济南冬春季室内空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

2010年冬春季,在济南典型室内环境(超市、办公室和餐厅)采集了PM2.5样品,并对其多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间办公室的PAHs平均浓度最高,为93.11 ng.m-3,超市和餐厅的PAHs平均浓度分别为42.97 ng.m-3和26.65 ng.m-3.超市和办公室的多环芳烃均以室外源(燃煤)为主,吸烟导致办公室轻环多环芳烃浓度升高,高于室外相应物种的浓度,餐厅的轻环多环芳烃和重环多环芳烃分别来源于室内烹饪和室外的机动车尾气.与室外相比,超市和办公室PAHs中的菲(Phe)和苯并[b+k]荧蒽(BbkF)占总PAHs的比例较高,达到10%—15%,这与冬季室内使用中央空调取暖密不可分.超市、办公室和餐厅的毒性当量浓度值(BEQ)分别为7.05 ng.m-3、10.75 ng.m-3和0.75 ng.m-3.其中办公室的毒性当量浓度高于我国规定10 ng.m-3.超市,办公室和餐厅的PAHs暴露致终身肺癌风险度分别为0.6×10-3、0.9×10-3和6.5×10-5,均超过了世界卫生组织的建议值(10-5),超市和办公室的终身致癌健康风险高于美国最高法院规定的10-3的显著水平,说明生活在超市和办公室致癌风险高.     

深圳市室内大气多环芳烃的含量与组成

利用PUF大气被动采样技术,对深圳市室内大气多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了为期68周的连续观测.结果表明,深圳市室内大气PAHs主要以气态化合物为主,尤以菲的含量为最高.室内大气PAHs的含量范围为44.2395.4 ng·m-3,平均123.6 ng·m-3.不同场所的室内PAHs污染呈如下分布:ρ(工厂车间)>ρ(家居客厅)@ρ(办公环境),苯并[a]芘毒性质量浓度则为:ρ(工厂车间)>ρ(家居客厅)>ρ(办公环境).研究表明,工厂车间与家居办公环境中的PAHs来源不相尽同,认为办公环境中的PAHs污染主要来自户外的对流交换,而吸烟和厨房烹调是影响客厅PAHs含量的重要因素.总体来说,深圳地区室内大气PAHs污染较低,但工厂车间的PAHs污染及其健康危害值得关注.     

广州市教室室内外PM_(2.5)的污染特征

本研究采用PM_(2.5)连续在线监测仪对广州市不同典型地区4所学校共16间教室进行室内外PM_(2.5)同时监测.结果表明,教室室内外PM_(2.5)浓度水平分别为65±15μg·m~(-3)和75±24μg·m~(-3),4所学校由于不同地理位置、外部环境以及室内卫生条件呈现出不同的PM_(2.5)污染水平;受人为因素影响较大的学校白天的PM_(2.5)浓度较高,受自然环境因素影响较大的学校则呈现白天低、夜晚高的趋势;通风方式和开关窗行为是影响室内外PM_(2.5)相关关系的重要因素,夏季空调机械通风的教室能有效地降低外部PM_(2.5)的渗透,开窗通风的教室室内PM_(2.5)则主要受室外环境影响;同样关窗情况下,具有较好围护结构、气密性较好的教室更能有效避免室外PM_(2.5)污染;当雾霾发生时,室内PM_(2.5)浓度以及室内外一元线性相关系数r~2也相应受到明显影响.通过了解不同区域教室室内外PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,给人们在雾霾和非雾霾天气下如何改善室内空气质量提供帮助,以避免学生长时间暴露在室内PM_(2.5)污染的环境中.     

大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃的分析测定与污染特征

采集了北京西三环地区的PM2.5样品,利用超声提取(UE)-固相萃取法(SPE)分离富集得到PM2.5中的多环芳烃(PAHs),对不同的固定相及洗脱液比例进行PAHs回收率比较,得到最优预处理条件.建立了基于HPLC-UV的PM2.5中PAHs分析方法,定量检出17种典型PAHs.对2014年4月12日至2014年5月1日期间PM2.5中PAHs污染特征进行分析,结果显示,PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为2.6—145.7 ng·m-3,平均浓度为32.2 ng·m-3,不同环数PAHs所占比例顺序为5环2环3环6环4环,呈富5环的特征.PM2.5质量浓度与∑PAHs及苯并[a]芘(Ba P)均呈现出良好的正相关性,R2分别为0.8和0.6.     

