每日最大污染负荷(TMDL)计划的借鉴意义与我国水污染总量控制管理流程

在系统调研相关文献的基础上,分析了美国每日最大污染负荷(total maximum daily loads,TMDL)计划的框架、特点和研究进展,对比美国的先进经验,对我国水污染总量的控制管理和研究现状进行了全面分析,认为污染总量削减考核指标单一、总量控制和减排目标的制定未考虑水环境容量、总量控制和减排未与水质改善挂钩以及管理与科研脱节等是我国目前水污染总量管控存在的主要问题。需加强水质模型、污染负荷与水环境容量计算方面的研究,建立相对客观且可操作性强的污染减排效果评估与考核方案。借鉴TMDL计划,提出了完善我国水污染总量管控技术流程与方案的建议。     

TMDL计划在河湖环境容量管理中的应用方法

环境容量管理(ECM)已在世界范围内应用于管理地表水质量和控制污染,最大日污染负荷(TMDL)方案已被应用于ECM系统中.在调研相关文献的基础上,对TMDL在水环境容量管理中的研究现状进行了分析,探讨不同模型的特点、应用方向及优缺点,认为水动力和水质模型可构建流域内基于水环境容量的水动态调控机制,将水质监测与污染负荷总...     

区域建设项目的污染物排放总量控制方法框架

针对目前还缺乏可操作的建设项目环境管理实施污染物排放总量控制(以下简称总量控制)的方法,基于郑州市环境保护局在建设项目环境管理实施总量控制方面的多年实践与经验,探讨了对总量已超出区域环境容量的地区如何对建设项目实施总量控制,如何确定区域污染减排和综合整治总量控制目标的确定,如何构建新、老污染源之间良性互动机制以及制定建设项目实施总量控制的政策、制度和管理措施保障,为区域建设项目环境管理实施总量控制提供了理论和方法框架。     

平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展

平原灌区作为农业规模化生产的基地,在农业乃至经济社会发展中起到了重要作用,但是随着农业的发展,平原灌区农田非点源污染问题日益严重,研究平原灌区农田非点源污染具有重要意义。文章以平原灌区污染物随水文循环迁移过程为基础对平原灌区养分非点源污染研究进行综述。(1)平原灌区农田非点源污染的主要来源是过量的化肥施用,农药和农膜,秸秆等农作物的降解,牲畜粪便,污水灌溉,灌溉引起的盐渍化以及大气的干湿沉降等;产生及影响因素主要有土壤的理化性质,水分的输入方式和人为管理措施等。(2)降雨径流及灌溉排水条件下污染物在多级渠系中的迁移规律和灌区地表水与地下水的交互耦合作用决定了平原灌区农田非点源污染的输送途径与特征。(3)在监测资料比较缺乏时,采用输出系数法进行负荷估算;在监测资料充足情况下,采用针对灌区特殊的水文特征而改进的经典水文模型对平原灌区农田非点源污染的负荷进行估算。(4)新型肥料、配方施肥、合理的耕作措施及生态沟渠的设置有利于平原灌区农田非点源污染的控制,TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loads)为平原灌区农田非点源污染控制提供可靠的依据。针对平原灌区非点源污染研究现状,提出了中国开展平原灌区农田非点源污染研究的重点,包括养分污染物在多级沟渠中的迁移,灌区地表与地下水水量水质耦合模型的建立,分级控制单元与TMDL的制定以及多模型结合模拟等,可望在控制农业非点源污染方面起到指导作用。     

总量控制在环境管理中应用

实施大气污染总量控制是法律的要求和市场经济发展的需要，指出容量总量控制是环境质量管理的必然趋势，总量控制研究的核心内容是确定区域允许排放量和制订区域污染综合治理方案，论述了实施总量控制的技术方法和原则，讨论了实施总量控制在社会经济发展中的作用。     

我国燃油式火化机的大气污染物排放特征

正2010年我国实施新的《燃油式火化机大气污染物排放限值》(GB 13801—2009)标准,该标准规定了燃油式火化机大气污染物排放物的浓度限值、总量限值、烟气黑度限值、等级划分及其监测方法.新标准在GB13801—1992的基础上增加了氯化氢、汞和二英等3种污染物的排放浓度和总量限值.新标准实施以来,我国燃油式火化机产生的大气污染现状还不清楚.为此,本实验于2010年对燃油式火化机排放的污染物进行了监测,获得了我国燃油式火化机大气污染物排放现状基础数据,为评估我国火葬造成的大气污染奠定了基础.     

我国绿色饭店建设的现状与对策

创建绿色饭店已成为新世纪饭店业发展必然趋势.在我国,饭店的创绿活动已如火如荼的展开.本文从绿色饭店的概念入手,分析建设绿色饭店的意义,总结了我国绿色饭店建设的现状,提出了饭店实施绿色计划所面临的任务和对策.     

