conditions, using a Pt anode and a carbon felt cathode. The electrochemical production of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) allows a controlled in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (^·OH) by simultaneous reduction of dioxygen and ferrous ions on the carbon felt electrode. In turn, hydroxyl radicals react with azo dyes, thus leading to their mineralization into CO₂ and H₂O. The chemical composition of the azo dyes and their degradation products during electrolysis were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following degradation products were identified: hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, pyrocatechol, 4-nitrocatechol, 1,3,5-trihydroxynitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. Degradation of the initial azo dyes was assessed by the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Kinetic analysis of these data showed a pseudo-first order degradation reaction for all azo dyes. A pathway of degradation of azo dyes is proposed. Specifically, the degradation of dyes and intermediates proceeds by oxidation of azo bonds and aromatic ring by hydroxyl radicals. The results display the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade organic matter. Electronic Publication     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus algicola</Emphasis> decolourises more than 95% of some textile azo dyes

Textile effluents in natural waters pose environmental health problems if not treated to safe limits. Various bacterial species have the potential to degrade dyes. Here we studied the ability of Bacillus algicola to decolourise red, blue and yellow azo dyes. B. algicola was isolated from soil samples taken from a sanitary landfill site. Isolation and screening were performed using mineral salt medium. Dye-decolourising isolates were assessed in their capacity to decolourise dyes. Experiments were conducted at pH 6, 7 and 8, and 25, 35 and 45 °C. Phytotoxicity of the dyes and biodegradation products was assessed by seed germination tests. Results show that B. algicola gave the highest decolourisation at pH 8.0 and 25 °C in the presence of yeast extract as media supplement. B. algicola degraded the red and blue azo dyes by over 95%. The phytotoxicity results indicated that biodegradation products of the red and blue azo dyes were not toxic. Biodegradation products of the yellow dye were, however, toxic and considerably hindered germination. From these results, we infer that B. algicola has good potential for degrading and decolourising the red and blue test azo dyes.     

Improved degradation of azo dyes by lignin peroxidase following mutagenesis at two sites near the catalytic pocket and the application of peroxidase-coated yeast cell walls

• Mutations in Lignin peroxidase Trp171 environment improved azo dyes degradation. • Expression on yeast cell surface and cell lysis allowed reusability of biocatalyst. • Aga2-LiP chimeric variants were characterized. The enzymatic degradation of azo dyes is a promising alternative to ineffective chemical and physical remediation methods. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a heme-containing lignin-degrading oxidoreductase that catalyzes the peroxide-dependent oxidation of diverse molecules, including industrial dyes. This enzyme is therefore ideal as a starting point for protein engineering. Accordingly, we subjected two positions (165 and 264) in the environment of the catalytic Trp171 residue to saturation mutagenesis, and the resulting library of 10⁴ independent clones was expressed on the surface of yeast cells. This yeast display library was used for the selection of variants with the ability to break down structurally-distinct azo dyes more efficiently. We identified mutants with up to 10-fold greater affinity than wild-type LiP for three diverse azo dyes (Evans blue, amido black 10B and Guinea green) and up to 13-fold higher catalytic activity. Additionally, cell wall fragments displaying mutant LiP enzymes were prepared by toluene-induced cell lysis, achieving significant increases in both enzyme activity and stability compared to a whole-cell biocatalyst. LiP-coated cell wall fragments retained their initial dye degradation activity after 10 reaction cycles each lasting 8 h. The best-performing mutants removed up to 2.5-fold more of each dye than the wild-type LiP in multiple reaction cycles.     

地表水中典型磺胺类抗生素的自然衰减

近年来,磺胺类抗生素因大量使用,在河流等地表水中广泛检出,其环境行为及生态危害,成为备受关注的环境问题.本文以10种常见磺胺类抗生素为研究对象,通过微宇宙实验,模拟其在河流表层水中的自然衰减规律,同时模拟直接光降解、间接光降解、水解、细菌降解和微生物降解等多种条件,以阐明不同环境因素对磺胺类抗生素自然衰减的作用机制.结果显示,10种磺胺类抗生素在168 h内的自然衰减率可达55%—100%,半衰期为14.7—115.5 h,表明磺胺类抗生素在进入河流等地表水后可发生自然衰减.结构方程模型分析表明,直接光降解及间接光降解是磺胺类抗生素自然衰减的主要途径,而水解和微生物降解的作用不大.采用高分辨率质谱,共检出7种降解产物,推测磺胺类抗生素的转化路径主要包括N—S键断裂及羟基化作用.ECOSAR毒性分析结果表明,转化产物毒性多低于母体抗生素,但仍可能存在潜在的环境风险,需进一步深入研究.     