农村地区固体燃料使用导致的多环芳烃污染和健康风险

为了考察固体燃料使用导致的农村地区多环芳烃污染现状,并评估其对居民造成的健康风险,在北方(山西太谷)和南方(四川南充)选取典型农村家庭,配对测定了农户室内外空气中28种多环芳烃浓度,分析了不同地区多环芳烃污染特征,并评估了居民的呼吸暴露风险。山西室内外多环芳烃浓度分别为(283.7±256.0) ng·m-3和(135.2±50.4) ng·m-3,四川室内外多环芳烃浓度分别为(163.4±132.8) ng·m-3和(87.6±46.2) ng·m-3,室内浓度显著高于室外浓度,室内外比值(I/O)分别为2.3和1.8,室内源是影响多环芳烃污染的主要因素。虽然,高环多环芳烃的质量浓度只占总浓度的13%～25%,但其毒性却占到总毒性的70%～89%,说明对高环多环芳烃应予以更多关注。使用蜂窝煤的家庭,其室内多环芳烃浓度要比用薪柴的低74%。通过对2个地区居民进行风险估算发现,山西和四川居民因为多环芳烃暴露的终身致癌风险分别为1.1×10-4和4.8×10-5,都高于可接受水平10-6,说明这2个地区具有较高的暴露风险,亟待关注。     

2017年春节期间北京市城区和郊区大气PM_(2.5)及其中多环芳烃的污染特征

为研究2017年春节期间北京市城区和郊区大气PM_(2.5)及负载多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平和污染特征,分别在北京城区和郊区各选一个监测点,采集大气中的PM_(2.5),采用重量法和超声提取-GC/MS对滤膜上的PM_(2.5)及多环芳烃的浓度进行测定.结果表明,春节期间城郊两地的大气PM_(2.5)和PAHs均呈多峰分布,PM_(2.5)均值分别为104.5μg·m~(-3)和104.6μg·m~(-3),无显著性差异;两地PAHs均值差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001).除夕日(CSFE)烟花集中燃放时段PM_(2.5)在城郊两地的日均浓度较前一日非集中燃放日均有明显升高.春节期间PAHs组成以4环和5环为主,二者之和占PAHs总量的80%以上,特征比值法显示城区污染主要来自燃煤和交通尾气的混合源,郊区燃煤占主导.     

北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度季节变化及来源分析

使用大流量滤膜采样器,从2006年9月至2007年8月,每周同时采集北京城市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细粒子样品(PM2.5)各一次,二氯甲烷超声抽提一气相色谱/质谱分析了17种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,结果表明,春、夏、秋、冬四季北京大气PM10和PM2.5中PAHs总量分别为63.8±44.6ng·m-3、43.2±4.5ng·m-3、84.7±108.3ng·m-3、348.0±250.0ng·m-3和54.7±17.3ng·m-3、40.3±8.6ng·m-3、66.1±81.5ng·m-3、337.7±267.2ng·m-3;约有70%的PAHs存在于细粒子PM2.5中,其质量浓度有明显季节变化,冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;颗粒物中PAHs主要以4、5、6环存在,其中4环以上占79.4%.源解析表明,北京大气颗粒物中的PAHs主要来自燃煤,同时汽油、柴油燃烧排放也不能忽略.结合气象要素分析,温度升高和太阳辐射增强易造成多环芳烃挥发和反应,湿沉降有利于多环芳烃随颗粒物清除.     

南昌市秋季PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价及来源分析

用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)定量分析了2013年9月南昌市PM_(2.5)中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,PAHs总浓度平均值为17.95 ng·m~(-3),变化范围为3.55—39.97 ng·m~(-3).不同环数多环芳烃占总浓度比例由大到小依次为:5环(50.45%)4环(19.32%)6环(17.99%)2环(6.34%)3环(5.90%),表现出明显的机动车尾气排放特征.通过计算PAHs的苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量浓度(9.458—14.454 ng·m~(-3)),表明南昌市PAHs对人体健康存在潜在危害.特征化合物比值法和主成分分析法结果表明,燃煤、机动车尾气、农业燃烧及少量的石油挥发是南昌市PM_(2.5)中PAHs的主要污染源.     