面向我国化学物质环境管理的计算毒理学模型评估思路及建设路径

计算毒理学模型正逐渐成为我国化学物质环境管理的重要工具之一.为了推动建立面向我国化学物质环境管理的计算毒理学模型评估方法体系,掌握模型评估核心技术,本文分析了我国发展和评估计算毒理学模型的必要性,总结了我国计算毒理学模型评估的管理需求,系统梳理了美国、欧盟、国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的模型评估方法.研究发现,发达国家普遍建立了一套相对完善的计算毒理学模型评估技术,构建了包含模型开发、评估、验证和应用的模型生命周期评估体系.当前,我国尚未建立计算毒理学模型评估技术方法,借鉴发达国家的经验做法,构建具有我国国情特征的计算毒理学模型评估体系,指导我国计算毒理学模型征集与评估工作,具有重要意义.     

民航与环境

国际民航组织(ICAO)理事会的航空环境保护委员会(cAEP)提出了与民航有关的主要的环境问题:飞机噪音和来自飞机发动机的排放.在源头减少飞机的噪音是CAEP的工作重点,但是消除噪声和土地利用计划也受到相当大的注意.有关排放的工作可分为三类:技术和标准、管理措施和基于市场的机制.国际民航组织通过技术合作和培训计划给一些国家提供与环境有关的帮助.     

企业资源计划:ERP的实施、应用与发展

随着计算机网络技术的迅猛发展以及经济一体化和统一国际市场的逐渐形成，包括供应商在内供需链管理已经成为企业生产经营管理的重要组成部分．MRPⅡ系统已经无法满足企业对资源管理的要求．于是，充分利用和管理整体资源的企业资源计划：ERP随之产生．文章主要介绍了ERP的基本概念、基本原理和核心思想并分析了ERP实施的必要性以及应用现状．在此基础上，着重研究和探索我国企业实施ERP失败原因并针对客观实际，提出解决方案．     

A spatial-temporal optimization approach to watershed management: Acid mine drainage treatment in the Cheat River watershed, WV, USA

Most water management studies concentrate on the inter-temporal allocation problem or, more recently, spatial dynamics - but not both. While early spatial-temporal studies focused on the allocation of water quantity, this paper presents an approach to water quality analysis that incorporates both spatial and temporal dynamics in a watershed framework. The acid mine drainage (AMD) problem in the Cheat River watershed of West Virginia, USA, serves as a case study and provides an opportunity to test the modeling approach developed. The empirical models are written in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and solved using the CPLEX mixed integer programming package. The results suggest that available investments should be concentrated in heavily impaired stream segments. The model can be used to assess the economic implications of alternative watershed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation or other management strategies.     

Critical flow-storm approach to total maximum daily load (TMDL) development: an analytical conceptual model

One of the key challenges in the total maximum daily load (TMDL) development process is how to define the critical condition for a receiving waterbody. The main concern in using a continuous simulation approach is the absence of any guarantee that the most critical condition will be captured during the selected representative hydrologic period, given the scarcity of long-term continuous data. The objectives of this paper are to clearly address the critical condition in the TMDL development process and to compare continuous and event-based approaches in defining critical condition during TMDL development for a waterbody impacted by both point and nonpoint source pollution. A practical, event-based critical flow-storm (CFS) approach was developed to explicitly addresses the critical condition as a combination of a low stream flow and a storm event of a selected magnitude, both having certain frequencies of occurrence. This paper illustrated the CFS concept and provided its theoretical basis using a derived analytical conceptual model. The CFS approach clearly defined a critical condition, obtained reasonable results and could be considered as an alternative method in TMDL development.     

Reverse logistics in the Chinese auto-parts firms: implementation framework development through multiple case studies

In recent years, the implementation of reverse logistics (RL) in automobile manufacturing has drawn extensive interest from the Chinese government that has launched relevant take-back and environmental regulations and pilot projects. This study focuses on RL implementation issues in Chinese auto-parts manufacturing sector. Based on comprehensive literature review and multiple case studies in the Chinese auto-parts firms, this paper proposes a conceptual RL framework and highlights the major implementation issues. The purpose of this paper is to draw an overall picture of RL in the Chinese context, highlighting implementation issues in the auto-parts sector. Our study suggests that Chinese RL implementation requires close government monitoring mechanism and incentives, top management commitment within firms, technology and human capabilities support.     

Prioritization of applicable drivers for green supply chain management implementation toward sustainability in Thailand

ABSTRACT

It is essential that the green supply chain management (GSCM) implementation is effectively supported by several strategic drivers for successful implementation and sustainability, especially for the ‘green’ start-ups with a sustainability-driven organizational strategy. This study aims to determine and prioritize the applicable drivers for GSCM implementation of sustainable development strategies in the electronics industry in Thailand. The applicable drivers and their priorities are obtained by applying the fuzzy group decision-making approaches including fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, based on Thai experts’ perspectives. In this study, three prominent organizational theories, resource-based view, relational view, and institutional theory, are needed to explain the drivers of sustainability and to develop a hierarchical model for prioritization of the drivers. Finally, based on the findings of this study, several recommendations are made that may help to improve the sustainable development in Thailand through more effective implementation of GSCM.     