Separation/degradation behavior and mechanism for cationic/anionic dyes by Ag-functionalized Fe3O4-PDA core-shell adsorbents

● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag was made by hydrothermal and oxidation self-polymerization method. ● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag had great magnetic separation performance. ● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag had good adsorption and degradation performance for ionic dyes. ● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag showed NR and MO degradation potential of 91.2% and 87.5%, respectively. High-performance adsorbents have been well-studied for the removal of organic dye pollutants to promote environment remediation. In this study, an Ag nanoparticle-functionalized Fe₃O₄-PDA nanocomposite adsorbent (PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag) was synthesized, and the adsorption/separation performance of commonly used cationic and anionic organic dyes by the PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag adsorbent were assessed. Overall, PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag exhibited a significantly higher adsorption capacity for cationic dyes compared to anionic dyes, the highest of which was more than 110.0 mg/g (methylene blue (MB)), which was much higher than not only the adsorption capacities of the anionic dyes in this study but also other dye adsorption capacities reported in the literature. The dye adsorption kinetics data fitted well to both the pseudo second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting a monolayer-chemisorption-dominated adsorption mode. Thermodynamics analysis indicated that the adsorption process was both endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag adsorbent achieved high photodegradation removal rates of the dyes, especially neutral red (NR) and methyl orange (MO), which were 91.2% and 87.5%, respectively. With the addition of PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag, the degradation rate constants of NR and MO increased from 0.08 × 10⁻² and 0 min⁻¹ to 2.11 × 10⁻² and 1.73 × 10⁻² min⁻¹, respectively. The high adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance of the PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag adsorbent make it an excellent candidate for removing cationic and anionic dyes from the industrial effluents.     

除草定在土壤中的降解和移动特性研究

除草定是一种新型嘧啶类除草剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了除草定在不同土壤中的降解性、吸附性和移动特性。结果表明,除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为693.1、173.3、138.6 d,该药在土壤中降解较慢,影响其在土壤中降解速率的主要因素为土壤有机质。除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为0.34、1.86和2.94;3种土壤对除草定的吸附过程为自发的物理吸附。薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至11.5 cm处,除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中最远移至8~10 cm处。影响除草定在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量。除草定存在对地下水污染的潜在风险性,使用除草定应该引起足够重视。     

Degradation of Azo dye direct black BN based on adsorption and microwave-induced catalytic reaction

The novel microwave catalyst MgFe₂O₄-SiC was synthesized via sol-gel method, to remove azo dye Direct Black BN (DB BN) through adsorption and microwave-induced catalytic reaction. Microwave-induced catalytic degradation of DB BN, including adsorption behavior and its influencing factors of DB BN on MgFe₂O₄-SiC were investigated. According to the obtained results, it indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was suitable for the adsorption of DB BN onto MgFe₂O₄-SiC. Besides, the consequence of adsorption isotherm depicted that the adsorption of DB BN was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm, which verified that the singer layer adsorption of MgFe₂O₄-SiC was dominant than the multi-layer one. The excellent adsorption capacities of MgFe₂O₄-SiC were kept in the range of initial pH from 3 to 7. In addition, it could be concluded that the degradation rate of DB BN decreased over ten percent after the adsorption equilibrium had been attained, and the results from the result of comparative experiments manifested that the adsorption process was not conducive to the process of microwave-induced catalytic degradation. The degradation intermediates and products of DB BN were identified and determined by GC-MS and LC-MS. Furthermore, combined with the catalytic mechanism of MgFe₂O₄-SiC, the proposed degradation pathways of DB BN were the involution of microwave-induced $OH and holes in this catalytic system the breakage of azo bond, hydroxyl substitution, hydroxyl addition, nitration reaction, deamination reaction, desorbate reaction, dehydroxy group and ring-opening reaction.

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七种染料对鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶的诱导

以鲤鱼肝微粒体为实验体系，研究了七种染料化合物对其芳烃羟化酶（AHH）的诱导，发现七种染料都可诱导AHH的活性，随染料浓度增大AHH的活性升高。七种染料对AHH活性诱导能力大小为：酸性红B＞派拉丁蓝RRN＞普拉红B＞活性艳红K－2BP＞活性艳红K－2G，媒介大红S－80＞分散红E－4B，与其毒性大小相关。     

Solar photocatalytic decomposition of two azo dyes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> composites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts with high photoactivity were prepared by sol-gel process and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV-vis absorption spectra. Compared to pure TiO₂, the combination of MWCNTs with titania could cause a significant absorption shift toward the visible region. The photocatalytic performances of the MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite catalysts were evaluated for the decomposition of Reactive light yellow K-6G (K-6G) and Mordant black 7 (MB 7) azo dyes solution under solar light irradiation. The results showed that the addition of MWCNTs enhanced the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ for the degradation of azo dyes K-6G and MB 7. The effect of MWCNTs content, catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration were examined as operational parameters. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of two dyes was found to follow a pseudo-first-order rate law. The photocatalyst was used for seven cycles with photocatalytic degradation efficiency still higher than 98%. A plausible mechanism is also proposed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.