石家庄市冬季PM_(2.5)污染特征、成因及潜在源区分析

对石家庄市2016年1月18—22日出现的PM_(2.5)污染过程进行研究,选择3个不同地区采用中流量采样器分别采集PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品,测定PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其化学组分(含碳组分、水溶性离子和无机元素),分析PM_(2.5)污染天气的污染特征和引起污染的气象因素,结合后向轨迹模型(HYSPLIT)分析污染的主要潜在源区。结果显示,在采样期间3个点的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为113、131和119μg·m-3,PM_(2.5)浓度高值出现在早晨和午夜,冬季京津冀地区农村散煤燃烧也是大气污染的主要原因。有机碳(OC)最大质量浓度值为218.37μg·m-3,无机碳(EC)最大质量浓度值为21.22μg·m-3。污染过程中3个点的地壳元素(Na、Ca、Mg、Al、K和Fe)质量浓度变化范围为27.19~60.03μg·m-3,占总无机元素的96.5%,表明交通源、道路扬尘和煤炭燃烧是此次石家庄市PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献源类。较高的相对湿度和弱风速也会加速二次粒子的生成和颗粒物吸湿增长。潜在源分析表明,石家庄市PM_(2.5)污染主要受来源于北京和天津的气团影响,同时潜在源贡献(PSCF)分析表明河北省是影响石家庄市环境空气质量的最主要潜在源区。     

徐州市城市大气中的PAHs来源解析

采用化学质量平衡模型（CMB）对徐州市大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃（PAHs）进行来源分析,从而来确定各个源对大气的PAHs贡献值。主要通过利用大流量采样器配置PM10切割头在冬季和夏季对不同功能区,即生活区、工业区和旅游区采样大气中的可吸入颗粒物（PM10）样品,并用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）重点分析和研究了美国环保局（EPA）列出的16种PHAS优先污染物。研究结果表明：徐州市PM10污染比较严重,PM10污染质量浓度水平冬季是（288.81μg·m-3）大于夏季（276.34μg·m-3）,特别是工业区,污染数值达到393.13μg·m-3。夏季的总PAHs质量浓度为22.89 ng·m-3,分别是生活区28.35 ng·m-3、工业区21.75 ng·m-3和旅游区18.58 ng·m-3。冬季的总PAHs质量浓度为306.29 ng·m-3,分别是工业区388.03 ng·m-3、生活区276.29 ng·m-3和旅游区254.28 ng·m-3。夏季和冬季情况下,旅游区的污染相对来说都是最低的PM10中多环芳烃的源解析结果为,煤烟尘污染源的全年贡献率为64.00%,冬季煤烟尘污染源的贡献率为66.51%,夏季煤烟尘污染源的贡献率为57.21%,说明煤烟尘是PM10中多环芳烃的主要贡献源,土壤尘次之,全年贡献率为24.90%,冬季为25.48%,夏季为28.97%,因此,扬尘和烟煤尘的污染是徐州市的PM10中PAHs的最主要来源。     

Particle size distributions, PM2.5 concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in different public indoor environments: a case study in Jinan, China

In this study, we collected particles with aerodynamic diameter ?2.5 μm (PM_2.5) from three different public indoor places (a supermarket, a commercial office, and a university dining hall) in Jinan, a medium-sized city located in northern China. Water-soluble inorganic ions of PM_2.5 and particle size distributions were also measured. Both indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 levels (102.3–143.8 μg·m^?3 and 160.2–301.3 μg·m^?3, respectively) were substantially higher than the value recommended by the World Health Organization (25 μg·m^?3), and outdoor sources were found to be the major contributors to indoor pollutants. Diurnal particle number size distributions were different, while the maximum volume concentrations all appeared to be approximately 300 nm in the three indoor locations. Concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 were shown to exhibit the same variation trends for the supermarket and dining hall. For the office, PM_2.5 concentrations during nighttime were observed to decrease sharply. Among others, SO ₄ ^2? , NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^? were found to be the dominant water-soluble ions of both indoor and outdoor particles. Concentrations of NO ₃ ^? in the supermarket and office during the daytime were observed to decrease sharply, which might be attributed to the fact that the indoor temperature was much higher than the outdoor temperature. In addition, domestic activities such as cleaning, water usage, cooking, and smoking also played roles in degraded indoor air quality. However, the results obtained here might be negatively impacted by the small number of samples and short sampling durations.     