A framework based on fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS for prioritizing solutions to overcome the barriers in the implementation of ecodesign practices in SMEs

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are under pressure to adopt sustainable practices in their business due to increasing environmental challenges. This study aims to identify and prioritize the solutions to overcome the barriers in the implementation of ecodesign practices in SMEs. This study helps the companies to develop and implement the strategies on priority using higher ranked solutions. In this study, a framework is proposed that is based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to rank the solutions that overcome the barriers in ecodesign implementation in SMEs. The proposed framework is illustrated by conducting a case study of an Indian ring and piston manufacturing company. This framework provides an effective support in the decision-making of the company for producing eco-friendly products through the implementation of ecodesign practices. Results of this study emphasize that training of designers to use different ecodesign tools is an essential practice for SMEs.     

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan: methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins (RBWPs) since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans (H-RBWPs) over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.     

An overview of the environmental finance policies in China: retrofitting an integrated mechanism for environmental management

Considering the significant roles of the policies in developing environmental finance, an overview is conducted on the environmental finance policies （EFPs） in China. This paper analyzed the definition, scope, evolution and main instruments of EFPs. The implementation progress of financial activities on each instrument are investigated respectively. Then the experiences learned from and failures discovered in the development of the EFPs are discussed well recommendations for further improvement of the EFPs and their implementation are provided. Our study found that the EFPs have been established in China after a four-phase evolution since the early 1980s. The policies have played a critical role in leading to a rapid development in environmental finance by involving more financial instruments to accomplish the objective-led environmental plans. Driven by the policies, the new green credit （GC）, green security （GS）, and green insurance （GI） instruments have been phased in as supplements to the conventional command and control approaches to improve the environmental governance of financial activities and pollution sources. However, the market mechanism of financial institution is limited due to their defensive and incapable performance on implementation some of EFP instruments. To further strengthen the effectiveness of EFPs in facilitating environmental man- agement, recommendations are made mainly on the aspects including developing more specific policy guidelines, enhancing information sharing and disclosure, providing sufficient economic incentives, establishing environmental liabilities with financial activities, and involving issues related to climate change, and biodiversity and ecosystem service.     

Analysis of the current situation of environmental policy of China and establishment of distributed environmental policy framework

In this study, China’s current macro-environmental policies as well as their implementation and management tools are analyzed. By using the basic economic methodology, detailed studies are conducted focusing on the implementation effect of contemporary China’s typical environmental policy of the total pollutant discharge quantity control type, and also the two types of environmental management tools are compared from the perspective of implementation costs and policy uncertainty. By introduction of distributed management tools into the implementation of environmental policies, market-oriented means and the methods of economic analysis are introduced into environmental policy decision-making mechanisms, which could afford a new method for changing the current relatively low efficiency of environmental policy, solving the problem of “government failure” in environmental policy implementation, and providing a new way to make environmental policy system more flexible and more efficient. It is of great practical significance to solve China's current structural, complex and accumulative environmental problems.     

Implementation obstacles of the ICZM protocol and mitigation efforts

After the signing of the ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean (Madrid, 21 January 2008) its implementation became the main focus of interest for the future. Several obstacles on the way to implementation are briefly analysed, starting with the ratification process, the competence for the implementation and the availability of financial resources to put the Protocol requirements in place. A list of mitigation actions is proposed in order to overcome these obstacles. The ways in which the Centre responsible for assisting the countries can implement this legal instrument (i.e. PAP/RAC) is elaborated in the second part of the paper. This includes the preparation of a stocktaking report to allow for defining the starting point for ICZM in the Mediterranean, elaboration of an explanatory guide of the text of the Protocol, as well as guidelines for the definition of a coastal setback. Equally important is awareness-raising and training for the implementation of the Protocol.     

Theory put into practice: An R implementation of the infinite-dimensional model

The infinite dimensional model (IDM) is an approach that has been developed for the analyses of phenotypic variation in function valued traits such as growth trajectories and continuous reaction norms. This model is particularly suited for the analysis of the potential and the constraints for growth to evolve under selection on body size. Despite of its applicability to a broad range of study systems IDM has only been applied in a handful of studies, as it is mathematically demanding for scientists not familiar with quantitative genetics methods. Here, we present a user-friendly R implementation of IDM, demonstrate its performance with growth data on nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). In addition to rearing experiments, individual based size-at-age trajectories are often measured in wild in mark-recapture studies or estimated retrospectively from scales or bones. Therefore, our R implementation of IDM should be applicable to many studies conducted in wild and in a lab, and be useful by making the methodologically challenging IDM approach more easily accessible also in the fields where quantitative genetics methods are less standardly used.