武汉市秋冬季室内外空气颗粒物以及有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

为了解秋冬季室内外空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5以及其有机碳和元素碳的污染特征,于2009年10月及12月对武汉大学医学部学生宿舍室内、外PM10、PM2.5进行了两周连续采样。结果表明：秋季室内PM10和PM2.5的平均浓度分别为121.8和91.3μg/m3,室外为153.9和104.2μg/m3;冬季室内PM10...     

黄、渤海滨海带大气颗粒物时空分布与来源特征

PM10作为大气污染物监测的主要指标之一,探究大气PM10浓度对大气环境质量和人体健康评价具有重要意义。黄、渤海滨海带包括京、津和辽、冀、鲁、苏等工、农业大省,区域大气PM10污染的时空分布和来源特征具有复杂性和典型性。在锦州、北京、天津、烟台、青岛、连云港和盐城7个城市布设10个采样点,含7个城市点和3个农村点,开展为期一年的大气颗粒物的采样;同时,于冬季1月和夏季7月在锦州、天津和烟台进行合计60 d的加密采样,藉以确定研究区域大气PM10的时空分布和来源特征。结果表明,黄、渤海滨海带大气年均PM10总浓度为(129’18)"g·m~(-3),单月最低值出现在2015年7月盐城农村样点15"g·m~(-3),最高值为2015年3月北京城市点307"g·m~(-3)。盐城大气PM10浓度(城市点(85’27)"g·m~(-3)和农村点(66’35)"g·m~(-3))显著低于其他样点大气PM10浓度。渤海滨海带中西部的京(140’68"g·m~(-3))、津(169’60"g·m~(-3))两市大气PM10年均浓度显著高于东部的锦州(125’41"g·m~(-3))和烟台(109’31"g·m~(-3));而且黄海滨海带大气PM10年均浓度(114"g·m~(-3))显著低于渤海滨海带年均浓度(136"g·m~(-3)),总体上表现出西高东低、北高南低的特征。黄、渤海滨海带城市点和农村点年均浓度分别为(129’18)"g·m~(-3)和(112’30)"g·m~(-3);农村点春冬季大气PM10浓度和城市点浓度相当,无显著差异,夏秋季大气PM10浓度略低于城市浓度,表明农村地区大气颗粒物污染情况也较为严重,需受到关注。区域内PM10浓度季节变化整体表现为春冬高、夏秋低。利用多元回归分析初步判断黄、渤海滨海带PM10属于复合来源,大气PM10浓度约30%的变化与降水、人均能耗和沙尘天气相关。黄、渤海滨海带大气PM10浓度的昼夜变化不大,大气PM10浓度与气温呈现正相关,与风速和降水呈现负相关,表现为受各种气象因素综合作用的影响。     

城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。     

Indoor particle dynamics in a school office: determination of particle concentrations,deposition rates and penetration factors under naturally ventilated conditions

Recently, the problem of indoor particulate matter pollution has received much attention. An increasing number of epidemiological studies show that the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter has a significant effect on human health, even at very low concentrations. Most of these investigations have relied upon outdoor particle concentrations as surrogates of human exposures. However, considering that the concentration distribution of the indoor particulate matter is largely dependent on the extent to which these particles penetrate the building and on the degree of suspension in the indoor air, human exposures to particles of outdoor origin may not be equal to outdoor particle concentration levels. Therefore, it is critical to understand the relationship between the particle concentrations found outdoors and those found in indoor micro-environments. In this study, experiments were conducted using a naturally ventilated office located in Qingdao, China. The indoor and outdoor particle concentrations were measured at the same time using an optical counter with four size ranges. The particle size distribution ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 μm, and the experimental period was from April to September, 2016. Based on the experimental data, the dynamic and mass balance model based on time was used to estimate the penetration rate and deposition rate at air exchange rates of 0.03–0.25 h^?1. The values of the penetration rate and deposition velocity of indoor particles were determined to range from 0.45 to 0.82 h^?1 and 1.71 to 2.82 m/h, respectively. In addition, the particulate pollution exposure in the indoor environment was analyzed to estimate the exposure hazard from indoor particulate matter pollution, which is important for human exposure to particles and associated health effects. The conclusions from this study can serve to provide a better understanding the dynamics and behaviors of airborne particle entering into buildings. And they will also highlight effective methods to reduce exposure to particles in office buildings.     

天然提取物抗PM2.5诱导A549细胞凋亡的作用

采集北京城区大气可吸人颗粒物中的细颗粒物(PM25),用其对人肺腺癌A549细胞染毒,探讨PM25对细胞增殖的毒性和诱导细胞凋亡的作用,并且考察了加入不同浓度的红豆越橘提取物和竹叶提取物对其的抗性作用.实验采用MTT法检测细胞增殖作用,采用Annexi V-FITC/PI双染法和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡.结果显示:PM2...     

Indoor and outdoor air PBDE levels in a Southwestern US city

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been increasing in humans and the environment for the past few decades. Human levels are markedly higher in the US than Europe. Although food appears to be a significant route of intake, food PBDE levels are not substantially higher in the US than Europe. House and office dust appear to be major routes of exposure with air believed to usually provide a lesser route of intake. Because there are very few measurements of airborne PBDE that have been performed in relevant microenvironments in the US, increased efforts to assess airborne PBDE in the US as sources of exposure are needed. This study reports, for the first time from a Southwestern US city in Texas, the results of measurements of airborne PBDE in multiple locations, two outdoor and six indoor (residential and office) from active air sampling with collection of a combination of both vapor- and particulate-phase PBDE. Higher PBDE levels were measured in indoor than outdoor air, which confirms previous findings. Of 11 measured congeners including BDE 209, total PBDE levels in two outdoor air samples were 112 and 125 pg m^?3 and the indoor air levels ranged from 175 to 1232 pg m^?3 with a median of 572 pg m^?3. These findings suggest that sources of air contamination with PBDE may be similar in Texas as elsewhere in North America. However, more sampling is required to (1) better determine if this is the case and (2) attempt to characterize potential sources of PBDE contamination in both indoor and outdoor air by analysis of congener patterns.     

Occurrence of benzotriazoles (BTRs) in indoor air from Albany,New York,USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure

Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors in many household goods, studies on the occurrence of these compounds in indoor air are scarce. In this study, five benzotriazole derivatives were measured in 83 indoor air samples collected from various locations in Albany, New York, USA. Benzotriazoles were found in a majority of the indoor air samples, and the concentrations of their sum in bulk (vapor plus particulate phases) indoor air ranged from below the method limit of quantification to 492 ng·m^?3 (geometric mean: 5.8 ng·m^?3). The highest geometric mean concentration was found in air samples collected in parking garages (155 ng·m^?3), followed by barbershops (13.6), public places (11.5), auto repair shops (5.2), automobiles (4.5), homes (4.5), offices (3.7), and laboratories (2.8). Inhalation exposure to benzotriazoles was calculated on the basis of the measured geometric mean concentrations and air inhalation rate. The highest exposure dose was found for teenagers, with a geometric mean inhalation exposure dose of 79 ng·day^?1. The body-weight normalized exposure dose, however, was the highest for infants, at 3.2 ng·(kg bw)^?1·day^?1.     

Spatial distribution of PAHs in a contaminated valley in Southeast China

A survey was conducted on the accumulation and spatial distribution of PAHs in surface soils under different land use patterns in a valley in the Yangtze Delta region with an area of 10 km² containing 15 small copper- and zinc-smelting furnaces. Sixty-five topsoil (0–20 cm) samples were collected and 16 PAHs were determined. The average amount of all the 16 PAHs ranged from 0 to 530 μg kg⁻¹ (oven dry basis), with a mean concentration of 33.2 μg kg⁻¹. Benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1, 2, 3, -cd]pyrene were the two main PAHs present at high concentrations, while pyrene and fluorene had very low concentrations. PAH concentrations were higher in uncultivated than in cultivated soils, and areas of woods and shrubbery had the␣lowest soil PAH contents. The average PAH-homologue concentrations ranked as follows: 5-rings >> 3-rings, 4-rings > 6-rings >2-rings. Much higher concentrations of PAHs were found in the southern part of the sampling area, perhaps due to deposition of airborne particles by the southeasterly winds in winter and spring. We conclude that the small smelting furnaces were the dominant source of PAHs that accumulated in the soils and the southeasterly winds led to the spatial distribution of PAHs in the topsoils. Land vegetation cover and soil utilization patterns also affected the accumulation and distribution of soil PAHs.